Electro-Optic Modulators Workshop
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1 Electro-Optic Modulators Workshop NUSOD 2013
2 Outline New feature highlights Electro-optic modulators Circuit level view Modulator categories Component simulation and parameter extraction Electro-optic modulator examples Travelling-wave PN junction Interleaved PN junction in microring Nanobeam PC with EO polymer Summary Questions and answers Dylan McGuire Senior R&D Scientist Lumerical Solutions, Inc. 2
3 Electro-Optic Modulators Workshop NEW FEATURE HIGHLIGHTS
4 EDA Integration with Mentor Graphics Lumerical s products can be integrated into EDA flow Layout photonic circuits in Mentor Graphics Pyxis Normally used for electrical circuit layout and simulation
5 EDA Integration with Mentor Graphics Export circuit from Mentor Graphics Pyxis to Lumerical s INTERCONNECT for photonic circuit simulation
6 Power (db) User Defined Material Models MODE Solutions 2.5D FDTD Propagator supports user defined materials Simulate linear and nonlinear dispersive, gain effects etc over large propagation distances (3) Raman 0 ( ) P( t) E( t) (3) Raman 2 Raman ( t) E (3) 0 2 j 2 ( t) 2 Raman Raman 2
7 3D Electrical Simulation with DEVICE 3 Automated, adaptive finite element mesh Enhanced integration with photonic simulation tools New analysis tools to simplify common tasks Enhanced solver physics and performance More information:
8 DEVICE > 3D Simulation True 3D finite element solver Always supported 3D CAD Easy to extend current designs to 3D Simulate arbitrary geometries Improved solver performance with multithreading
9 DEVICE > Improved Analysis Tools New E-field and charge monitors Record carrier density (n,p), electrostatic potential, and field Volume/cross-section/line Integrated analysis Calculate total/net charge Easy export for electro-optic simulations No script required!
10 DEVICE > Improved Analysis Tools Total charge integration for junction capacitance Junction capacitance C = dq/dv
11 Electro-Optic Modulators Workshop ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATORS
12 Multichannel Optical Transceiver
13 Circuit Model T. Baehr-Jones, et al., Ultralow drive voltage silicon traveling-wave modulator, Optics Express, 20, (2012).
14 Modulator Overview General principle Changing the carrier density (n, p) or electrostatic field perturbs the material index Charge modulation designs PN junction (depletion mode) PIN/PπN junction (charge injection) MOS capacitor/siscap Field modulation designs Electro-optic polymer slot and PC cavity Guided wave structures Travelling wave (Mach-Zehnder) Microring resonators Photonic crystals
15 PN Junction Reverse bias operation Junction width modulation Not limited by recombination lifetime Control capacitance with design Directly related to modulation efficiency Low C low loss: travelling wave High C high loss: microring
16 PIN/PπN Forward bias operation (charge injection) Carrier-lifetime limited Strong modulation effect at the expense of large currents Low-loss in OFF state Shorter modulation lengths V a
17 MOS Capacitor/SISCAP Operate in weak accumulation or inversion Loss depends on surface charge layer Accumulation: capacitance insensitive to frequency Travelling wave and microring structures
18 Electro-Optic Modulators > Simulation Workflow Electrical simulation I-V/C-V response Charge/electric field Material index From spatial charge/field data Optical simulation Effective index Loss
19 Electro-Optic Modulators > Simulation Workflow V a Electrical simulation I-V/C-V response Charge/electric field Material index From spatial charge/field data Optical simulation Effective index Loss
20 Electro-Optic Modulators > Simulation Workflow V a Electrical simulation I-V/C-V response Charge/electric field Material index From spatial charge/field data Optical simulation Effective index Loss
21 Electro-Optic Modulators > Modulation Response Phase change neff L neff V L Modulation EV, V 1 2 E 0 e 1 2 n 0 eff ( V ) L 1 e 2 n 0 eff ( V ) L 2 IL T E E 0 2 ER Parameter Value L 2mm V π 0.68V V π ER IL 24.4dB 0.4dB
22 Electro-Optic Modulators > Modulation Response Phase change neff L neff V L Modulation EV, V 1 2 E 0 e 1 2 n 0 eff ( V ) L 1 e 2 n 0 eff ( V ) L 2 IL T E 2 E 0 ER V π
23 Electro-Optic Modulators Workshop MACH-ZEHNDER MODULATOR
24 Depletion Mode PN Junction Travelling wave structure Electrical simulation: DEVICE, 2D cross-section Optical simulation: MODE Solutions, INTERCONNECT Reference: T. Baehr-Jones, et al., Ultralow drive voltage silicon traveling-wave modulator, Optics Express, 20, (2012).
25 Capacitance (ff/um) Depletion Mode PN Junction > C-V Simulation Peak doping concentrations from reference Adjusted implant profile to match C-V response Electron density (cm -3 s -1 ), log-scale simulated measured [1] Voltage (V)
26 Relative phase shift (rad.) Loss (db/cm) Depletion Mode PN Junction > Phase Response Model of Soref & Bennet used to convert carrier density in to local refractive index n m n p m n p measured (bot.) [1] -0.5 measured (top) [1] simulated Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
27 Depletion Mode PN Junction > Transmission Phase and loss data from component simulations Example project online:
28 Electro-Optic Modulators Workshop MORE ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATOR EXAMPLES
29 Interleaved PN Junction Microring structure Electrical simulation: DEVICE (3D) Optical simulation: FDTD Solutions (3D), INTERCONNECT Reference: J. C. Rosenberg, et al., "A 25 Gbps silicon microring modulator based on an interleaved junction," Optics Express, 20, (2012)
30 Interleaved PN Junction > C-V Response Peak doping concentrations from reference Adjusted implant profile to match C-V response Ref.: 0.65fF/um at 1V
31 Interleaved PN Junction > Phase Response Vπ-L calculated from phase referenced to 0V Ref.: 35dB/cm
32 Interleaved PN Junction > Circuit Model Phase and loss from component simulation Coupling coefficients and passive waveguide properties can be simulated with MODE Solutions Example project online:
33 Nanobeam Photonic Crystal Waveguide-integrated 1D PC Electrical simulation: DEVICE (3D) Optical simulation: FDTD Solutions (3D) Reference: Biao Qi et al., "Analysis of Electrooptic Modulator With 1-D Slotted Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavity," IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett., 23, 992 (2011)
34 Nanobeam Photonic Crystal > Bandwidth Electrically, the structure is a semiconductorinsulator-semiconductor capacitor (SISCAP) Intrinsic bandwidth: f 3dB 1 2 2R slab C slot R slab R slab C slot
35 Nanobeam Photonic Crystal > Bandwidth Slab resistance calculated with "test" contact Cross-section gives conductance per unit length R = V/I
36 Nanobeam Photonic Crystal > Bandwidth Electric field monitors calculate net charge Electric field through the surface of the monitor C = dq/dv Device length: 14.8um f 3dB = 120GHz (ref.: 86GHz)
37 Nanobeam Photonic Crystal > Electric Field Electric field in EO polymer modifies the index Electric field monitor records and exports field profile as a function of voltage
38 Nanobeam Photonic Crystal > Resonance Shift Make field-dependent EO polymer 1 n 33 poly, 2 3 V, r n EV r Sweep over bias voltage High Q analysis: calculate resonance shift and Q factor of cavity
39 Nanobeam Photonic Crystal > V FWHM Q-factor and resonance frequency gives FWHM f Q R f c f Determine V required to shift f R by Δf Device length is 14.8um 0.43nm 0.8nm/V V.43nm FW HM 0 0.8nm/V 0.54V Compare to "Vπ-L": 0.8mV-cm (ref.: 0.28mV-cm) Example project online:
40 Electro-Optic Modulators Workshop SUMMARY
41 Summary Photonic integrated circuit simulation Optoelectronic component simulation requires a comprehensive suite of tools Component-level simulations provide insight into physical system behaviour DEVICE calculates the electrical response of semiconductor-based components: charge, electrostatics FDTD and MODE Solutions calculate the optical response for systems with complex, electrically-driven materials Component characterization can be used to develop portable, reuseable circuit models in INTERCONNECT Efficiently simulate large, complex optical circuits Lumerical's optoelectronic design tools are designed for accurate and efficient simulation and analysis
42 Summary More Information A copy of the presentation and project files will be available on our website Connect with us on LinkedIn Access insightful information on our products, services and upcoming webinars Lumerical Solutions, Inc.
43 Summary Contact our product experts Dr. James Pond FDTD Solutions Dylan McGuire DEVICE Amy Liu MODE Solutions Dr. Jackson Klein INTERCONNECT Sales inquiries: Sales representatives: Free, 30 day trials at Connect with us on LinkedIn
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