Optical Design of. Microscopes. George H. Seward. Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering Volume TT88. SPIE PRESS Bellingham, Washington USA
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1 Optical Design of Microscopes George H. Seward Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering Volume TT88 SPIE PRESS Bellingham, Washington USA
2 Preface xiii Chapter 1 Optical Design Concepts /1 1.1 A Value Proposition Specimen Model Detector Parameters Numerical Aperture Wave Propagation Geometric Aberrations Image Contrast Manufacturing Assembly 5 Chapter 2 Basic Microscope Concepts / Magnification Accommodation Finite Tube Length Infinity-Corrected Objective Tube Lens Ocular Lens Refractive Objects Diffractive Objects Dark Field 14 Chapter 3 Basic Geometric Optics / Ray Tracing Cardinal points Stops Gaussian Lens Formula Image Types Optical Power Paraxial Optics Relay Lens Magnifier 24 vii
3 viii Chapter 4 Aberrations / Seidel Aberrations Chromatic Aberrations Other Aberrations Aspheric Surfaces 33 Chapter 5 Basic Physical Optics / Importance of Physical Optics Wave Equation Refractive Index Dispersion Refraction and Reflection Emission Absorption Evanescent Field Space-Angle Product Coherence Airy Pattern Gaussian Beam Propagation Transfer Functions Gaussian Estimate of Airy Pattern Scatter Interference Filters 51 Chapter 6 Fluorescence / Absorption Parameters Electron States Energy Diagrams Fluorophores 57 Chapter 7 Optical Design Metrics / CAD Tools Wavefront Error Ray-Intercept Plot Spot Diagram Point-Spread Plot Encircled-Energy Plot Modulation Transfer Function Edge Spread Lens Report Relative Illumination Surface-Form Error Manufacturing Standards 72
4 ix Chapter 8 Image Contrast / Radiometry Expression of Contrast Shot Noise Emittance Patterns Angular Collection Efficiency Spatial Collection Efficiency Full-Pixel Contrast Subpixel Contrast Point-Source Contrast Full-Pixel Airy Contrast 82 Chapter 9 Microlens Formats / XR Double Gauss XR Microlens XR Microlens X Microlens XR Telecentric Spectroscopy Lens 89 Chapter 10 Illumination Systems / Condenser Abbe Illumination Nelson Illumination Diffusers Köhler Illumination Matched Stops Light-Emitting Diodes Aspheric Plus Singlet Relay Achromatic Aspheric Plus Doublet Relay Abbe Condenser Abbe Aspheric Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Illumination 103 Chapter 11 Cover Strata / Importance of Specimen Tolerance Perfect 10X for Air X Objective with Cover Glass in Place of Air X Objective with Microscope Slide in Place of Air X Objective with Silica Cover in Place of Glass X Objective with Tilted Cover Glass X Objective with Silica Cover in Place of Glass Strehl Ratio versus Optical Path Length 111
5 x Chapter 12 Objective Lenses / Formats Aplanatic Surface X Plan Achromat X Fluor X Immersion TIRF XAplanat OX Schwarzschild X Internal Parabola 123 Chapter 13 Tube Elements / Doublet Tube Lens Doublet-Pair Tube Lens Filter Types Filter within a Finite Conjugate Distance Warped Filter within an Infinity Correction 133 Chapter 14 Ocular Lenses / Eyepiece Pupils Kellner Ocular Plössl Ocular Erfle Ocular 142 Chapter 15 Sensors / CCD Sensors Active Pixel Sensors Photomultiplier Tubes Film 154 Chapter 16 Human Vision / Physiology Contrast Sensitivity Function Point Spread of a Lens Lateral Inhibition of the Retina Temporal Feedback of Photoreceptors Saccation Point Spread Vision Research Temporal Contrast Sensitivity Function 165
6 xi Chapter 17 Optical Materials / Glass Types Glass Map Fluorite Short Flint Anomalous Dispersion Sellmeier Formula Environmentally Safe Glass Glass Code Spectral Lines Cost of Optics Structural Materials 181 Chapter 18 Composition and Spectra of Materials / Glass Structure Crown Flint Long Crown Short Flint Short-Flint Special Environmentally Safe Short Flint Dense Flint 191 Chapter 19 Advanced Concepts / Wave Equation Refractive Index Relative Partial Dispersion Emission Coherence Gaussian Beam Power Transfer Functions Scatter Interference Filters Shot Noise 206 Appendix: Prescriptions / 209 Works Consulted / 229 Recommended Reading / 231 References / 233 Index / 237
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