INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS USING SATELLITE RADAR ALTIMETRY
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1 NASA NASA ESA ESA JAXA NAS A INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS USING SATELLITE RADAR ALTIMETRY C.K. SHUM EE Wave Propagation and Remote Sensing Joel Johnson November 14, 2012
2 Measurement Coverage: Jason ICESAT TOPEX/POSEIDON, JASON-1/-2/-3/CS 66 0 latitude coverage ERS-1/2, Envisat, Altika 82 0 latitude coverage Seasat, Geosat, GFO 72 0 latitude coverage CryoSat latitude coverage ICESat-1/-2 (Laser) 94 0 latitude coverage Courtesy: A. Braun Altimeter measures geocentric sea level and ice sheet elevation change Earth Satellite Altimeters
3 Satellite Radar Altimetry: originally designed for science over deep-ocean Inland hydrology Coastal oceanography Ice-sheet elevation change Solid Earth deformation (glacial isostatic adjustment) Historic & current missions: Seasat (1978), Geosat (1984), ERS-1/2 (1991, 1995), TOPEX/POSEIDON (1992), GFO (1998), JASON-1 (2001), Envisat (2002), JASON-2 (2009), CryoSat-2 (2009), HY2A (2010) Planned missions: AltiKa (2012), JASON-3 (2013), Sentinel-3 (2013), HY2B/2C, JASON-CS (2017?), SWOT (2020) JASON-1, NASA
4 P t
5 SATELLITE ALTIMETRY WAVEFORMS Brown (1977): Point Target Response Impulse Response PDF of specular points
6 Waveform retracking 3 meter Model or functional fit to the waveform - Deconvolution, NASA s β-retracker Empirical approach - threshold, modified threshold (Lee et al., 2008)
7 WAVEFORM RETRACKING ALGORITHMS NASA β-retracker (Martin et al., 1983) Offset Center of Gravity (OCOG) (Bamber, 1994) R = 3 ( β tracking gate) s Leading edge position = Position ½*Width
8 ML-3, ML-4 retrackers (Jason-1/-2) Threshold retracker (Davis, 1997) A max DC TL = = max i= 5 ( P( i) ) P ( i) = DC + T coeff ( A DC ) max Modified Threshold retracker (Lee et al., J. Geodyn., 2008) Threshold level Sensor-specific retracking algorithms:
9 NASA/CNES Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission Conventional radar altimeter with a spatial resolution of 6-7 km does not provide a complete picture of the vector field of ocean currents and gravity anomalies In order to map the sea-surface height in two dimensions with comparable resolutions, a new type of radar instrument has been developed at JPL using the principle of radar interferometry The new measurement will be made over a swath 200km wide, providing an image of seasurface height instead of a profile(15km x 15km resolution) Planned 2019 Launch Courtesy, E. Rodriguez
10 10-day Repeat orbits
11 35-day Repeat orbits
12 17-day Repeat Orbits
13 Example of ocean waveform Power Satellite Flight direction
14 Mean Sea Surface Height from TOPEX ( )
15 RMS Ocean Variability from TOPEX ( ) Ascending & descending tracks
16 Bathymetry from Satellite Altimetry Credit: David Sandwell, Walter Smith
17 Patterns of Sea-Level Trend Outline Principle Instrumentation Sea-Level Rise Conclusion Sea-Level Trend: tide gauges ( ), altimetry ( ) Estimated Global Sea Level Trend: Gauges: color-coded circles Tide gauges ( , 575 selected sites) = 1.7±0.4 mm/yr Multiple altimetry ( ) = 2.9±0.4 mm/yr (GIA/IB correct. applied) 20
18 Altimeter over terrestrial surfaces? One 10-day cycle of TOPEX observations
19 Example of land waveform Power Satellite Flight direction Where is the mid-point location of the leading edge?
20 TOPEX Observed Land Deformation: Hudson Bay Land Region The difference between SRTM elevation at 10-Hz stackfile bin center and the actual 10-Hz ground track coordinates are added back to the retracked surface heights. STD before correction: 6.07 m STD after correction: 2.69 m STD before correction: 1.23 m STD after correction: 0.43 m An example of a land altimetry time series: 8.7±1.4 mm/yr Lee et al. [2008]
21 Multi-resolution Water Level Monitoring from Geodetic Sensors InSAR Resolution: 40 m (dh/dx@dt) GRACE Resolution: 600 km (Δg/dt) Radar altimetry dh/dt Radar altimetry (RA) provides ~weekly (Vertical time datum) series of absolute surface water level change of ~375 m resolution along-track Resolution: ~1 km (375 m alongtrack) RA when combined with Interferometric SAR yield highresolution (~40 m) absolute water gradient change at SAR time GRACE provides monthly water storage change (infer from Δg) with ~600 km resolution or longer sc Not to scale River gage Vegetated wetland J. Kim, OSU
22 ENVISAT RA2 (ICE-1 RETRACKER) OVER CHINA S POYANG LAKE ( ) Pass 980 Long Kou Gauge Pass 163
23 Satellite Altimetry Based Dam/Reservoir Monitoring System (Examples) Basin Altimeter data Ataturk Dam (Turkey) Euphrates Envisat Karakaya Dam (Turkey) Euphrates TOPEX/Envisat/Jason-2 Assad Dam (Syria) Euphrates Envisat Mosul Dam (Iraq) Tigris TOPEX/Envisat/Jason-2 Lake Qadisiyah (Habitha Dam, Iraq) Euphrates Envisat Lake Tharthar (Iraq) Tigris/Euphrates TOPEX/Envisat/Jason-2 Additional Dams/Reservoirs of interest can be added
24 Ataturk Dam, Turkey Envisat cycle 10 over the reservoir. Blue boundary is obtained from SWBD (SRTM Water Body Dataset, 2005) with 18-Hz Envisat radar altimeter observed ellipsoid height Water level change time series over the reservoir constructed from Envisat with 35-day repeat period.
25 Assad Dam, Syria Envisat cycle 10 over the reservoir. Blue boundary is obtained from SWBD (SRTM Water Body Dataset, 2005) with 18-Hz Envisat radar altimeter observed ellipsoid height Water level change time series over the reservoir constructed from Envisat with 35-day repeat period.
26 Lake Urmia, Iran Envisat cycle 10 over the reservoir. Blue boundary is obtained from SWBD (SRTM Water Body Dataset, 2005) with 18-Hz Envisat radar altimeter observed ellipsoid height Water level change time series over the reservoir constructed from Envisat with 35-day repeat period.
27 Mosul Dam, Iraq Envisat cycle 10 over the reservoir. Blue boundary is obtained from SWBD (SRTM Water Body Dataset, 2005) with 18-Hz Envisat radar altimeter observed ellipsoid height Water level change time series over the reservoir constructed from Envisat with 35-day repeat period.
28 Lake Qinghai, Tibetan Plateau, China Envisat 35-day repeat orbit altimeter passes over Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau Water level change time series over Qinghai Lake from Envisat pass 276, compared with gage data and different waveform retracking to mitigate Lake ice contaminations
29 Lake Chad, Central Africa Envisat 35-day repeat orbit altimeter passes over Lake Chad and central African region, color-coded for measured topographic heights Water level change time series over Lake Chad from Envisat pass 408 (top). TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) precipitation variations over Lake Chad region.
30 2011 Mississippi flood Credit: Nati Harnik/Associated Press
31 2011 Mississippi Flood: Observed by Envisat Altimetry and MODIS Case 2: Fulton county, KY (lat 36.55N, lon 89.36W) After orbit change Before orbit change
32 2011 Mississippi Flood: Observed by Envisat Altimetry, MODIS and GRACE
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