This transistor circuit has a voltage divider circuit with an emitter resistor for bias stability.
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1 When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to describe the temperature effects on a voltage divider bias circuit by using a typical transistor circuit. You will verify your results with a multimeter and calculations. This transistor circuit has a voltage divider circuit with an emitter resistor for bias stability. The collector current is almost independent of beta ( ); consequently, as changes with temperature, the effect on the circuit bias is minimal. 162 FACET by Lab-Volt
2 Bias Stabilization In this transistor circuit, beta ( ) changes with temperature. The effect on the circuit bias is a. maximum. b. minimal. c. nonexistent. The junction of the voltage divider resistors (R1 and R4) connects to the transistor base terminal. When the resistor values are correctly selected, the base voltage is essentially constant under all normal transistor operating conditions. FACET by Lab-Volt 163
3 Use the voltage divider equation to calculate base voltage. V B R4 = VA R1 + R4 temperature stability. Under normal transistor operating conditions, the base voltage a. is essentially constant. b. varies widely to compensate for temperature. 164 FACET by Lab-Volt
4 Bias Stabilization As the collector and emitter currents increase due to a temperature rise, the emitter voltage increases. An increase in the emitter voltage temporarily opposes and slightly increases the base voltage. A slight increase in the base voltage decreases the base current, which counteracts the increase in collector and emitter currents. FACET by Lab-Volt 165
5 As the emitter voltage increases due to a temperature rise, the base voltage a. increases to a new value. b. increases momentarily, then returns to normal. c. decreases momentarily, then returns to normal. The effect of the emitter voltage increase on the base voltage is called feedback. The feedback suppresses the base current increase (input) and limits the collector current increase (output). The larger the emitter resistor, the better the bias stability. But an emitter circuit with a large emitter resistor has a smaller voltage gain and a Q-point closer to the saturation point, which limits the ac signal operating range. The larger the emitter resistor, a. the smaller the voltage gain. b. the closer the Q-point to the saturation point. c. the better the bias stability. d. All of the above. The stability factor (S) of this voltage divider bias circuit is approximately equal to the ratio of R4 to R FACET by Lab-Volt
6 Bias Stabilization The new stability factor of this voltage divider bias circuit approximately equals the ratio of the new values of R4 to R7. Calculate S. S = (Recall Value 1) A good bias circuit has a stability factor of 10 or less. From the S value you calculated, is this voltage divider bias circuit temperature stable? a. yes b. no FACET by Lab-Volt 167
7 Locate the BIAS STABILIZATION circuit block. Turn the potentiometer R3 knob fully clockwise (zero resistance). Connect the voltage divider bias circuit shown. Adjust the positive variable dc power supply to 6.0 Vdc. 168 FACET by Lab-Volt
8 Bias Stabilization Measure the voltage (V R5(cold) ) across resistor R5 in the collector circuit. V R5(cold) = Vdc (Recall Value 1) Leave the multimeter connected across R5. Calculate the collector current (I C(cold) ). V R5(cold) = Vdc (Step 4, Recall Value 1) I C(cold) = ma (Recall Value 2) FACET by Lab-Volt 169
9 In the following steps, you will measure the change in collector current due to an increase in transistor Q1 temperature after a 2 minute period. Connect the transistor HEATER to the circuit, and make note of the time. Measure the voltage across R5 (V R5(hot) ) after the HEATER is connected for 2 minutes. V R5(hot) = Vdc (Recall Value 3) Disconnect the HEATER from the circuit. 170 FACET by Lab-Volt
10 Bias Stabilization What is the collector current (I C(hot) ) after 2 minutes? V R5(hot) = Vdc (Step 7, Recall Value 3) I C(hot) = ma (Recall Value 4) Does I C decrease or increase when the transistor Q1 temperature increases? a. increase b. decrease I C(cold) = ma (Step 6, Recall Value 2) I C(hot) = ma (Step 9, Recall Value 4) What is the percentage (%) of change in collector current after transistor Q1 is heated for 2 I C(hot) I I C(cold) C(cold) 100 % change = (Recall Value 5) Is the percentage of increase in the voltage divider s collector current less than, equal to, or previously? % change (voltage divider circuit) = % (Step 11, Recall Value 5) 12.0% a. less than b. equal to c. more than FACET by Lab-Volt 171
11 The voltage divider bias circuit has the lowest increase in collector current with an increase in temperature because the collector current is almost independent of beta. The voltage divider circuit with an emitter feedback resistor tries to maintain a constant base voltage (V B ). The stability factor (S) of a voltage divider circuit is about equal to the ratio of the base resistor to the emitter resistor. A bias circuit with a stability factor less than 10 is very stable. Because of the emitter resistor, any increase in emitter current causes the emitter voltage to increase. This increase feeds back and decreases the base current. 1. An ideal common emitter transistor bias circuit with a low stability factor has a. a collector resistor larger than the emitter resistor. b. base and collector resistors. c. a voltage divider circuit and an emitter resistor. d. two dc power supplies. 2. A good stability factor is a. less than 10. b. over 50. c. equal to. d. None of the above. 3. A voltage divider circuit has an emitter resistor. As the emitter voltage increases with temperature, the base a. current increases. b. to ground voltage decreases. c. current decreases. d. current remains the same. 4. The voltage divider circuit with an emitter resistor has good temperature stability because the collector current change due to temperature change a. depends on the dc supply voltage. b. depends on. c. equals the emitter current. d. is almost independent of. 5. The purpose of the voltage divider circuit with an emitter resistor is to a. set the collector current. b. for the transistor. c. maintain an essentially constant Q-point. d. maintain a constant V BE. 172 FACET by Lab-Volt
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