Grundlagen Fernerkundung - 8 Earth Resource Satellites

Transcription

1 Grundlagen Fernerkundung - 8 Earth Resource Satellites GEO123.1, FS2015 Hendrik Wulf, Michael Schaepman 3/30/15 Page 1

2 Earth Resource Satellites Remote sensing from space Application in science, government and industry Readily available (internet) Supports decision making based on spatial intelligence Conceiving the earth as a system (interaction of processes) Assessing the impacts of humankind on earth (resources) 3/30/15 Page 2 NASA

3 Learning Goals Overview on Earth Observation systems Understanding of satellite orbital parameters Understanding of sensor characteristics and trade-offs NASA Earth Observation Program o! e.g., Landsat, TERRA,! ESA Earth Observation Program o! e.g., Envisat, Earth Explorers,! 3/30/15 Page 3

4 Recommended reading & surfing Lillesand, Kiefer and Chipman (2015): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 7 th Edition, John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 5: Earth Resource Satellites, p Weblinks: Earth Observatory ( NASA ( Landsat ( MODIS ( Orbit tracking apps (pxsat, ESA wis, P-track, Sputnik)

5 Terms & Definitions: Orbits Inclination: orbit angle with respect to the equator near polar orbit = close to 90 equatorial orbit = 0!"#$#%&'!"!"#$!%&'()*"&%!"&"'+%!&,-+.'/"& #$%&'(')%*(+,"%+-)'!".(/"012333"45" &6*7&,*.8+%*%6&!"9337:33"45" (')$*&!"%#0"&%)&/)012"%"&)3"&)+(#%&45 ) 6& ;(*<&('!"=3>"45?"@:/@"5)*A%+-)'?"B9/>"+$C%D6')%*&"E$+"<(," FGG!"933"45?"@H/:"5)*A%+-)'?"B>/9"+$C%D6')%*&"E$+"<(," +,%-#*)$-"./)*00$12.#$3'!" #$*$+(DD,"-$'I$$*"B3"(5"(*<"H"E5 3/30/15 Page 5

6 Satellite Orbits 3/30/15 Page 6

7 Department of Geography Page 7

8 Orbiting Schemes Sun synchronous (polar) orbit Altitudes: 700 to 800 km Orbital periods: ca. 100 min Geostationary orbit Altitude: km High temporal resolution 3/30/15 Page 8

9 NASA Department of Geography Sun-synchronous (polar) Orbit

10 Geo-synchronous or Geostationary Orbit 3/30/15 Page 10

11 Terms & Definitions: Sensor characteristics Spatial resolution: ground surface area represented by one pixel Ground sampling distance (GSD) Field of view (FOV) and swath width GSD GSD 3/30/15 = 18 m Page 11 = 30 m

12 Terms & Definitions: Sensor characteristics Spatial resolution: ground surface area represented by one pixel Instantaneous field of view (IFOV) Ground sampling distance (GSD) Temporal resolution: time between two image acquisitions for a given location Revisit time or repeat cycle (measured in days) Spectral resolution: number of spectral bands and their wavelength intervals Panchromatic, multispectral, imaging spectroscopy Radiometric resolution: effective bit-depth of the sensor Gain settings: range of brightness sensitivity Signal to noise ratio 3/30/15 Page 12

13 Trade offs: Spatial and temporal resolution 3/30/15 Page 13

14 Trade offs: Spatial and spectral resolution Spectral bands of very high-resolution satellite imagery Pan = 0.6 m Multi = 2.4 m Pan = 0.5 m Pan = 0.5 m Multi = 2.0 m 3/30/15 Page 14

15 Across track scanner (Whisk broom) 3/30/15 Page 15

16 Along track scanner (Pushbroom) 3/30/15 Page 16

17 Passive optical sensor types Across track scanner (Whisk broom) Along track scanner (Pushbroom) Flight line 3/30/15 Page 17

18 Satellite viewing geometry 3/30/15 Page 18

19 Questions and Answers Any questions so far? 3/30/15 Page 19

20 Early history of space imaging 1950s: 1960s: photographs from rockets (captured V2), ballistic missiles, and satellites TIROS-1, the first Television and Infrared Observation Satellite Meteorological satellites reveal cloud patterns Corona: military reconnaissance program Space imagery used for meteorological, geologic and oceanographic purposes 1970s: Skylab: spaceborne multispectral and microwave systems 1972, first Earth Resource Technology Satellite (renamed Landsat 1) 3/30/15 Page 20

21 3/30/15 Page 21 NASA Department of Geography NASA Earth Observation Program

22 NASA s Earth Observing System (EOS) NASA s Earth Observing System (EOS) is a coordinated series of (>30) polar-orbiting and low inclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. EOS enables an improved understanding of the Earth as an integrated system and is committed to deliver information and resources to the Earth science research community and the general public alike. 4/1/15 Page 22

23 NASA s Earth Observing System (EOS) Why do we need such a large remote sensing effort? Human impact over the last century: Human population tripled Land cover changed by 40% Biomass burning quadrupled CO 2 concentration increased by 25% Global temperature increase by 0.5K Hypothesis: We, humans, contribute significantly to global climate change and will be affected by it. 3/30/15 Page 23

24 NASA Earth Observation Highlights LANDSAT (longest land surface observation program) Terra & Aqua (NASA EO flagships) 3/30/15 Page 24

25 3/30/15 Page 25 3/30/15 Page 25 NASA Department of Geography The Landsat Program ( today)

26 The LANDSAT Programme (NASA) 3/30/15 Page 26

27 Department of Geography Landsat 7: Spectral bands µm µm µm µm µm µm µm

28 Landsat 7: Spectral bands Same scene, different wavelengths Visible wavelengths Thermal Infrared wavelengths 3/30/15 Page 28

29 Landsat 8 (Landsat Data Continuity Mission) Launched: February 11, 2013 Scientific goal: Characterize and monitor land-cover use and change over time Applications: Carbon Cycle, Earth Surface, Ecosystems, and Biogeochemistry Sensors: Operational Land Imager Thermal Infrared Sensor Data: for the general public (no costs)

30 Landsat 7 & 8 Spectral bands 3/30/15 Page 30

31 3/30/15 Page 31 3/30/15 Page 31 NASA Department of Geography Landsat 8: Band configurations

32 August 1, 1985 Lake Urmia, Iran August 1, 2010

33 January 25, 1989 April 14, 2012 Manila, Philippines

34 Columbia Glacier Retreat

35 Terra NASAs EOS Flagship Sensors: Orbit: sun-synchronous Altitude: ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission & Reflection Radiometer) CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) MISR (Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer) MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) 720 km Inclination: 98.1 Orbit period: 98.8 min

36 Department of Geography MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Launched: December 18, 1999 (1st of 2 sat.) Scientific goal: provide measurements of large-scale global dynamics Applications: cloud cover, radiation budget and oceanic terrestrial and lower atmospheric processes Sensor: multispectral radiometer Data: for the general public (no costs)

37 MODIS products overview Surface temperature (land and ocean) and fire detection; Ocean color, currents; Global vegetation and change maps; Cloud characteristics; Aerosol concentrations and properties; Temperature and moisture soundings; Snow cover and characteristics; 3/30/15 Page 37

38 3/30/15 Page 38 3/30/15 Page 38 NASA Department of Geography MODIS applications: Vegetation analysis

39 3/30/15 Page 39 3/30/15 Page 39 NASA Department of Geography MODIS applications: Snow & Ice cover

40 3/30/15 Page 40 3/30/15 Page 40 NASA Department of Geography MODIS applications: Fire analysis

41 Department of Geography ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission & Reflection Radiometer) Launched: December 18, 1999 Scientific goal: high-resolution images (visible to thermal infrared spectrum) Applications: detailed maps of land surface temperature, emissivity, reflectance, and elevation (ASTER GDEM) Sensor: multispectral radiometer Data: low costs to free of charge

42 NASA Department of Geography ASTER - Oahu Flythrough

43 Useful links NASA Earth Observation NASA Earth Observing System NASA Earth Observatory USGS Earthshots (Satellite Images of Environmental Change) USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center

44 Questions and Answers Any questions so far? 3/30/15 Page 44

45 Department of Geography ESA s Earth Observation Programme 3/31/15 Page 45

46 Recommended web resources ESA ibook (via itunes) Earth from space - The living beauty ESA Apps (via App Store / Google play) ESA CryoSat & ESA Swarm ESA Earth Observation ESA videos ESA podcast

47 ESA s history 1975 ESA is founded, pooling European resources 1977 First Meteosat-1 satellite 1979 First Ariane-1 launch (Arianespace) 1986 First deep-space mission (Giotto) 2003 Mars Express orbiter and its lander, Beagle 2, launched 2008 ESA's Columbus laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS). ESA s 22 member states ESA develops launchers, spacecraft and ground facilities for Earth observation navigation telecommunications astronomy 3/31/15 Page 47

48 The living planet programme Earth Explorer missions address key scientific challenges breakthrough technology demonstrators Earth Watch missions well-established and advanced meteorological satellites Copernicus Sentinel missions long-term climate-relevant datasets Essential Climate Variables for climate monitoring, modeling and prediction Turning data into operational services

49 ESA Earth Observation Highlights METEOSAT European weather observation program ENVISAT ESA Earth Observation flagship Earth Explorers Specialized Earth observation 3/31/15 Page 49

50 ENVISAT - ESA s Environmental Satellite Mean altitude" km" Inclination" " Orbits per day" ca. 14" Repeat cycle" 35 days" Mission objectives Continue and enhance previous ESA missions Extend the range of observation parameters Contribute to environmental studies Allow more effective monitoring and management of the Earth s resources. Better understand surface processes. Successful launch March 1 st, 2002 Stopped operation May 9, 2012

51 ENVISAT mission: Department of Geography 10 years Envisat Iceland 2010 Arctic 2007 Ozone hole 2005 L Aquila 2009 First images Japan 2011 Global air pollution Chlorophyll concentration B-15A iceberg CO2 map Prestige tanker oil slick Bam earthquake more than 4000 science projects Launch Hurricane Katrina /31/15 Envisat Symposium Envisat Symposium Living Planet Symposium Living Planet Symposium Salzburg (A) Montreux (CH) Bergen (N) Edinburgh (UK) Page 51 and many workshops dedicated to specific Envisat user communities

52 MERIS" ASAR" GOMOS" AATSR" MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer" Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar" Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars" Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer" RA-2" Radar Altimeter 2" SCIAMACHY" MIPAS" MWR" LRR" DORIS" SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY" Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding" MicroWave Radiometer" Laser RetroReflector" Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite"

53 Envisat Instruments Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) As a high-resolution, wide-swath imaging radar, this is the largest Envisat instrument and produces high quality colour images of the oceans, coastal zones, polar ice and land regions irrespective of weather conditions, cloud coverage or night/daytime. Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) MERIS measured solar radiation reflected from the earth s surface and clouds in the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum. MERIS detected biophysical properties (e.g chlorophyll concentration) of the oceans and coastal water composition.

54 Department of Geography ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) 22 June 2010 Scientific goal: continued global SAR monitoring (ERS-1/2) of land and oceans Applications: Landscape topography, snow and ice, land cover, soil moisture, ocean currents, wave heights, shipping routes,!

55 Department of Geography MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) Scientific goal: monitoring of coastal and ocean waters, atmospheric properties and terrestrial environments Applications: concentration of suspended chlorophyll and sediments, aerosols, vegetation characteristics

56 Data from space pose an essential basis for applying international environment-treaties 3/31/15 Page 56

57 ESA s Earth Explorers Objective: Better understanding of Earth Science in various fields of interest based on innovative satellite technology Satellit GOCE SMOS Ziel der globalen Forschungen Bestimmung des Erdschwerefeldes Bodenfeuchte, Salzgehalt der Meere Start CryoSat Erfassung der planetaren Eismassen SWARM Erdmagnetfeld und Klima ADM-Aeolus Dynamik der Erdatmosphäre 2015 (geplant) EarthCARE Wolken und Aerosole 2016 (geplant) Biomass Biomasse der Wälder 2020 (geplant)

58 GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) GOCE is a technology marvel: the first gradiometer in space at one of the lowest satellite orbits ever (260 km) Operated: March 2009 November 2013 Scientific goal: measure the global earth gravity field with an accuracy of 1-2 cm Spatial resolution: better than 100 km Applications: mean reference sea level, ocean circulation models, planetary interior Sensor: gradiometer, 3 pairs of 3-axis Data: for the general public (no costs)

59 GOCE (terms and definitions) Geoid: The equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense, global mean sea level Mohorovi!i" discontinuity (aka Moho): is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. Presumably a marked change of composition (Basalt vs. Peridotit) discovered by the velocities of primary seismic waves.

60 GOCE Geoid

61 GOCE Applications: Moho

62 Cryosat (Cryosphere Satellite) Cryosat is the second of its kind: the first Cryosat failed during launch in 2005 Launched: April 8 th, 2010 Scientific goal: determine variations in the thickness of the Earth's marine ice cover Applications: melt contributions to global sea level rise, sea-ice thickness and mass Sensor: radar altimeter Data: for the general public (no costs)

63 Cryosat: Ice stripping

64 Satellite data: global sea-level rise

65 Sea level change

66 SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) Launched: November 2 nd, 2009 Scientific goal: monitor soil moisture and ocean salinity, characterization of ice & snow Applications: climatological, oceanographic, meteorological, hydrological, agronomical, and glaciological science Sensor: 2-D interferometric radiometer Data: for the general public (no costs)

67 SMOS Application: Soil Moisture

68 Department of Geography SMOS: Drought in Europe 2012 Inter-annual variation of water available in soils across Europe (images CESBIO):! Western Europe: severe lack of water due to less than average rainfall! Absence of sufficient water resources: diminishing food supply, shortage of water for households and industry, shipping routes can fall dry SMOS February 2011 SMOS February 2012

69 SWARM (Earth's magnetic field) Launched: November 22 nd, 2013 Scientific goal: measure the Earth s magnetic field and signals Applications: insight into inside processes that drive Earth s dynamo, Core dynamics, and core mantle interaction Configuration: Three identical satellites with Vector Field Magnetometer

70 SWARM constellation

71 ADM Aeolus (Atmospheric Dynamics Mission) Launch: scheduled for 2015 Scientific goal: acquire global wind profiles Applications: numerical weather predictions, climate studies, global warming to the effects of pollution Sensor: ALADIN - Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument Earth s wind patterns

72 Earth Care (Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer) Launch: scheduled for 2016 Scientific goal: observe natural and anthropogenic aerosols, atmospheric liquid water and ice, and cloud-precipitation interactions Applications: numerical weather predictions, climate studies, global warming to the effects of pollution Sensor: high-resolution atmospheric lidar and a radar, a multispectral imager and a broadband radiometer

73 Biomass Launch: scheduled for 2020 Scientific goal: measurements of forest biomass Applications: assess terrestrial carbon stocks and fluxes, ice-sheet thickness, subsurface geology in arid regions, soil moisture, permafrost and sea-surface salinity Sensor: novel P-band synthetic aperture polarimetric radar

74 Questions and Answers Any questions so far? 3/31/15 Page 74

75 Summary slides

76 Department of Geography Summary slides

77 Thank you for your attention & have a nice day!