Photonique Hyperfréquence pour le traitement de signal : perspectives

Transcription

1 Photonique Hyperfréquence pour le traitement de signal : perspectives.au moins à Thales L. Morvan (Thales Research &Technology-France) Research & Technology

2 2 / Microwave photonics The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or availability of analog optoelectronic links: OL up to GHz bandwidth large time delay (typ. ns to 10 µs) transmission of analog signals with the highest possible fidelity channelized optoelectronic architectures with (time.frequency) products up to 10 4 FO Clk laser high speed modulator S(t) telecom. satellites high speed photodiode S(t-τ) airborne radars and E.W systems with distributed antennas generation processing surface radars with large antennas

3 3 / Optical distribution in Surface Radars Ground & Naval Radars The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or analog links (RF, LO, clocks) digital duplex Gb/s links A large set of optical components fully qualified for Radar environment splitters & attenuators multiplexers connectors & cables An enabling technology : drastic gain on weight/volume and EMI issues for the SR3D concept (complete family of modular radars)

4 4 / Examples of current achievements for space applications GHz GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz optical LO distribution up to 40 GHz Ka RF Input IF remoting LO delivery est. mass : 55 g - power consumption : ~ 1.65 W Optical Multi-frequency Conversion WDM LO s conversion to multiple IF signals ω RF LNA LO1 ω LO1 Microwave input EOM W D M LO2 ω LO2 LO3 ω LO3 W D M Optical output MWP integrated receiver front-end for PAA microwave Ka/L receiver + Optical Rx and Tx interfaces for photonic LO 29 GHz and IF signal 1GHz O/E O/E O/E ω IF1 = ω RF ω LO1 ω IF2 = ω RF ω LO2 ω IF3 = ω RF ω LO3 LNA : low-noise amplifier EOM : electro-optical mixer LO : local oscillator WDM : wavelength (de)multiplexer O/E : optoelectronic receiver The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or

5 5 / Examples of current achievements for airborne radars applications The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or single mode digital and RF optical signal distribution on a military aircraft flight tests on a Mirage 2000 integration of opo-links (long delays) in radar test benches for the Rafale radars test benches in production

6 6 / Building blocks in radar/ew/telecom systems waveform generation/ distribution local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution analog to digital conversion analog processing: spectrum analysis tunable filtering goniometry antenna Tx /Rx beamforming network

7 7 / Building blocks in radar/ew/telecom systems waveform generation/ distribution local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution analog to digital conversion analog processing: spectrum analysis tunable filtering goniometry antenna Tx /Rx beamforming network

8 Influence of laser RIN The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or 8 / Radar Antenna DFB laser diode: class-b laser where τ photons < τ electrons resonant noise spectrum RF Signal DFB MZ Signal Processing Typical RF Optical Link laser fluctuations RF Signal ) f ( Noise Floor RF Power (dbm/hz) 2 0 i 2 P ( f ) S p ( f ) S i RIN ( f ) = = = 2 2 P P 0 0 laser mean power 0.1GHz 8 18GHz potential solutions : class-a semiconductor laser with τ p >> τ e solid state diode pumped Er lasers RIN filtering through non-linear optics

9 Class-A semiconductor laser half-vcsel in a high-q external cavity 9 / pump diode@ 808 nm AR coating The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or single frequency operation 5 QW InGaAs 1,8 7.5 GHz 1,6 Bragg grating 1,4 1,2 1,0 SiC 0,8 0,6 0,4 half-vcsel 0,2 Detected Voltage (V) 0,0 Optical frequency filter heat dissipation 50 mw stable emission for 1 W pump Rc = 50 mm output coupler cavity length 45 mm, 1% output coupler transmission 150 µm etalon intracavity losses 2 % τ p 15 ns > τ c = few ns relaxation-oscillation-free class-a dynamics

10 10 / Class-A semiconductor laser half-vcsel in a high-q external cavity 8 mm long Cavity shot-limited RIN from 100MHz to 18 GHZ -156 db/hz I ph =1mA Frequency (GHz) white RIN at the shot noise level over the full bandwidth RIN (db/hz)

11 11 / First design of a low noise hybrid III-V/Silicon laser Design: Fabry-Perot cavity filtered by two ring resonators Active InP quantum wells section: Electrically pumped Passive Silicon section: STRIP waveguides (-1dB/cm) Laser modes filtering Ring resonators Bragg Mirrors Vertical coupler Transition III-V to Silicon Adiabatic tapers

12 12 / Building blocks in radar/ew/telecom systems waveform generation/ distribution local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution analog to digital conversion analog processing: spectrum analysis tunable filtering goniometry antenna Tx /Rx beamforming network

13 13 / Optically controlled phased array antennas Transmit mode

14 14 / Beam steering: Compact True Time Delay module Early THALES realization output fibres input fibres The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or 20 cm BW = 2-20GHz 8 channels, 8 radiating elts unit delay τ=6.5ps 5 SLMs 32 delays/ch. t on =20ms, t off =100ms main limitation measured far field pattern for: scan angle : ± 20 frequency : 6 18 GHz no beam squint

15 15 / 4 channels EO ceramic polarization switch The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or Incident polarization V-groove array Gnd V V V V 4 3 µs response time < 2 db insertion loss > 20 db extinction ratio 45 PM fibers Input Lensed fibers Polarization Switches array Fibered Polarization splitters EO ceramic (PLZT) Vi=Vπ Output polarization Vi=0 to PBS Block of delays Fibered Polarization combiners Output TRT + Besançon + TeemPhotonic

16 16 / laser tunable accordable laser typ. device length: 1 mm RF modulation RF 4 4GHz GHz tunable time delay τ = 200 ps for 3 nm wavelength tuning S(t) Beam forming: compact time delays photonic crystal membrane photonic struct. photonique crystal structure S(t-τ) photodiode ~200 ps 3 nm

17 17 / Building blocks in radar/ew/telecom systems waveform generation/ distribution local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution analog to digital conversion analog processing: spectrum analysis tunable filtering goniometry antenna Tx /Rx beamforming network

18 18 / λ0 λ1 λ2 λ3 Nx1 Beam forming: RF filters based on time delays in photonic crystal membrane s i (t) PhC IM s o (t) RF power variation (db) stability contrast compactness thanks to monolithic integration Filter 1/T bandwidth Full tunability Frequency (GHz)

19 19 / Laser DELAY Coherent FIR PhC filter Splitter 1 to N s in (t) Modulator WEIGHTS COHERENT SUMMATION

20 20 / SYMPHONIE : Coherent summation FIR device SOI chip The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or Optical input C 0 C 00 C 01 C 000 C 001 C 010 C 011 Directional coupler splitter network : compensate delay lines loss and balance optical power in each tap Spiral delay lines: fixed delay (~100ps / spiral) Tunable photonic crystal delay lines: delay AND optical phase adjustment 50/50 coupler network (MMI tree): taps recombination C 000 C 001 C 010 C 011 C 00 C 01 C 0 Optical output Low-speed monitoring photodiodes: phase monitoring & control

21 21 / Unitary interferometer Photonic crystal thermally tunable directional couplers The unit cell includes : Tunable coupler for tap amplitude balance Static and tunable delay 500µm photonic crystal waveguide with micro-heaters ~100ps static delay (8.5mm-long spiral) Tunable delay line & complementary output of the MMI used for optical phase monitoring and control 500µm 50/50 MMI coupler

22 22 / Tested functionality: On-chip balanced photodetectors Active 2x2 coupler (MZI with heaters) Ge detectors packaged devices

23 23 / Building blocks in radar/ew/telecom systems waveform generation/ distribution local oscillator(s) generation analog to digital conversion analog processing: spectrum analysis tunable filtering goniometry antenna Tx /Rx beamforming network

24 24 / Classical Opto Electronic Oscillator (OEO) implementation in Thales & Selex 4 km delay line The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or MW output CW LASER Amplitude Modulator (MZM) 10 db coupler HPA resonant cavity 10 GHz RF filter Photodiode standard 1.5 µm components 4 km fiber length : trade-off in between spectral purity and stability operation around 10 GHz cross testing, exchanging components between the two architectures LNA

25 Classical Opto Electronic Oscillator (OEO) 25 / implementation in Thales & Selex -50 Phase noise p.s.d. (dbc/hz) -70 dual loop oscillator 4 km / 1 km (11.6 GHz) Limited by amplifiers additive phase noise 3 10 Better than bench theoretical noise floor Frequency offset from the carrier (Hz) 8 10 The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or Single loop 4 km oscillators (10.5 GHz) -60

26 26 / Optical resonator based OEOs fiber based delay line replaced by an optical resonator: The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or need for absolute wavelength stabilization PDH loop more sensitive to non-linear effects limitation of injected power CW tunable LASER MW output PDH loop Amplitude Modulator (MZM) Optical resonator Main loop RF-Filter (fiber ring case) Photodiode Coupler HPA Fiber rings: developped in LAAS easy to realize 20 m long Q 10GHz ~ WGM resonators: developed in CNR-IFAC coupled with fiber tapers CaF mm disks Q 10GHz ~

27 27 / Local oscillators: toward tunability linear birefringence inside a solid state laser cavity : The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or Two linearly polarized eigenstates : L ϕ a single cavity : stable frequency difference the two frequencies are separable by polarization after a 45 polarizer, the beam is 100% modulated ν = ν 2 L c ϕ π 2 ν 1 = < stable source of optically carried microwave signals ν 2 ν 1 4 L c G. W. Baxter et al, IEEE PTL 8, 1996 (Macquarie University) M. Brunel et al, Opt. Lett. 22, 1997 (University of Rennes)

28 28 / Local oscillators: compact dual-frequency laser Prototype at 1.5 µm within Aramos (TRT/TOSA)*: FM input M 1 silica etalon M 2 5 mm long cavity Diode 975 nm 1 W Er,Yb:Glass disk Bias ν 2 ν 1 PM fiber PLZT birefringent ceramic DFL 1536 nm >40 mw (25 mw fiber coupled) Beatnote frequency (GHz) Voltage on PLZT electrodes (V) *G. Pillet, B. Steinhausser et al. «Stabilized 1,5 µm dual-frequency laser» Cleo Europe (2011)

29 29 / Local oscillators : tunable demonstration Analog LF Filter Dual frequency laser The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or Hittite HMC- C028 (4-8 GHz) RF mixer Standard Ampl. PhotoD. 100 m fiber stable frequencies : 1/τ = 2MHz for100 m LF phase noise still limited by detection noise (amplifiers?) HF phase noise limited by the DFL intensity noise Q 10GHz ~10 4 highly tunable MW output Phase Noise (dbc/hz) Giga-tronics YIG(2-5 GHz) Offset Frequency (Hz) 2.5 GHz 3.5 GHz Crystek CVCO55CW 4.5 GHz ( GHz) 5.5 GHz SYNERGY mw Corp. DCYS ( GHz) same principle with DFL laser diodes and 1 loop

30 30 / optomechanical platform for a compact OEO LPN + FEMTO-ST+ Univ. Dijon + TRT

31 31 / Building blocks in radar/ew/telecom systems waveform generation/ distribution local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution analog to digital conversion analog processing: spectrum analysis tunable filtering goniometry antenna Tx /Rx beamforming network

32 32 / Future ADCs The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or Com Radar SAR Take Away message clé du transparent: Arial 24 EW bandwidth dynamic range Courtesy of G. Valley, Aerospace Corp.

33 33 / Evolution of EW receive architectures nowadays systems : sampling in base band The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or RF LO short term : sampling on I.F RF IF LO IF IF Filter Base band Filter DSP ADC longer term : sampling directly on carrier simplification of receive chain RF S/H S/H ADC S/H ADC DSP critical building block Filter DSP

34 34 / ADC: why photonics? Key parameters of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) Sampling frequency f s Number of levels or resolution, given in bits N,, Resolution is limited by the timing jitter of the sampling clock σ t Signal Error Take Away Time message clé du transparent: Arial 24 Future needs for ADCs Time Opening uncertainty f s N σ t f s = 10 GHz, N = 10, σ t = 10 fs σ t 1/( 3 π f s 2 N ) Availability of pulsed laser sources which can produce ultra-narrow and high repetition rate optical pulses with a timing jitter below that of an electronic pulse generator.,

35 35 / high speed (ps) photoconductive switch (e.g LT GaAs) RF signal to be sampled ps modelocked laser 800nm ADC: Photonics-assisted ADCs ADC Data bits RF transmission line Switch is triggered by a pulsed laser, operating at the sampling rate. Switch consists of photoconductive GaAs and needs to be illuminated at 800nm Mode-Locked lasers are good candidates to provide high repetition rate (GHz), short pulse width (few ps) and low jitter (10s of fs range)

36 36 / ADC: Realization of a mode locked laser@0.8µm The information contained in this document and any attachments are the property of THALES. You are hereby notified that any review, dissemination, distribution, copying or Coupler SOA Bragg MZM Circulator 30 cm MLL additive phase noise at 18 GHz RF synthesizer at 18 GHz absolute phase noise Frequency Offset (Hz) V SOA FILTER COUPLER MZM RF SOA + fiber loop P 2mW, τ 8 f rep = 18GHz, jitter ~ 47fs Phas noise (dbc/hz) Additive jitter 9 fs Absolute jitter 46 fs state-of-the art results for additive 0.8 µm.

37 37 / Building blocks in radar/ew/telecom systems waveform generation/ distribution local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution analog to digital conversion analog processing: spectrum analysis tunable filtering goniometry antenna Tx /Rx beamforming network

38 38 / Remerciement TRT : G. Baili, P. Berger, J. Bourderionnet, D. Dolfi, S. Combrié, A. De Rossi, G. Pillet, V. Crozatier. III-Vlab : F. Van Dijk, M. Faugeron, B. Gérard,. TSA, TR6, TAS : S. Formont, L. Ménager, T. Merlet, J. Schiellein, M. Maignan, M. Sotom IEMN, IEF, LAC, IPR, UCL, UDE, DGA, EDA, ANR, FP7, Merci de votre attention!