Warren J. Smith Chief Scientist, Consultant Rockwell Collins Optronics Carlsbad, California

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1 Modern Optical Engineering The Design of Optical Systems Warren J. Smith Chief Scientist, Consultant Rockwell Collins Optronics Carlsbad, California Fourth Edition Me Graw Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

2 Contents Preface xi Chapter 1. Optics Overview The Electromagnetic Spectrum Light Wave Propagation Snell's Law of Refraction The Action of Simple Lenses and Prisms on Wave Fronts Interference and Diffraction The Photoelectric Effect 16 Bibliography 17 Exercises * 18 Chapter 2. Gaussian Optics: The Cardinal Points Introduction ' Cardinal Points of an Optical System Image Position and Size A Collection of Imagery Equations Optical Systems Not Immersed in Air 31 Bibliography 32 Exercises 32 Chapter 3. Paraxial Optics and Calculations & Refraction of a Light Ray at a Single Surface The Paraxial Region Paraxial Raytracing through Several Surfaces Calculation of the Focal Points and Principal Points The "Thin Lens" Mirrors 49 Bibliography 51 Exercises 51

3 vi Contents Chapter 4. Optical System Considerations Systems of Separated Components The Optical Invariant Matrix Optics The y-ybar Diagram The Scheimpflug Condition Summary of Sign Conventions 67 Bibliography 67 Exercises 68 Chapter 5. The Primary Aberrations Introduction The Aberration Polynomial and the Seidel Aberrations Chromatic Aberrations The Effect of Lens Shape and Stop Position on the Aberrations Aberration Variation with Aperture and Field Optical Path Difference (Wave Front Aberration) Aberration Correction and Residuals Ray Intercept Curves and the "Orders" of Aberrations The Relationships between Longitudinal Aberration, Transverse Aberration, Wave-Front Aberration (OPD), and Angular Aberration 99 Bibliography 102 Exercises 102 Chapter 6. Third-Order Aberration Theory and Calculation Introduction Paraxial Raystracing Third-Order Aberrations: Surface Contributions Third-Order Aberrations: Thin Lenses; Stop Shift Equations Sample Calculations 117 Bibliography 122 Chapter 7. Prism and Mirror Systems Introduction Dispersing Prisms The "Thin" Prism Minimum Deviation " The Achromatic Prism and the Direct Vision Prism Total Internal Reflection Reflection from a Plane Surface Plane Parallel Plates The Right-Angle Prism The Roof Prism Erecting Prism Systems Inversion Prisms The Penta Prism 145

4 Contents vii 7.14 Rhomboids and Beamsplitters Plane Mirrors The Design of Prism and Reflector Systems Analysis of Fabrication Errors 154 Bibliography 155 Chapter 8. Characteristics of the Human Eye Introduction, The Structure of the Eye Characteristics of the Eye Defects of the Eye 168 Bibliography 170 Experiments 171 Exercises 172 Chapter 9. Stops, Apertures, Pupils and Diffraction Introduction The Aperture Stop and Pupils The Field Stop Vignetting Glare Stops, Cold Stops, and Baffles The Telecentric Stop Apertures and Image Illumination /-Number and Cosine-Fourth Depth of Focus Diffraction Effects of Apertures Resolution of Optical Systems Diffraction of a Gaussian (Laser) Beam The Fourier Transform Lens and Spatial Filtering 199 Bibliography 200 Exercises 201 Chapter 10. Optical Materials Reflection, Absorption, Dispersion Optical Glass Special Glasses Crystalline Materials Plastic Optical Materials Absorption Filters Diffusing Materials and Projection Screens» Polarizing Materials Cements and Liquids 232 Bibliography 233 Exercises 234 Chapter 11. Optical Coatings Dielectric Reflection and Interference Filters Reflectors 247

5 viii Contents 11.3 Reticles 250 Bibliography 251 Exercises 252 Chapter 12. Principles of Radiometry and Photometry Introduction The Inverse Square Law; Intensity Radiance and Lambert's Law Radiation into a Hemisphere Irradiance Produced by a Diffuse Source The Radiometry of Images Spectral Radiometry Blackbody Radiation, Photometry Illumination Devices 277 Bibliography 282 Exercises 283 Chapter 13. Optical System Layout Telescopes, Afocal Systems Field Lenses and Relay Systems Exit Pupils, the Eye, and Resolution The Simple Microscope or Magnifier The Compound Microscope Rangefinders Radiometer and Detector Optics Fiber Optics Anamorphic Systems Variable-Power (Zoom) Systems The Diffractive Surface 333 Bibliography 334 Exercises 334 Chapter 14. Case Studies in System Layout Introduction Telephoto Lens Retrofocus Lens Relay System * Aperture Stop for Relay System of Sec Short Range Telescope Field Lens tor Sec Raytrace of Sec Power Microscope Brueke125x Magnifier A 4 x Mechanically Compensated Zoom Lens Doing System Layout by Computer An Athermalized Mid-IR System with an External Cold Stop 357

6 Contents ix Chapter 15. Wave-Front Aberrations and MTF Introduction Optical Path Difference: Focus Shift Optical Path Difference: Spherical Aberration Aberration Tolerances Image Energy Distribution (Geometric) Spread Functions Point and Line Geometric Spot Size Due to Spherical Aberration The Modulation Transfer Function Square-Wave vs. Sine-Wave Targets Special Modulation Transfer Functions: Diffraction-Limited Systems Radial Energy Distribution Point Spread Functions for the Primary Aberrations 402 Bibliography 407 Exercises 408 Chapter 16. The Basics of Lens Design Introduction The Simple Meniscus Camera Lens The Symmetrical Principle Achromatic Telescope Objectives (Thin-Lens Theory) Achromatic Telescope Objectives (Design Forms) The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design The Cooke Triplet Anastigmat: Third-Order Theory Automatic Design by Electronic Computer Practical Considerations 451 Bibliography 453 Exercises 454 i,-r Chapter 17. Lens Design for Eyepieces, Microscopes, Cameras, etc Telescope Systems and Eyepieces Microscope Objectives Photographic Objectives Condenser Systems Aberration Characteristics of Simple Lenses 498 Bibliography 501 Exercises «501 Chapter 18. Design of Mirror and Catadioptric Systems Reflecting Systems The Spherical Mirror The Paraboloid Reflector The Ellipsoid and Hyperboloid Equations for Two-Mirror Systems Conic Section through the Origin The Schmidt System 515

7 x Contents 18.8 The Mangin Mirror The Bouwers (Maksutov) System The Rapid Estimation of Blur Sizes for Simple Optical Systems 522 Bibliography 526 Exercises 527 Chapter 19. Selected Lens Designs, Analyzed and Annotated Introduction Lens Data Tables Raytrace Figures A Note Re the Modulation Transfer Function Index to the Lenses The Lenses 534 Bibliography 597 Chapter 20. The Practice of Optical Engineering Optical Manufacture Optical Specif ications and Tolerances Optical Mounting Techniques Optical Laboratory Practice Tolerance Budget Example 652 Bibliography 656 Chapter 21. Getting the Most Out of "Stock" Lenses Introduction Stock Lenses ' Some Simple Measurements System Mock-up and Test Aberration Considerations How to Use a Singlet (Single Element) How to Use a Cemented Doublet Combinations of Stock Lenses Sources 684 Appendix A. Raytracing and Aberration Calculation 687 Appendix B. Some Standard Dimensions 707 Glossary 709 Index 733

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND OPTICAL DESIGN

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND OPTICAL DESIGN Pantazis Mouroulis Associate Professor Center for Imaging Science Rochester Institute of Technology John Macdonald Senior Lecturer Physics Department University of