Optical Design with Zemax for PhD

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1 Optical Design with Zemax for PhD Lecture 2: Basic Zemax handling Herbert Gross Winter term

2 2 Preliminar Schedule No Date Subject Detailed content Introduction Basic Zemax handling Properties of optical sstems Aberrations I Aberrations II PSF, MTF, ESF Zemax interface, menus, file handling, sstem description, editors, preferences, updates, sstem reports, coordinate sstems, aperture, field, wavelength, laouts, ratrace, diameters, stop and pupil, solves, ra fans, paraxial optics surface tpes, quick focus, catalogs, vignetting, footprints, sstem insertion, scaling, component reversal aspheres, gradient media, gratings and diffractive surfaces, special tpes of surfaces, telecentricit, ra aiming, afocal sstems representations, spot, Seidel, transverse aberration curves, Zernike wave aberrations Optimization I algorithms, merit function, variables, pick up s Optimization II methodolog, correction process, special requirements, examples Advanced handling Imaging Fourier imaging, geometrical images Correction I simple and medium examples Correction II advanced examples slider, universal plot, I/O of data, material index fit, multi configuration, macro language Illumination simple illumination calculations, non-sequential option Phsical optical modelling Gaussian beams, POP propagation Tolerancing Sensitivities, Tolerancing, Adjustment

3 3 Content 1. Surface tpes 2. Glass catalogs 3. Lens Catalogs 4. Quick focus and adjustment 5. Vignetting 6. Footprints 7. Sstem changes 8. Delano diagram

4 Surface properties and settings Setting of surface properties surface tpe additional drawing switches diameter local tilt and decenter operator and sampling for POP coating scattering options

$descriped as 'special surfaces' Diffractive / micro structured surfaces described b simple ra tracing model in one$

5 5 Important Surface Tpes Special surface tpes Data in Lens Data Editor or in Extra Data Editor Gradient media are descriped as 'special surfaces' Diffractive / micro structured surfaces described b simple ra tracing model in one order

6 6 Important Surface Tpes Standard Even asphere Paraxial Paraxial XY Coordinate break Diffraction grating Gradient 1 Toroidal Zernike Fringe sag Extended polnomial Black Box Lens ABCD spherical and conic sections classical asphere ideal lens ideal toric lens change of coordinate sstem line grating gradient medium clindrical lens surface as superposition of Zernike functions generalized asphere hidden sstem, from vendors paraxial segment

7 7 Diffractive Surfaces in Zemax Diffraction grating Classical grating with straight lines Parameters: LP/mm, diffraction order Substrate can be curved, lines are straight in the local coordinate sstem on the surface Elliptical grating 1: Similar, but grooves can be curved for projection onto x--plane, Substrate can be aspheric Elliptical grating 2: Similar to 1, but curved lines defined b intersection of planes with asphere Binar1 Substrate rotational smmetric asphere Phase of binar element: extended polnomial, scaled on normalization radius in radiant

8 8 Diffractive Surfaces in Zemax Binar2 Similare to 1, but phase onl circular smmetric Binar3 Substrate and phase circular smmetric Two different data sets on two ring zones Binar4 Similar to 3, but several zones possible

9 9 Diffractive Surfaces in Zemax Radial grating Grating with circular smmetr and a line spacing, which changes over the radius Variable line space grating Straight lines but unevenl separated Hologram 1 Hologram 2 Toroidal hologram Opticall fabricated hologram Defined b corresponding lens sstems to generate the interference with residual aberrations Toroidal grating Clindrical surface with usual line grating structure Extended toroidal grating

10 Dispersion Dispersion: Refractive index changes with wavelength n n n 1 2 Normale dispersion: larger index n for shorter wavelengths, Ra bending of blue ras stonger than red Notice: d n d 0 n normal anomal normal Diffraction dispersion is anomalous with dn/d > 0 n( ) The different sign allows for chromatic correction in diffractive elements. n i ( ) o

11 11 Dispersion and Abbe number Description of dispersion: Abbe number n Visual range of wavelengths: tpicall d,f,c or e,f,c used n e n n e F ' 1 n C' n n F ' 1 n C' refractive index n Tpical range of glasses n e = SF1 flint Two fundamental tpes of glass: Crown glasses: n small, n large, dispersion low Flint glasses: n large, n small, dispersion high BK7 crown

$12 Glass Diagram Usual representation of glasses: diagram of refractive index$

12 12 Glass Diagram Usual representation of glasses: diagram of refractive index vs dispersion n(n) Left to right: Increasing dispersion decreasing Abbe number

13 13 Dispersion formulas Schott formula empirical Sellmeier Based on oscillator model n a a a a a a o 1 n( ) A B C Bausch-Lomb empirical Herzberger Based on oscillator model 2 4 D E n( ) A B C F ( o) a2 a3 n ) ao a ( o o 2 mit m o 2 o Hartmann Based on oscillator model n( ) a o a1 a 3 a4 a 5

14 14 Relative Partial Dispersion Relative partial dispersion : Change of dispersion slope with Different curvature of dispersion curve n Definition of local slope for selected wavelengths relative to secondar colors P 1 2 n n n 1 2 F ' n C' i - g g - F F - e F - C C - s C - t n( ) Special -selections for characteristic ranges of the visible spectrum 1.49 = 656 / 1014 nm far IR = 656 / 852 nm near IR = 486 / 546 nm blue edge of VIS = 435 / 486 nm near UV = 365 / 435 nm far UV 1.48 i : 365 nm UV edge g : 435 nm UV edge e : 546 nm d : 588 nm main color F' : 480 nm C' : 644 nm F : 486 nm C : 656 nm 1. secondar color 2. secondar color s : 852 nm IR edge t : 1014 nm IR edge

15 15 Partial Dispersion Anormal partial dispersion and normal line P g,f N-FK51 N-PK52 normal line GG375G34 N-BAF52 N-BAF3 N-BAF51 K5G20 N-BAK4 N-BAF10 N-SK2 N-SK18 N-LAF3 SK10G10 N-BALF5 N-LLF6 BAK1G12 N-SSK8 SK4G13 N-BALF4 N-SK15 SSK5G06 N-SK4 N-SSK5 N-K5 SK51 N-BAK2 N-KF9 K7 N-SK11 N-PK51 N-SK5 N-PSK53 N-PSK57 N-PSK58 BK7G25 N-PSK3 N-FK5 N-BK10 BK7G18 N-BK7 N-LAK7 N-LAK21 N-ZK7 N-SK16 N-PSK3 N-SK14 SK5G06 N-LLF1 N-LAF N-BAF4 BASF51 F5 N-BAK1 N-LAK14 SF15 N-LAF7 N-SF64 N-SF8 N-SF5 N-SF19 N-LASF40 N-LF5 N-BASF2 N-F2 F2G12 N-LAK33 N-LAK12 N-LAK9 N-LAK22 LAKL12 N-SK10 N-SF1 N-SF10 N-SF15 SF10 N-LAK8 SF2 SF5 N-LASF45 N-LASF36 F2 LAFN7 N-KZFS12 N-BASF64 LF5G15 LF5 KZFSN5 N-LASF43 N-LASF31 N-LAF2 LLF1 N-LASF41 N-LAF33 N-KZFS11 KZFSN4 KZFS4G20 N-LASF30 N-LASF44 N-KZFS4 N-LAF21 N-LAF32 LAK9G15 K10 N-LAK34 N-KZFS2 N-SF4 N-SF6 SF14 N-SF57 N-LAF35 N-LAF28 N-LAF34 N-LAK10 N-SSK2 LAKN13 SF66 SFL57 SF57 SF1 SF11 N-SF56 SF6G05 SF6 SF56A SF4 N-LASF35 SF8G07 N-LASF46 LASFN9 SF5G10 n

16 16 Glasses in Zemax Selection of glass catalogs in GENERAL / GLASS CATALOGS Viewing of dispersion curves ANALYSIS / GLASS AND GRADIENT Viewing of glass map

17 Glasses in Zemax Selection of glass catalogs in GENERAL / GLASS CATALOGS use our own catalog Viewing of glass properties in ANALYSIS / GLASS AND GRADIENT glass map (zoom in) Ref.: B. Böhme 17

18 18 Glasses in Zemax Viewing of transmission curves also for several glasses in comparison ANALYSIS / GLASS AND GRADIENT Definition of a glass as a variable point in the map (model glass)

19 Glasses in Zemax Viewing of glass properties in ANALYSIS / GLASS AND GRADIENT transmisson dispersion dispersion vs wavelength comparison of max 4 glasses Ref.: B. Böhme 19

20 Glasses in Zemax For optimization Definition of a glass as a variable point in the glass map model glass Establish own glass catalogs with additional glasses preferred choices as an individual librar Ref.: B. Böhme 20

accurac, especiall at wavelengths and temperatures with sparse input data and

21 Material Index Fit choice of 4 dispersion formula after fit: - pv and rms of approximation visible - no individual errors seen check results for suitable accurac, especiall at wavelengths and temperatures with sparse input data and at intervall edges add to catalog enter additional data Save catalog Ref.: B. Böhme 21

22 22 Material Index Fit Establishing a special own material Select menue: Tools / Catalogs / Glass catalogs Options: 1. Fit index data 2. Fit melt data Input of data for wavelengths and indices It is possible to establish own material catalogs with additional glasses as an individual librar

23 23 Material Index Fit Melt data: - for small differences of real materials - no advantage for new materials Menue option: Glass Fitting Tool don t works (data input?)

dat with two columns: wavelength in m and index Choice of 4 different dispersion formulas

24 24 Material Index Fit Menue: Fit Index Data Input of data: 2 options: 1. explicite entering wavelengths and indices 2. load file xxx.dat with two columns: wavelength in m and index Choice of 4 different dispersion formulas After fit: - pv and rms of approximation visible - no individual errors seen - new material can be added to catalog - data input can be saved to file

25 Lens Catalogs Lens catalogs: Data of commercial lens vendors Searching machine for one vendor Componenets can be loaded or inserted Preview and data prescription possible Special code of components in brackets according to search criteria 25

26 Lens Catalogs Some sstem with more than one lens available Sometimes: - aspherical constants wrong - hidden data with diameters, wavelengths,... - problems with old glasses Data stored in binar.zmf format Search over all catalogs not possible Catalogs changes dnamicall with ever release Private catalog can be generated 26

27 Stock Lens Matching This tool swaps out lenses in a design to the nearest equivalent candidate out of a vendor catalogue It works together with the merit function requirements (with constraints) Aspheric, GRIN and toroidal surfaces not supported; onl spherical Works for single lenses and achromates Compensation due to thickness adjustments is optional Reverting a lens to optimize (?) Top results are listed Combination of best single lens substitutions is possible. Overall optimization with nonlinear interaction? Ref.: D. Lokanathan

28 Stock Lens Matching Selectioin of some vendors b CNTR SHIFT marking Ref.: D. Lokanathan

29 Stock Lens Matching Output Ref.: D. Lokanathan

30 Quick Focus Option In the menue TOOLS DESIGN QUICK FOCUS we have the opportunit to adjust the image location according to the criteria 1. Spot diameter 2. Wavefront rms 3.

30 30 Quick Focus Option In the menue TOOLS DESIGN QUICK FOCUS we have the opportunit to adjust the image location according to the criteria 1. Spot diameter 2. Wavefront rms 3. Angle radius IN principle, this option is a simplified optimization Example: find the best image plane of a single lens Spot before and after performing the optimal focussing

31 Quick Adjust Option In the menue TOOLS DESIGN QUICK ADJUST we have the opportunit to adjust 1. one thickness 2. one radius similar to the quick focus function some where in the sstem.

31 31 Quick Adjust Option In the menue TOOLS DESIGN QUICK ADJUST we have the opportunit to adjust 1. one thickness 2. one radius similar to the quick focus function some where in the sstem. But: the effect is iterative, in case of nonlinearities, some calls are necessar Special application: adjust the air distance before a collimation lens to get the best collimation As criteria, wavefroint, spot diameter of angular radius ar possible Example: Move a lens in between a sstem to focus the image Spots before and after thew adjustment

32 32 Cardinal Elements in Zemax Cardinal elements of a selected index range (lens or group)

33 33 Vignetting field Artificial vignetting: Truncation of the free area of the aperture light cone stop truncation D 0.8 D axis truncation Natural Vignetting: Decrease of brightness according to cos w 4 due to oblique projection of areas and changed photometric distances imaging with vignetting A Exp imaging without vignetting imaging with vignetting field angle w complete field of view

34 34 Vignetting 3D-effects due to vignetting Truncation of the at different surfaces for the upper and the lower part of the cone object lens 1 aperture lens 2 image stop upper truncation chief ra lower truncation sagittal trauncation coma ras

35 35 Vignetting Truncation of the light cone with asmmetric ra path for off-axis field points Intensit decrease towards the edge of the image Definition of the chief ra: ra through energetic centroid free area of the aperture chief ra projection of the rim of the 1st lens meridional coma ras sagittal coma ras Vignetting can be used to avoid uncorrectable coma aberrations in the outer field projection of aperture stop Effective free area with extrem aspect ratio: anamorphic resolution projection of the rim of the 2nd lens

36 36 Vignetting Illumination fall off in the image due to vignetting at the field boundar

37 Footprints Looking for the ra bundle cross ections 37

38 38 Sstem changes Useful commands for sstem changes: 1. Scaling (e.g. patents) 2. Insert sstem with other sstem file File - Insert Lens 2. Reverse sstem

39 Delano Diagram Special representation of ra bundles in optical sstems: marginal ra height MR vs. chief ra height CR Delano digram gives useful insight into sstem laout Ever z-position in the sstem corresponds to a point on the line of the diagram Interpretation needs experience lens at pupil position field lens in the focal plane collimator lens marginal ra lens field lens collimator chief ra

40 40 Delano Diagram Delano ra (blue)= Chief ra (red) in x + Marginal ra (green) in Delano Diagram = Delano ra projected into the x-plane M a c b d a C Delano s skew ra marginal ra chief ra Lens b x M ( C, M ) c C Image d Substitution x --> Stop d 1 d 2 = Pupil coordinate = c Field coordinate a (or M ) b diagram Delano diagram: projection along z c d skew ra chief ra image object marginal ra Ref.: M. Schwab / M. Geiser

41 Delano Diagram Pupil locations: intersection points with -axis exit pupil Field planes/object/image: intersectioin points with -bar axis stop and entrance pupil lens object plane image plane Construction of focal points b parallel lines to initial and final line through origin front focal point F image space object space rear focal point F'

42 Delano Diagram Influence of lenses: diagram line bended weak negative refractive power weak positive refractive power strong positive refractive power Location of principal planes principal plane P object space image space P

43 Delano Diagram Microscopic sstem microscope objective aperture stop tube lens telecentric object intermediate image image at infinit exit pupil eepiece

44 Delano Diagram Kepler telescope with field lens lens 1 objective intermediate image field lens Microscopic illumination source lens 2 eepiece collector field stop condenser aperture stop

45 Delano Diagram in Zemax Delanos -bar diagram Simple implementation in Zemax 45

Delano Diagram in Zemax Example: - Lithographic projection lens - the bulges can be seen b characteristic arcs - telecentricit: vertical lines - diameter variation - pupil location 35 34 33 32 36 37

46 Delano Diagram in Zemax Example: - Lithographic projection lens - the bulges can be seen b characteristic arcs - telecentricit: vertical lines - diameter variation - pupil location MR D max /2 pupil smallest beam diameter: surface 25 largest beam diameter: surface positive lenses negative lenses telecentric image telecentric object 0 CR 46

Optical Design with Zemax for PhD - Basics

Optical Design with Zemax for PhD - Basics Lecture 3: Properties of optical sstems II 2013-05-30 Herbert Gross Summer term 2013 www.iap.uni-jena.de 2 Preliminar Schedule No Date Subject Detailed content