Upcoming European Missions

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1 Upcoming European Missions Carsten Brockmann Brockmann Consult GmbH With contributions from Criag Donlon, Peter Regner, Bianca Hoersch, Ferran Gascon (all ESA) Charly Kaufmann (GFZ Potsdam), Godela Rossner (DLR) ESA Sentinel 3 ESA Sentinel 2 German Enmap

GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels Sentinel 1 SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry 2013 / 2015 Sentinel 2 Multi-spectral imaging Land applications: urban, forest,

2 GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels Sentinel 1 SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry 2013 / 2015 Sentinel 2 Multi-spectral imaging Land applications: urban, forest, agriculture, Continuity of Landsat, SPOT 2013 / 2015 Sentinel 3 Ocean and global land monitoring Wide-swath ocean color, vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry 2013/ 2014 Sentinel 4 Geostationary atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring, transboundary pollution 2019 Sentinel 5 Low-orbit atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring (S5 Precursor launch in 2015) 2019 S3 Meeting 20/03/2012 Slide 2 ESA UNCLASSIFIED For Official Use

3 Sentinel 3 OLCI SLSTR - SRAL

S3 Objectives Primary Secondary Continuity of

Continuity of SST as good as ENVISAT AATSR or

or better with SAR capability derived from

Continuity of land products (reflectance's,

or better Provide consistent quality L1b and L2

manner for GMES services Continuity of SPOT

4 S3 Objectives Primary Secondary Continuity of ocean colour as good as ENVISAT MERIS or better Continuity of SST as good as ENVISAT AATSR or better Continuity of SSH as good as ENVISAT RA-2 or better with SAR capability derived from CryoSat-2 over coastal zones and sea ice Continuity of land products (reflectance's, temperature) as good as ENVISAT MERIS and AATSR or better Provide consistent quality L1b and L2 optical and topography products in a timely manner for GMES services Continuity of SPOT VGT-P like products Fire, River and lake height, atmospheric products for GMES services

5 Sentinel-3: Continuity of ENVISAT Ocean Observation Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer Microwave Radiometer Ocean and Land Colour Instrument GPS X-band Antenna Laser retroreflector S-band Antenna DORIS Antenna SAR Radar Altimeter

6 Sentinel-3 Mission Heritage Poseidon-1 Poseidon-2 Poseidon : TOPEX / Poseidon : JASON-1 SIRAL 2008: JASON-2 SIRAL 2012:AltiKa 2005: CryoSat-1 SARAL 1992: ERS : ERS-2 RA ATSR 2010: CryoSat-2 RA-2 AATSR SRAL, MWR, POD SLSTR 2002: ENVISAT MERIS 2013: Sentinel-3 OLCI Vegetation 1998: SPOT-4

km SLSTR (oblique) 1270 km OLCI Orbit type Repeat cycle LTDN Average altitude Inclination

7 Sentinel-3: Instrument Swath and Satellite Orbit Instrument Swath Patterns Ground Track Patterns S3-A S3-B SRAL (>2 km) and MWR (20 km) nadir track 2 days 1400 km SLSTR (nadir) 740 km SLSTR (oblique) 1270 km OLCI Orbit type Repeat cycle LTDN Average altitude Inclination Repeating frozen SSO 27 days (14 + 7/27 orbits/day) 10: km deg 1 Repeat Cycle (27 days)

8 Sentinel-3 Optical Revisit time and coverage Optical missions: Short Revisit times for optical payload, even with 1 single satellite Revisit at Equator Revisit for latitude > 30 Requ. Ocean Colour (Sun-glint free, day only) Land reflectance(day only) SLSTR dual view (day and night) 1 Satellite < 3.8 days < 2.8 days 2 Satellites < 1.9 days < 1.4 days 1 Satellite < 2.2 days < 1.8 days 2 Satellites < 1.1 day < 0.9 day 1 Satellite < 1.9 days < 1.5 days 2 Satellites < 0.9 day < 0.8 day < 2 days < 2 days < 4 days Data delivery timeliness: Near-Real Time (< 3 hr) availability of the L2 products Slow Time Critical (STC) (1 to 2 days) delivery of higher quality products for assimilation in models (e.g. SSH, SST)

5 FoV West 55 deg_oza Acrosstrack-tilt East 13.6 12.

9 Sentinel-3 OLCI Basic Geometry 5 cameras Calibration Assembly ~68.5 FoV West 55 deg_oza Acrosstrack-tilt East Camera 1 Camera 2 Camera 3 Camera 4 Camera SSP ~09:00 LST 10:00 LST ~10:30 LST 1270 km

Transect showing MERIS sunglint, MERIS band 9 (708 nm) Hawaii 20030705 200 180 West 55 deg_oza East Approximate position of OLCI cameras 13.6 12.

10 Transect showing MERIS sunglint, MERIS band 9 (708 nm) Hawaii West 55 deg_oza East Approximate position of OLCI cameras Camera 1 Camera 2 Camera 3 Camera 4 Camera SSP radiance_9 [mw/(m^2*sr*nm)] longitude (deg) (R. Doerffer)

11 OLCI: Ocean and Land Colour Instrument - comparison to MERIS Pushbroom Imaging Spectrometer (VIS- NIR) similar to MERIS Key Improvements: More spectral bands (from 15 to 21): nm Broader swath: 1270 km Reduced sun glint by camera tilt in west direction (12.20 ) Absolute (relative) accuracy of 2% ( relative 0.5%) Polarisation sensitivity < 1% Full res. 300m acquired systematically for land & ocean Reduced res. 1200m binned on ground (L1b) Improved characterization, e.g. straylight, camera boundary characterization Ocean coverage < 4 days, (< 2 days, 2 satellites) Timeliness: 3 hours NRT Level 2 product 100% overlap with SLSTR => Improved L2 products e.g., Cla, Transparency, TSM, Turbidity, PFTs, HAB, NDVI, MGVI, MTCI, fapar, LAI MERIS Bands λ center Width Yellow substanace/detrital pigments Chl.. Abs. Max Chl & other pigments Susp. Sediments, red tide Chl. Abs. Min Suspended sediment Chl. Abs, Chl. fluorescence Chl. fluorescence peak Chl. fluorescence ref., Atm Corr. Vegetation, clouds O 2 R-branch abs O 2 P-branch abs Atm corr Vegetation, H 2 O vap. Ref H 2 O vap., Land New OLCI bands λ center Width Aerosol, in-water property Fluorescence retrieval Atmospheric parameter Cloud top pressure Atmos./aerosol correction Atmos./aerosol correction

Key Improvements: SLSTR vs AATSR Increased number of spectral bands from 7 to 9 (new 1.3 and 2.2um) for better Ci Cloud detection Increased spatial resolution for VIS and SWIR channels (0.

12 Key Improvements: SLSTR vs AATSR Increased number of spectral bands from 7 to 9 (new 1.3 and 2.2um) for better Ci Cloud detection Increased spatial resolution for VIS and SWIR channels (0.5 nadir, TIR 1 Along track scanning with increased swath: oblique swath to 740 km nadir swath to 1400 km 100% overlap with OLCI Improved coverage < 4 days global ocean (practically ~ 2 days) Dedicated Active Fire channels Better timeliness: 3 hours NRT Level 1/2 products Thermal Structure in the Med, ENVISAT AATSR

S3 SLSTR: Basic Geometry Uses two scan mechanisms and a flip mirror to enable wider swath Nadir swath is offset to cover OLCI swath One VIS channel (865nm) is used for coregistration with OLCI swath

13 S3 SLSTR: Basic Geometry Uses two scan mechanisms and a flip mirror to enable wider swath Nadir swath is offset to cover OLCI swath One VIS channel (865nm) is used for coregistration with OLCI swath Oblique view 55 deg inclination maintains a longer atmospheric path length (1.5atm) compared to nadir for better atmospheric correction Oblique view is backwards relative to flight direction (Orbit, solar illumination, emissivity => algorithm updates needed) Overlap between AATSR and SLSTR is fundamental

S3 SLSTR: Spectral Bands Absolute rad. Accuracy VI/SWIR S1 S6: <5% (EOL) <2% (BOL) Absolute rad. Accuracy TIR S7/8/9: 0.2K (goal: 0.1K) Polarisation sensitivity: S1 S6: < 0.07 S7/8/9:< 0.

14 S3 SLSTR: Spectral Bands Absolute rad. Accuracy VI/SWIR S1 S6: <5% (EOL) <2% (BOL) Absolute rad. Accuracy TIR S7/8/9: 0.2K (goal: 0.1K) Polarisation sensitivity: S1 S6: < 0.07 S7/8/9:< 0.10 Stability: S1 S6: <0.1% S7/8/9: <0.08K SLSTR center SNR [-] / SSD SLSTR Band SRF [ m] Available from [ m] ESANeDT [mk] [km] Contact craig.donlon@esa.int S S S S S S S mk 1.0 S mk 1.0 S mk 1.0 F F SLSTR is an IR self-calibrating instrument using on-board calibration device (blackbody cavities for TIR; Solar diffuser for the VIS-SWIR) AATSR Heritage SLSTR New Bands

15 S3: Data processing chains OLCI Instrument SLSTR Instrument SRAL Instrument MWR Instrument POD System OLCI L1B SLSTR L1B Ocean & Land Colour L2 Products Ocean & Land Colour Processing chain based on OLCI data L1C Synergy Products Product delivery timeliness: L1C: Hybrid processing chain based on combination of SLSTR and OLCI data Surface Temperature Processing chain based on SLST data L2 Surface Temperatures Products Near-Real Time (< 3 hr) availability of L2 products (and L1b) 1 to 2 days delivery of higher quality topography products for assimilation in models Topography Processing chain based on altimeter radiometer and POD system data L2 Surface Topography Products

16 Sentinel 3 Core GS User Products list Level 1 ESA/EUMETSAT Marine products EUMETSAT LEVEL 1 - OLCI L1B - SLSTR L1B LEVEL 2 - OLCI ocean color - SLSTR sea -SRAL L2 Land products ESA LEVEL 2 - OLCI Land - SLSTR Land - SYNERGY / VGT -SRAL L2 Satellite Operated by EUMETSAT

Early S3 Mission Timeline: Cal/Val 4/2014 2 nd half of

for cal/val: systematic production and dissemination

17 Early S3 Mission Timeline: Cal/Val 4/ nd half of 2014 No data available Limited L0/L1 data from payload for cal/val: systematic production and dissemination ramped-up Gradual ramp-up of all products in early phase

18 Sentinel 2 Numerous applications land cover/use, agriculture, forestry risk / disaster relief mapping glaciers, snow, coastal waters, lakes, wetlands etc. 13 spectral bands (VIS, NIR & SWIR) Spatial resolution: 10, 20 and 60 m 290 km swath 1200 kg spacecraft mass 5 days repeat cycle (cloud free, at equator) with 2 sat Geographic coverage: systematic, all land & coastal surfaces between 56 o S 84 o N Sun synchronous orbit at 786 km mean altitude ESA UNCLASSIFIED For Official Use 7 years design life time, consumables for 12 years

Sentinel 2 compared to Landsat/Spot Landsat-7 SPOT-5 Sentinel-2

Measurement principle scanner pushbroom pushbroom Earth coverage

(PAN) 4 + 1 (PAN) 13 Spatial sampling distance (m) ESA

19 Sentinel 2 compared to Landsat/Spot Landsat-7 SPOT-5 Sentinel-2 Satellites flown/flying 7 + 1* 5 2 Launch 1999* (TBC) Measurement principle scanner pushbroom pushbroom Earth coverage (days) Swath (km) 185 2* Multispectral bands (PAN) (PAN) 13 Spatial sampling distance (m) ESA UNCLASSIFIED For Official Use 15, , 5, 10 10, 20, 60 * LCDM mission targeted 2013

20 Sentinel 2: 13 spectral bands! VNIR SWIR VIS NIR SWIR Visible B1 B9 B10 60 m Aerosols Water-vapour Cirrus B5 B7 B8a Snow / ice / cloud discrimination 20 m Vegetation Red-edge B6 B11 B12 10 m Continuity with SPOT5 multispectral 400 nm B2 B3 B4 B8 600 nm 800 nm 1000 nm 1200 nm 1400 nm 1600 nm 1800 nm 2000 nm 2200 nm 2400 nm LANDSAT 7 Spectral bands versus spatial resolution SPOT-5 ESA UNCLASSIFIED For Official Use

21 Landsat / Sentinel-2 coverage in Cameroon (10 days simulation) Landsat Landsat & Sentinel 2A Landsat & Sentinel 2A & Sentinel 2B

22 Potential of Sentinel 2 for Ocean Colour (+) 1. Spatial resolution a. 20m mapping of all important inland waters 2. Temporal resolution a. 2 SC, cloud coverage considered: 1 observation / month 3. Spectral resolution IOPs IOPs IOPs AC AC (very turbid waters) Cloud/Snow/Ice Screening

All land areas between 56 S and 83 N including major islands (>100 km²) 2.EU islands/islands < 20 km from the coast 2.

23 Potential of Sentinel 2 for ocean colur (-) 1. Signal-to-noise ratio not adequate for ocean colour retrieval Geographical coverage: S2 1.All land areas between 56 S and 83 N including major islands (>100 km²) 2.EU islands/islands < 20 km from the coast 2. Radiometric 3.The accuracy whole Mediterranean 3% (goal) Sea 5% (thresh) 4.All inland water bodies and all closed seas 3. Mission scenario a. Are all coastal zones are covered? MERIS, MODIS, SeaWIFS from Joliet et al, 2007

24 Sentinel 2 Data Latency

25 Sentinel 2 A challenging ground segment Data delivered to 4 core ground stations, which are phased in through a staggered approach (from 2 4) Additional (collaborative) ground stations based on agreement with ESA Two data downlink systems - X band (490 Mbps) or laser communication to EDRS (can be operated simultaneously) 900 GB of data throughput per day, systematically processed up to Level 1C Target users: operational GMES services and ESA national users; others on best effort basis

26 Sentinel Data Policy Full and open access to Sentinel data to all users In practical terms Anybody has the right to access acquired Sentinel data Licenses for the Sentinel data are free of charge However the funding for the actual access in routine phase is under discussion with EU

EnMAP Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program PPP = Public Private Partnership Launch 2015+ Hyperspectral Sensor 200 bands Continuously

27 EnMAP Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program PPP = Public Private Partnership Launch Hyperspectral Sensor 200 bands Continuously measureing the spectrum VNIR: nm (96 bands) SWIR: nm (122 bands) 30m resolution 30km swath width 30 pointing 4 days revisit time

28 EnMAP Quelle: AK Fernerkundung Küste * 4 Arbeitskreistreffen *

29 Enmap

31 Acquisition Scenarios Constraints Sun-synchronous orbit (11:00 LTDN) Revisit < 90d (nadir), ~29d (5 off nadir), ~4d (30 off nadir) Shifting orbit Capacity (along track): 1000km/orbit, 5 000km/day 5 mins to stabilze satellite after tilt Priorities Fixed set of areas of interest High number of repetitions rather than global coverage On-request acquisitions for rapid response actions

32 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

The Sentinel-3 Mission. C. Donlon, B. Berruti, J. Nieke, P. Goryl, P. Femenias, C. Mavrocordatos, H. Rebhan, B. Seitz, and U.

The Sentinel-3 Mission. C. Donlon, B. Berruti, J. Nieke, P. Goryl, P. Femenias, C. Mavrocordatos, H. Rebhan, B. Seitz, and U. The Sentinel-3 Mission C. Donlon, B. Berruti, J. Nieke, P. Goryl, P. Femenias, C. Mavrocordatos, H. Rebhan, B. Seitz, and U. Klein 44th International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics Liege, Belgium,