Optical Transmission Fundamentals
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1 Optical Transmission Fundamentals F. Vasey, CERN-EP-ESE Context Technology HEP Specifics 12 Nov
2 Context: Bandwidth Demand Internet traffic is growing at ~Moore s law Global interconnection bandwidth estimated to reach Tb/s in x increase compared to 2017 Frankfurt DE-CIX internet exchange point 12 Nov
3 Context: Bandwidth availability - People and objects are increasingly interconnected, ubiquitously - Bandwidth demand is spiraling - Access Bandwidth has grown x in 30yrs 12 Nov
4 Context: but who is feeding the network? In 2016: petabytes have been exchanged worldwide - 49 petabytes have been produced by LHC experiments 12 Nov
5 Context: Capacity is what matters - Technology is developed at a pace that matches the needs for capacity in the networks WDM SDM - Developers of electronics for physics experiments surf this wave but don t drive it - A good understanding of the datacom environment and its evolution is thus essential to assess the potentials of optoelectronics and its future benefits Bits/Symbol TDM 12 Nov
6 Technology Context Technology Networks Hardware Toolbox Modulation Formats Capacity Standards HEP Specifics 12 Nov
7 Technology: Networks Context Technology Networks Hardware Toolbox Modulation Formats Capacity Standards HEP Specifics 12 Nov
8 Core, Regional-Metro and Access Networks - Different technologies are developed for the different network types - But network specificities tend to fade - Technologies tend to migrate from one type to the other Access 12 Nov
9 Core Network Gb/s Fully proprietary technology WDM: Up to 80 wavelengths per fibre (50/100GHz spacing) EDFA every ~100km Dispersion compensation Forward Error Correction Performance driven 12 Nov
10 Access Network Gb/s Standardized technology ISDN xdsl Ethernet GPRS, Edge, 3G, 4G PONs No wavelength multiplexing (so far) Cost/regulation sensitive Backbone Network WDM mesh Metropolitan Network Ethernet, SONET etc CO CO Access Network DSLAM PON OLT Mobile POTS xdsl ISDN 12 Nov Datacenter 5G
11 Access Network: Fiber penetration Penetration still far from 50% 4G 12 Nov
12 10-100Gb/s Summary: of direct interest to Standardized technology ISDN xdsl Ethernet GPRS, Edge, 3G, 4G PONs No wavelength multiplexing (so far) Cost/regulation sensitive DAQ systems developers: Backbone Network WDM mesh Metropolitan Network Ethernet, SONET etc CO CO Access Network DSLAM PON OLT Mobile ISDN POTS xdsl 12 Nov Datacenter 5G
13 Technology Context Technology Networks Hardware Toolbox Modulation Formats Capacity Standards HEP Specifics 12 Nov
14 EM Spectrum EM spectrum usage: 1840s Telegraph 1880s Telephone 1890s Radio 1940s Microwaves 1950s bipolar transistors 1960s Lasers 1970s Optical fibres 1990s Er-doped fibre Reproduced from [2] 12 Nov
15 Data Transmission Model Emission Refraction Attenuation Dispersion Absorption Optical communication systems are not new Greek fire chains with relay stations existed 1000years BC Missing for a long time was the perfect match of bandwidth, distance and availability 12 Nov
16 1. Emission in semiconductor cristal Injection luminescence Competition with non-radiative transitions External quantum efficiency must be maximised Coupling efficiency problematic: horizontal, vertical Reproduced from [4] 12 Nov
17 Semiconductor heterostructure Modulation by direct injection Electrical confinement Optical confinement Temperature dependence Reproduced from [2] 12 Nov
18 Ternary Material System (quasi) lattice matched structures Epitaxial growth Tight defect control InGaAs Reproduced from [1] 12 Nov
19 Semiconductor Laser Structure: horizontal cavity Narrow Spectrum Multiple longitudinal modes High modulation bandwidth Divergent beam Cleaved facets Reproduced from [2] 12 Nov
20 Semiconductor Laser Structure: vertical cavity Single longitudinal mode On wafer testing Direct coupling to fibre Complex epi growth Difficult to realize in InP material system 12 Nov
21 2. Absorption in semiconductors Electron-holes separated by bias field Absorption depth optimised wrt recombination time Capacitance wrt light collection efficiency Reproduced from [4] 12 Nov
22 Detector Material Responsivities 12 Nov
23 Pin diode Vertical access Back or front illuminated (transparent substrate) Excellent coupling Short wavelength response dominated by surface absorption Reproduced from [4] 12 Nov
24 3. Optical Fibres A discrete set of guided modes propagate Most energy in core Launch from edge only Leakage in bends Subject to modal dispersion a. Step Index Single-mode fibre Small core diameter (typ. 9mm) Difficult coupling Two polarizations 12 Nov
25 3. Optical Fibres b. Graded Index Multi-mode fibre Large core diameter (typ. 50mm) Equalized phase velocities limit modal dispersion Difficult index profile realization Easy coupling 12 Nov
26 Optical Fibres: material engineering Ge-doped core or F-doped cladding Waveguide dispersion engineering 12 Nov
27 Silica transmission windows 12 Nov
28 Optical Fibres: Dispersion 12 Nov
29 Optical Systems: Speed and Range OS1/OS2 Dispersion (and attenuation) will limit MM systems to short distances Low cost will dictate the use of VCSELs at 850nm (1 st window) As speed increases new MM fiber must be developed to maintain distance) 12 Nov
30 Optical Fibers: Capacity [Datarate distance] Multi Mode Fibre VCSEL, AlGaAs 850nm Single Mode Fibre Edge Emitting Laser, InGaAsP nm 12 Nov
31 4. Light Amplification 1) Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) 2) Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) 12 Nov
32 Extending reach with optical amplifiers 12 Nov
33 5. Light in/out coupling Edge coupling Grating coupling 12 Nov
34 6. Packaging: Optical Subassemblies (OSA) 12 Nov
35 Packaging: Transceiver form factors 12 Nov
36 7. Light Splitting and Processing Bulk optics Bi-conic fused silica splitter splice Photonic lightwave circuit (PLC) Glass Silicon Nitride Si photonics 12 Nov
37 Wavelength Multiplexers/Demultiplexers Bulk optics (thin films) 1310 nm Tx Dichroic mirrors 1440 nm Rx lens fiber Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Fiber Bragg Gratings 1550 nm Rx λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 1 λ 3 Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWG) λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 5 e 12 Nov Cyclic property of a 5X5 AWG a b c d λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ 1 λ 2 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ 1 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 5 λ 5 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 4 λ 5 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3
38 Adding wavelength selectivity to a Laser Distributed Feedback and Distributed Bragg laser 12 Nov
39 Technology: Modulation Formats Context Technology Networks Hardware Toolbox Modulation Formats Capacity Standards HEP Specifics 12 Nov
40 Modulation Direct Modulation Limited by: Carrier lifetime Wavelength chirp Indirect Modulation Phase modulation EO effect in crystals (LiNbO3) Free carrier injection in pin (Si) Intensity modulation PM + Interferometer Electro absorption Mach Zehnder Modulator 12 Nov
41 Common modulation techniques ASK-PAM8 8-PSK QAM SNR Detection Complexity 16-QAM 12 Nov
42 Implementation example 1: QAM16 Non linearity Pre/post comp Dispersion equalization A D 12 Nov
43 Implementation example 2: PAM4 12 Nov
44 Technology: Capacity Context Technology Networks Hardware Toolbox Modulation Formats Capacity Standards HEP Specifics WDM Bits/Symbol TDM 12 Nov
45 Capacity=Bit Rate * Distance 80x40Gbpsx10 000km=32 000Tb/s.km 12 Nov
46 Capacity increase is possible with advanced modulation techniques QAM and Coherent detection Polarization multiplexing High speed DSP, D/A and A/D Turukhin et al (TE subcom), 2017, demonstrated 105.1Tb/s transmission in a 12-core fiber over 14,352km using a power-efficient 8D-APSK modulation format and 82 wavelength channels. Also demonstrated a potential capacity of 4.59Eb/s.km And to extend the limits: Amplifier waveband extension Multi-core fiber In-line electrical processing 12 Nov
47 Technology: Standards Context Technology Networks Hardware Toolbox Modulation Formats Capacity Standards HEP Specifics 12 Nov
48 Bit Rates vs Standards X10 in 4 yrs X10 in >10 yrs 12 Nov
49 IEEE802.3ba Ethernet Roadmap 12 Nov
50 Ethernet Interfaces and Nomenclature 12 Nov
51 Beyond 40/100GbE 12 Nov
52 Outlook 12 Nov
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