Digital Integrated Circuits

Transcription

1 Digital Integrated Circuits Yaping Dan ( 但亚平 ), PhD Office: Law School North 301 Tel: yapingd@gmail.com

2 Digital Integrated Circuits Introduction p-n junctions and MOSFETs The CMOS inverter Combinational logic structures Memories and array structures

3 Digital Integrated Circuits Grading Policy: Homework: 20% Quiz: 10% Discussion and Participation: 5% Projects 15% Midterms: 25% Final 25%

4 Teaching Assistants and Office Hours Ms. Rongrong Tao 2:00-5:00pm, Thursday Rm xx Building Mr. Lie (Deon) Chen 8:00-8:55, Friday Rm xx Building

5 The First Computer The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: 17,470

6 ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946) 17,468 vacuum tubes 70,000 resistors 10,000 capacitors 1,500 relays 6,000 manual switches 5 million soldered joints 167 square meters of floor space weighed 30 tons 160 kilowatts of electrical power Sponsored by US military Accuracy for artillery-firing Grid control ( 栅极 )

7 The Transistor Revolution John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs, 1948 First transistor Bell Labs, 1948 Based on Ge ( 锗 )

8 The Transistor Revolution Diffusion transistor

9 Shockley Semiconductor Company Bell Lab, New Jewsey Original site at California

10 Shockley Semiconductor Company Gordon Moore Robert Noyce

11 The First Integrated Circuits Bipolar logic 1960 s Fairchild Semiconductor, Inc Silicon Bipolar (PNP, NPN) CMOS

12 Intel 4004 Micro-Processor transistors 1 MHz operation

13 LOG 2 OF THE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTION Moore s Law Electronics, April 19, 1965.

14 Moore s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months

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16 Bipolar and CMOS Linear, low noise, high gain Analog circuits Low cost, low power, high speed Digital circuits

17 Bipolar and CMOS Linear, low noise, high gain Analog circuits Low power, high speed, low cost Digital circuits

18 Bipolar and CMOS Linear, low noise, high gain Analog circuits Low power, high speed, low cost Digital circuits

19 Bipolar and CMOS Linear, low noise, high gain Analog circuits Low power, high speed, low cost Digital circuits

20 Bipolar and CMOS Linear, low noise, high gain Analog circuits Low power, high speed, low cost Digital circuits

21 Bipolar and CMOS Linear, low noise, high gain Analog circuits Low power, high speed, low cost Digital circuits

22 Bipolar and CMOS L L 2 Area/2 Scaling factor

23 Benefits of scaling-down 1. Low cost 12 inches

24 Benefits of scaling-down 1. Low cost 2. High speed Area/2 L ch L ch 2

25 Benefits of scaling-down 1. Low cost 2. High speed 3. Low power V I V / I / 2 2 Area/2 L L 2

26 The development of CMOS technology Higher operation speed Greater integration density Lower power consumption

27 Challenges of scaling-down 1. High power density I leakage ~ exp V t kt / q

28 Power Density (W/cm2) Power density Rocket Nozzle Nuclear Reactor Hot Plate P6 Pentium proc Year Power density too high to keep junctions at low temp Digital EE141 Integrated Circuits 2nd Courtesy, Intel Introduction

29 Challenges of scaling-down 1. High power density 2. Leakage current High k dielectric Gate oxide tunneling SD leakage Adaptive circuit design Low temp packaging tech Gordon Moore, Intel, IEEE Novel devices: tunneling transistors, single electronc transistors,..

30 Challenges of scaling-down 1. High power density 2. Leakage current 3. Lithography

31 Challenges of scaling-down 1. High power density 2. Leakage current 3. Lithography 4. Short channel effect

32 Challenges of scaling-down 1. High power density 2. Leakage current 3. Lithography 4. Short channel effect 5. Dopant number fluctuation

33 Summary Digital integrated circuits have come a long way and still have quite some potential left for the coming decades Some interesting challenges ahead Getting a clear perspective on the challenges and potential solutions is the purpose of this book