The University of New South Wales

Transcription

1 GMAT 9600 Principles of Remote Sensing Dr. Linlin GE Senior Lecturer Satellite Navigation And Positioning Group School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems University of New South Wales Phone: Fax: C-band radar coverage Towns are white. Lakes are dark.

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3 What is Remote Sensing (RS)? formal and comprehensive definition The acquisition and measurement of data/information on some property(ies) of a phenomenon, object, or material by a recording device not in physical, intimate contact with the feature(s) under surveillance; techniques involve amassing knowledge pertinent to environments by measuring force fields, electromagnetic radiation, or acoustic energy employing cameras, radiometers and scanners, lasers, radio frequency receivers, radar systems, sonar, thermal devices, seismographs, magnetometers, gravimeters, scintillometers, and other instruments. What is Remote Sensing (RS)? Remote Sensing involves gathering data and information about the physical "world" by detecting and measuring radiation, particles, and fields associated with objects located beyond the immediate vicinity of the sensor device(s). What is Remote Sensing (RS)? Remote Sensing is a technology for sampling electromagnetic radiation to acquire and interpret non-immediate geospatial data from which to extract information about features, objects, and classes on the Earth's land surface, oceans, and atmosphere (and, where applicable, on the exteriors of other bodies in the solar system, or, in the broadest framework, celestial bodies such as stars and galaxies).

4 RS: the History (Photographic) 1759 First statements by Lambert (France) of principles underlying photogrammetry 1839 First ever photographs by Daguerre and Nepce, in France 1840 French used photos in making topographic maps. 1850's Photographs important in documenting exploration of the U.S. West (through 1870's) Maxwell proposed proof of trichromatic color vision by photographic experiments (1861; Sutton) Pictures of Paris from cameras mounted in free and captive balloons. 1880's Camera airborne on kites in England, France, Russia First color separations produced Ives invented three-lens multispectral 1909 Wilbur Wright took first photos (movies) from an airplane. RS: the History (Photographic con.) 1920 Aerial photos used by petroleum geologists for exploration First aerial spectrophotography of the Earth by Krinov and colleagues (Russia). 1930's Extensive use of aerial photos in Earth sciences and agriculture Testing of aerial IR sensitive film from stratospheric 1943 Rapid advances in development of black-and-white and color IR (CIR) film for camouflage detection and haze penetration. 1950's Term "Remote Sensing" first used (generally ascribed to Evelyn Pruitt) United States and Russian nine-lens multispectral cameras; Itek camera (ten lens) in NASA inaugurated programs in testing usefulness of multiband photography for Earth resources Multispectral additive color system developed by Yost and Wenderoth. 1967First practical uses of UV photography multispectral photography experiment on Apollo-9 RS: the History (non-photographic) 1800 Discovery of the IR spectral region by Sir William Herschel Use of the bolometer by Langley to make temperature measurements of electrical objects Hertz demonstrated reflection of radio waves from solid objects Aircraft tracked in flight by Hoffman using thermopiles to detect heat effects Both British and Germans work on systems to locate airplanes from their thermal patterns at night. RS: the History (non-photographic con.) 1940 Development of incoherent radar systems by the British and United States to detect and track aircraft and ships during W.W.II. 1950's Extensive studies of IR systems at University of Michigan and elsewhere First concepts of a moving coherent radar system Flight of an X-band coherent radar Formulation of synthetic aperture concept (SAR) in radar. 1960's Development of various detectors which allowed building of imaging and non-imaging radiometers, scanners, spectrometers and polarimeters.

5 RS: the History (Space Imaging Systems) 1891 First proposal (Rahrmann) for using a rocket as a photo platform Maul (Germany) develops gyro-stabilized camera mounted on rocket (launched by 1912) Space pictures obtained from V-2 rockets launched at White Sands Proving Ground (New Mexico) Launch of Sputnik 1 by USSR Images obtained from U.S. meteorological satellite TIROS Orbital photographs from unmanned Mercury spacecraft MA - 4, followed by astronaut photographs from MA -8 and MA Nimbus research meteorological satellite program begins; TV and other sensors First manned Gemini flight (GT-3), with some color photos Gemini GT-4 space photography experiments. RS: the History (Space Imaging Systems con.) 1965 Recommendation of ERTS (Landsat) program by U.S. Department of Interior to NASA Launch of ATS series of geosynchronous satellites, with imaging sensors, followed by SMS (GOES) series beginning in Apollo mission Earth-orbital flights (Apollo-6, -7) culminating in SO65 multispectral photography experiment on Apollo-9 (1968) 1972 Launch of ERTS-1 (Landsat); Landsat-2 (1975); Landsat-3 (1978) Skylab launch; series of experiments by astronauts with EREP (Earth Resources Experiment Package) Apollo-Soyuz flight; some photography Seasat-1 launched in June (failed after 99 days) Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM), first AEM Nimbus-7 launched. EM vs eye As a species, we've been literally blind to the universe around us. If the known electromagnetic spectrum were scaled up to stretch around the Earth's circumference, the human eye would see a portion equal to the diameter of a pencil. Our ability to build detectors that see for us where we can't see, and computers that bring the invisible information back to our eyesight, will ultimately contribute to our survival on Earth and in space. m Wavelength Micrometer (µm) = 10-6 m Solar radiation: µm (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) visible: µm Nanometer (nm) = 10-9 m

6 (Lillesand and Kiefer, 2000, Remote sensing and image interpretation.) Black and white True color photograph Blue: blue Green: green Red: red Photograph Standard false color photograph Blue: green response Green: red response Red: near infrared response (NIR) JERS-1 Principal Component / NDVI Composite SPOT Principal Component Image NASDA 1995 CNES 1995

7 NOAA AVHRR NDVI Landsat MSS (Multi--Spectral Scanner ) (Multi CSIRO Division of Oceanography 7

8 Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper ) Image MSU Channel 2 Trend Map Comparison RSS UAH RSS UAH Remote Sensing Instruments Aerial Photography Color Infrared Film (CIR) Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Microwave Radar

9 RS applications Geologic Applications - Stratigraphy, Structure, Mineral & Petroleum Exploration Vegetation Applications - Agriculture, Forestry, and Ecology Urban and Land Use Applications Disaster Prevention and Monitoring Environmental Monitoring Seasat Image Central Jamaica in the Caribbean obtained through cloud cover on August 8, 1978 "The application of Remote Sensing is only limited by the imagination of those who use it." Topography Thermography: Night Vision Systems

10 Animation: Multi-pass DInSAR results Mining Subsidence The West Cliff D-Line!