Landsat Program. Science Activities. Polar Space Task Group 4 Meeting, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD

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1 Landsat Program Science Activities Polar Space Task Group 4 Meeting, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD Larry Hothem Senior Physical Scientist USGS Land Remote Sensing Program September 30, 2014

2 USGS Science Mission Areas

3 USGS Climate and Land Use Change

4 National Space Policy/USGS Responsibilities The Secretary of the Interior, through the Director of the USGS, shall: Conduct research on natural and human-induced changes to Earth s land, land cover, and inland surface waters and manage a global land surface data national archive and its distribution; Determine the operational requirements for collection, processing, archiving, and distribution of land surface data to the U.S. Government and other users; and In support of these needs, the Director of the USGS and NASA Administrator shall work together in maintaining a program for operational remote sensing observations Ryker 4

5 Landsat-8 Launch Date: February 11, 2013 Status: operational Sensors: OLI and TIRS Altitude: 705 km Inclination: 98.2⁰ Orbit: polar, sun-synchronous Equatorial Crossing Time: nominally 10 AM (± 15 min.) local time (descending node) Period of Revolution: 99 minutes; ~14.5 orbits/day Repeat Coverage: 16 days

6 Landsat 8 Spacecraft Status Operational Land Imager RF Communications Thermal Control System S-band System Propulsion Subsystem Attitude Control System Electrical Power System Batteries Solar array Thermal Infrared Sensor X-band System Command & Data Handling System Solid State Recorder All systems good 6 Landsat Science Team July 2014

7 USGS/NASA Landsat Partnership Since Ryker 7

8 NASA/USGS Landsat Roles NASA: Develops sensors, satellites, and launches land imaging space systems Co-chairs USGS-funded Landsat Science Team Performs Earth-system measurements and research using land-image data USGS: Documents user land imaging requirements Develops ground systems for land imaging space systems Operates land imaging satellites Collects, processes, archives and disseminates land-image data Establishes global land-coverage acquisition strategy Coordinates International Partner ground receiving station network Distributes data and information products at no charge Develops new data products and applications Ryker 8

9 Landsat Science Team ( Objective: Improve Landsat Data Quality, Quantity, and Uses Team established: 2006 Sponsor: USGS and NASA Members: Scientists and engineers representing academia, private industry, Federal agencies, and international organizations. Team principal responsibility: Investigate issues critical to the success of the overall Landsat program Measure of success: complete integration of Landsat 8 data with past, present, and future Landsat data for the purpose of monitoring global environmental systems.

10 Landsat Science Team Recent Meetings: February 10-14, 2013 October July 22-24, 2014 Objectives: Review Landsat 7-8 and sustainable land imaging status Develop concepts and specific actions for making the Landsat archive more science-relevant Identify Landsat science products that expand the science and applications, and Develop plans to publish Landsat 8 evaluations and applications results.

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12 Landsat Standard Data Product USGS Archive and Available Scenes Landsat Search and Download Landsat Processing Details Using Landsat Data Satellite and Sensor Information Landsat MSS products now created with the LPGS processing system LandsatLook Images LPGS - Level 1 Product Generation System

13 Satellite Imagery Used in 2011 Imagery Current Landsat users U.S. users International users Landsat 64% 69% 62% MODIS 8% 8% 8% ASTER 6% 5% 6% SPOT 4% 2% 5% Quickbird 3% 3% 3% IKONOS 2% 2% 2% GeoEye-1 2% 2% 2% WorldView-2 2% 2% 2% ALOS 2% 1% 2% Other* 7% 6% 4% Total 100% 100% 100% *Contains 1% or less from each of the following: AVHRR, CBERS, Envisat, EO-1, Formosat 2, RapidEye, Resourcesat-1/IRS, and other imagery. 13

14 10/1/07 10/1/08 10/1/09 10/1/10 10/1/11 10/1/12 Millions of Scenes Downloaded Increasing Demand for Free Landsat Data Free data policy October 1, Ryker 14

15 LandsatLook Images ( Full resolution files that are included as options when downloading Landsat data from EarthExplorer ( GloVis ( or LandsatLook Viewer ( Derived from Landsat Level 1 data products Images are useful for image selection and for visual interpretation. Algorithms applied to the images will cause minor local smoothing to the data values of the images Should not affect interpretation of the images However, it is not recommended that they be used in digital analysis.

16 Landsat Climate Data Records and Essential Climate Variables The Landsat archive provides a record of observations from 1972 to the present. Climate Data Record (CDR) - as defined by the National Research Council (NRC ) Time series of measurements with sufficient length, consistency, and continuity to identify climate variability and change. Fundamental to the generation of Essential Climate Variables (EC V) as defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). CDRs and ECVs Document changes to Earth's terrestrial environment Provide an authoritative basis for regional to continental scale identification of historical change, monitoring current conditions, and helping to predict future scenarios Impact of such changes can be used to understood and develop for implementation strategies for adaptation and mitigation can be

17 Cryospheric Applications of Landsat Ted Scambos Marin Klinger, Allen Pope, Mark Fahnestock, G. Garrett Campbell, Robert Bindschadler National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado

18 } } Melt Lakes Mapping, Morphology Snow Grain Size, Blue ice extent Cirrus cloud detection Snow grain sz. Snow grain sz. Thermal: Debris-covered glaciers and permafrost Polar ocean temperature Ice surface melting Winter processes on ice sheets Snow and Ice and the Landsat 8 bands B. Markham / NASA GSFC / USGS EROS (Ted Scambos, U of Colorado)

19 Landsat 7 and 8 Bands

20 Thermal mapping of the East Antarctic interior in winter MODIS LST minimum T, 2013 a surface image with Landsat 8 B10 color scale BT clouds or blowing snow clear sky Purple outlines are Landsat 8 acquisitions June-August 2013 Landsat Science Team Meeting, October, 2013, Sioux Falls EROS

21 Landsat 8 s Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) measures the coldest place on Earth Temperatures from 134 to 137 F in a 1,000-kilometer long swath on the highest section of the East Antarctic ice divide. The measurements were made between by MODIS and during the 2013 Southern Hemisphere winter by Landsat 8. Landsat 8 is still a new sensor, but preliminary work shows its ability to map the cold pockets in detail, Scambos said. It s showing how even small hummocks stick up through the cold air. (Ted Scambos, U of Colorado)

22 Potential Landsat 8 Polar Studies Morphology of ice sheets and ice shelves (comparison of sensitivity to past sensors) Feature tracking w/ Landsat legacy comparison Lake extent, depth, and volume in western Greenland / AP Image differencing and sub-ice-sheet water movement Photoclinometry / shape-from-shading at grounding line and interior undulation Thermal mapping of polar ice sheets, winter inversion layer, ocean SST at the ice fronts. T. Scambos, Landsat Science Team Meeting, July 2014

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25 Landsat Image Mosaic of Antarctica (LIMA) Landsat

26 Long-Term Acquisition Plan Constraints Landsat 7 Daily limit constraints have been removed Duty cycle constraints Storage capacity constraints Sun-lit land and descending scenes Managing ETM+ duty cycle and power cycles to extend mission life Landsat 8 Solid state recorder facilitates global acquisition of images No health and safety constraints on day-lit imaging Cost constraints on downlinks, processing and archive Physical constraints currently limit night imaging Science imaging Landsat 7 Reduced imaging of islands, water and Antarctica Increased imaging of continental land masses Acquire average of 438 images/day Limited night imaging best thermal sensor Landsat 8 Acquire 550 or more images per day Cloud prediction threshold: 98% or higher Decreasing priority ramp in polar zones proportional to sidelap Increase Arctic & Antarctica acquisitions Support large water campaigns Higher island priority Support ascending node day campaigns Support limited night special requests (such as, urban heat island, fires and volcanoes) Landsat Science Team July 2014

27 U.S. Landsat Archive Overview (July 1, 2014) OLI-TIRS: Landsat 8 252,440 scenes ~ 872 TB Raw and L0Ra Data ETM+: Landsat 7 1,766,142 scenes average scene size 1813 MB ~ 1,640 TB Raw and L0Ra Data average scene size 487 MB TM: Landsat 4 & Landsat 5 1,941,390 scenes ~ 973 TB Raw and L0Ra Data average scene size 263 MB MSS: Landsat 1 through 5 1,314,377 scenes ~ 80 TB Raw and L0Ra Data Total: 5,274,349 scenes average scene size 32 MB ~ 3,565 TB Raw and L0Ra Data Landsat Science Team July 2014

28 Landsat Global Archive Consolidation (LGAC) Over 3 Million scenes collected as of July 1, 2014 Previous Woodcock Metric : 2,550,354 Current (7/1/14): 3,025,557 Estimate was initially about 5M total scenes so well over half way there! Landsat 5 TM image transcribed from CCRS D-1 tape available in archive

29 Landsat Science Team July 2014

30 Landsat Product Updates Mission Headlines Images of the Week (

31 Geodetic Methods for Ice Mass Balance GRACE Altimetry SAR GNSS gravity change volume change ice flow velocity rebound Khan et al., 2010 Sorensen et al., 2011 Rignot et al., 2012 Bevis et al., 2012

32 GRACE Altimetry SAR GNSS Method Advantage Disadvantage GRACE mass change, large scale low spatial resolution (different sources), PGR assumptions Altimetry vertical accuracy difficult at ice margin, firn density assumptions SAR ice budget assumptions on melting GPS/GNSS accuracy, high temporal resolution low spatial resolution, PGR assumptions

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35 Web Sites Landsat Science Team LandsatLook Images FaceBook Page Twitter Site

36 Additional Information 40 Landsat Science Team July 2014

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38 Four Major Research Objectives Science Impact: 1) Determine rates of coastal erosion relative to landcover, on an interval (decadal) basis 2) Assess the frequency and magnitude of storm surges; 3) Quantify the effects of salt water intrusion on permafrost and fresh water wetlands, and 4) Determine the likely impacts of these environmental perturbations on bird communities and associated fauna. Objectives encompass: 1) Establishment of physical monitoring networks, 2) monitoring of coastal resources and sea level rise, and 3) forecasting vegetation and wildlife change. Principal Investigator: Craig R. Ely, USGS, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508

39 Melt lake depth mapping using Landsat 8 Field data emulation of OLI bands: northwestern Greenland, July Two approaches: extinction in single band (gr, B3, pan band, B8) band ratio (coastal, B1, and green, B3) Landsat Science Team Meeting, October, 2013, Sioux Falls EROS