Optical Amplifiers (Chapter 6)
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1 Optical Amplifiers (Chapter 6) General optical amplifier theory Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) Raman Amplifiers Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) Read Chapter 6, pp
2 Loss & dispersion limits in lightwave systems and fielded long-haul systems GaAs-based, 0.85 µm dominates short distances, under a couple of km, very cheap components such as VCSELs (< $5/laser) 1.3 µm is the choice for under 10 km for 2.5 Gbps-10 Gbps per channel (uncooled!). Serial 10 Gbps for Ethernet is battling 10 Gbps CWDM right now (4-channels spaced by nm) ($20-40/laser) 1.55 µm lasers must be cooled to operate according to standards (-10 to 85 C operation) The big leaps forward in long-haul communication were in 1996 when the EDFA was introduced and then WDM in 1998 (8-channel or 16-channel?). Why is the EDFA so transforming for the network system design?
3 How are amplifiers used in lightwave systems?
4 SOA generic layouts Pump current Signal in Active region Signal out AR = Antireflection coating AR (a) Traveling wave amplifier Partial mirror Partial mirror (a) Fabry-Perot amplifier Simplified schematic illustrations of two types of laser amplifiers 1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall) The FP amplifier is really undesirable because of the reflections at the partially reflecting mirror introduce what is called gain ripple
5 SOA refined layouts
6 EDFA layout Signal in Optical isolator Wavelength-selective coupler Splice Er 3+ -doped fiber (10-20 m) Splice Optical isolator Signal out λ = 1550 nm λ = 1550 nm Pump laser diode λ = 980 nm Termination A simplified schematic illustration of an EDFA (optical amplifier). The erbium-ion doped fiber is pumped by feeding the light from a laser pump diode, through a coupler, into the erbium ion doped fiber S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall)
7 The gain coefficient and other relations g(ω) = g 0 1+ ( ω ω ) 2 0 T PP s Ignoring gain saturation with power for the moment, g(ω) = ν g = 1 πt 2 g 0 ( ) 2 T ω ω 0 (gain bandwidth) T 2 is the dipole relaxation time and leads to what is called homogeneous broadening. P s is the saturation power of the amplifier and depends on the gain cross section and the quantum efficiency (alternatively the fluorescence time) G = P out P in (amplification factor) dp dz = gp (Beer s Law)
8 Gain spectrum and bandwidth Pz ()= P in exp( gz) PL ()= P out Then the amplification factor is: G ω [ ( )L] ()= exp g ω ln2 ν A = ν g ln G 0 2 ( ) This equation, shown graphically in the figure, points out that gain flattening is very important in optical amplifiers
9 Typical gain bandwidth of an SOA Note the 3-dB bandwidth of the amplifier is only about 5 nm. S, C, and L bands cover nm.
10 Gain Saturation in Optical Amplifiers dp dz = g 0 1+ PP s G = G 0 exp G 1 G P out P s The output saturation power is defined as the output power when G = G 0 /2 We are tuned at the gain peak This effect is undesirable and is especially prevalent in WDM when a lot 1 s come down the fiber. How can you gain clamp? See p. 241 s P out = G 0 ln2 G 0 2 P s A typical G 0 would be db or more, so in the end: s P out = 0.69P s
11 Optical Amplifier Noise (big issue! 3dB is the minimum theoretical noise figure) F n = ( SNR ) in SNR ( ) out Amplifier noise figure is F n, the amplifier has a gain, G, and input and output powers, P in and P out. P out = GP in First, find the signal-to-noise ratio on the input: ( SNR) in = I 2 = 2 σ s ( ) 2 RP in 2q( RP in ) f = P in 2hν f R is the responsivity and we are assuming zero dark current in an ideal photodetector I is the average photocurrent and σ s2 is the shot noise variance (p. 156)
12 Amplifier noise continued Next, the signal-to-noise ratio on the output end of the amp must take into account the spontaneous emission induced noise The noise spectral density is: S sp ()= ν ( G 1)n sp hν Where n sp, the spontaneous emission factor or population inversion factor is: n sp = N 2 N 2 N 1 The dominant contribution to the noise is the beating of the spontaneous emission with the signal.
13 Amplifier noise continued The beating of the signal and spontaneous emission fields produces a noise current with a random phase angle at the ideal detector of: I = 2R GP in E sp cosθ Averaging over this random phase angle produces σ 2 4( RGP in )( RS sp ) f Then the SNR at the output is: ( SNR) out = I 2 ο 2 = RGP in ( ) 2 σ 2 GP in 4S sp f
14 The optical amplifier noise figure expression Then substituting in the expression for the noise spectral density, one obtains for the noise figure: F n = 2n sp ( G 1) G 2n sp The minimum n sp can be is 1 and therefore F nmin is 3 db
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