Ghazanfar A. Khattak National Centre of Excellence in Geology University of Peshawar
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1 INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING Ghazanfar A. Khattak National Centre of Excellence in Geology University of Peshawar
2 WHAT IS REMOTE SENSING? Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it.
3 REMOTE SENSING is the science and art of acquiring information (spectral, spatial, temporal) about material objects, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device from measurements made at a distance, without coming into physical contact t with the objects, area, or phenomena under investigation.
4 HOW DOES REMOTE SENSING WORK? Remote Sensing is performed by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information".
5 REMOTE SENSING OVERVIEW Observation without direct contact.
6 PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING makes use of sensors that detect the reflected or emitted electro- magnetic radiation from natural sources.
7 ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING makes use of sensors that detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from artificially-generated energy sources, such as radar.
8 WHAT IS EMR? Electromagnetic Radiation is a form of energy Electromagnetic Radiation is a form of energy with the properties of a wave.
9 WHAT IS EMR? The waves propagate through time and space in a manner rather like water waves, but oscillate in all directions perpendicular to their direction of travel.
10 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES A wave is characterized by two principal measures: wavelength and frequency: The wavelength (lambda) is the distance in meters between successive crests of the waves. The frequency (nu) is the number of oscillations completed per second.
11 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
12 TERMS Crest : The highest point of the wave. Trough : The lowest point of the wave. Amplitude : The height of the wave as measured between the trough and the crest. Wavelength : The distance between two identical points on the wave. Period : The time it takes for a wavelength to pass a stationary point. Frequency : The number of wavelengths that pass a point in a set period of time.
13 WAVELENGTH The wavelength (lambda) is the distance in metres between successive crests of the waves.
14 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
15 FREQUENCY The frequency (nu) is the number of oscillations The frequency (nu) is the number of oscillations completed per second.
16 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
17 WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY Wavelength and frequency are related by the Wavelength and frequency are related by the following formula:
18 WHAT CAN SATELLITES SEE? Satellite electromagnetic sensors let us see beyond the visible..
19 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
20 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS EMR that interacts with an object is called EMR that interacts with an object is called incident radiation
21 Electromagnetic energy is either, reflected, transmitted, or absorbed by the surface it strikes.
22 The Major Components Of Remote-sensing Technology 1. ENERGY SOURCE (PASSIVE SYSTEM: sun, irradiance from earth s materials; ACTIVE SYSTEM: irradiance from artificially-generated energy sources such as radar) 2. PLATFORMS (Vehicle to carry the sensor) (truck, aircraft, space shuttle, satellite, etc.) 3. SENSORS (Device to detect electro-magnetic radiation) (camera, scanner, etc) 4. DETECTORS (To convert electro-magnetic radiation i into recorded ddsignals) (film, silicon detectors, etc) 5. PROCESSING (Handling signal data) ( photographic, digital, etc) 6. INSTITUTIONALISATION (Organization for execution at all stages of remotesensing technology: international and national organizations, centers, universities, etc
23 The vehicles or carriers for remote sensors are called the platforms. Typical examples of platforms are satellites and aircraft, but they can also include radio-controlled aeroplanes, balloons, kits for low altitude remote sensing, as well as ladder trucks or cherry pickers for ground investigations. The key factor for the selection of a platform is the altitude that determines the ground resolution and which is also dependent on the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of the sensor on board the platform.
24 Orbit Elevation 36,000 km Platforms GMS (Geostationary Satellite) 1,000km 500km LANDSAT, MOS, SPOT SPACE SHUTTLE km 10,000-12,000m 1,200-3,500m HIGH ALTITUDE JETPLANE LOW&MIDDLE ALTITUDE AIRPLANE GROUND TRUTH
25 Platform Altitude Observation geostationary satellite 36,000km fixed point observation circular orbit satellite 500km - 1,000km regular observation (earth observation) space shuttle 240km - 350km irregular observation space experiment radio - sound 100m - 100km various investigations (meteorological, etc) high altitude jet-plane 10km -12km reconnaissance wide area investigations low or middle altitude plane 500m - 8,000m various aero investigation surveys helicopter 100m- 2,000m various aero investigation surveys radio-controlled plane below 500m various aero investigation surveys hang-plane m various aero investigation surveys hang-balloon 800m - various investigations cable 10-40m archaeological investigations crane car 5-50m close range surveys ground measurement car 0-30m ground truth
26 As sensor or remote sensor is a device to detect the electro-magnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object. Cameras or scanners are examples of remote sensing-sensors.
27 Passive Non-scanning Non-imaging Microwave Radiometer Magnetic Sensor Gravimeter Fourier Spectrometer Other Imaging Camera Monochrome Natural color Infrared Other Scanning Imaging Image Plane Scanning TV Camera Solid Scanner Object Plane Scanning Optical Mechanical Scanner Microwave Radiometer
28 Continued.. Classification of Sensors Active Non-scanning Non-imaging Microwave Radiometer Laser Water Depth meter Laser Distance meter Scanning Imaging Object Plane Scanning Real Aperture Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Plane Scanning Passive Phased Array Radar
29 Table 5: Wavelength Band of Principle Sensor Wavelength (m) U V VISIBLE INFRA-RED Near S.W. Interm. Thrm. Far RADIO SENSOR (CAMERAS:) monochrome film Color film IR film Color IR film SOLID SCANNER (SPORT HRV) (Thermal Video) TV CAMERA OPTICAL MECHANICAL SCANNER (Airborne MSS) (Landsat MSS) (Landsat TM) RADAR MICROWAVE RADIOMETER
30
31 HOW DO IMAGING SATELLITES WORK? Satellite electromagnetic sensors see reflected and emitted radiation
32
33 REMOTE SENSING IMAGES
34 COLOR COMPOSITE IMAGES
35 MULTISPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING IMAGES
36 REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS Archaeology Agriculture Cartography Civil Engineering Climatology Coastal Studies Emergency Response Forestry Geology Hazards Land-Use Meteorology Natural Disasters Oceanography Water Resources
37 AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS crop type classification crop condition assessment crop yield estimation mapping of soil characteristics mapping of soil management practices compliance monitoring (farming practices) precision farming
38 AGRICULTURAL EXAMPLE
39 CROPS MONITORING (TORNADO DAMAGE)
40 PRECISION AGRICULTURE
41 FORESTRY APPLICATIONS forest cover type discrimination clear cut mapping / regeneration assessment burn delineation infrastructure mapping / operations support forest inventory biomass estimation species inventory forest health and vigour
42 FOREST BURNS
43 GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS surficial deposit / bedrock mapping lithological mapping structural mapping sand and gravel (aggregate) exploration/ exploitation mineral exploration hydrocarbon exploration environmental geology sedimentation mapping and monitoring geo-hazard mapping
44 STRUCTURAL MAPPING
45 GEOLOGICAL UNIT MAPPING
46 Dana Hilltop Large Lake Karli Nulla Small Lake Tung Nulla IKONOS,
47 HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS wetlands mapping and monitoring, soil moisture estimation, snow pack monitoring, measuring snow thickness, river and lake ice monitoring, flood mapping and monitoring, glacier dynamics monitoring drainage basin mapping and watershed modelling irrigation mapping
48
49 FLOODS AND DISASTER RESPONSE EXAMPLE
50 LAND-USE LAND-COVER APPLICATIONS natural resource management wildlife habitat protection urban expansion / encroachment damage delineation (tornadoes, flooding, volcanic, seismic, fire) legal boundaries for tax and property evaluation target detection - identification of landing strips, roads, clearings, bridges, land/water interface
51 LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION
52 SPECIES MAPPING
53 MAPPING APPLICATIONS planimetry Digital elevation models (DEM's) baseline thematic mapping Topographic mapping
54 PLANIMETRIC MAPPING
55 DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS
56 TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING
57 OCEAN APPLICATIONS Ocean pattern identification: Storm forecasting Fish stock and marine mammal assessment Water temperature monitoring Water quality Ocean productivity, phytoplankton concentration and drift Mapping and predicting oilspill extent and drift Strategic support for oil spill emergency response decisions Shipping i navigation routing Mapping shoreline features / beach dynamics Coastal vegetation mapping
58 INTERNAL WAVES
59 OIL SPILLS
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