Analog Circuits and Signal Processing

Transcription

1 Analog Circuits and Signal Processing Series Editors Mohammed Ismail Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Dublin, Ohio, USA Mohamad Sawan École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada For further volumes:

2 Daniele Raiteri Eugenio Cantatore Arthur H.M. van Roermund Circuit Design on Plastic Foils 1 3

3 Daniele Raiteri Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands Arthur H.M. van Roermund Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands Eugenio Cantatore Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands ISSN X ISSN (electronic) ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

4 Contents 1 Introduction Silicon and Plastic Challenges in Electronics on Flexible Substrates Book Aims and Overview... 5 References Applications of Large-area Electronics on Foil From Miniaturization to Flexible Substrates Applications Large-area Applications Low-Cost Applications References State of the Art in Circuit Design Introduction Design-Environment Setup Circuit Design References Device Modeling and Characterization Transistor Model Measurements and Characterization Parameters Extraction Dynamic Behavior References Sensor Frontend Architecture Analog Signal Conditioning Data Conversion Robust Digital Blocks References v

5 vi Contents 6 Circuit Design for Analog Signal Conditioning A Filter Based on a Tunable Transconductor The Proposed G m C Filter Transconductor Analysis Transconductor Design Transconductor Realization Transconductor Measurements and Simulations Tunable Filter Amplifiers A Continuous-time Amplifier A Discrete-Time Amplifier Conclusions References Circuit Design for Data Conversion A Synchronous Latched Comparator Comparator Topology and Analysis The Proposed Latched Comparator Latch Design and Simulation Latch Realization Latch Measurements A Digital to Analog Converter Based on a Metal-Oxide Technology GIZO Technology The Proposed Current-Steering DAC VCO-Based Analog to Digital Converter The Proposed VCO-Based ADC Conclusions References Circuit Design for Digital Processing The Proposed Positive-Feedback Level Shifter Logic PLS Logic Analysis PLS Inverter Design Test Foil Design Test Foil Measurements Conclusions References Conclusions

6 List of Symbols C dec Decoupling capacitor [F] C i Insulator capacitance per unit area [F/μm 2 ] C L Load capacitance [F] C p Parasitic capacitance [F] C SG Source to gate capacitor [F] C TGG Top-gate to gate capacitor [F] C TGS Top-gate to source capacitor [F] E i Energy level of the i th localized state [J] E p Pinch-off electric field [V/cm] f t Cut-off frequency [Hz] FW Finger Width [μm] G diff Differential gain [V/V] G m Transconductance of the operational amplifier [A/V] g m Transconductance of the transistor [A/V] K B Boltzmann constant [J/K] L Channel length [μm] L G Length of the gate metal in the PC [μm] N t Number of localized/trap states Q D Channel charge at the drain side [C] Q S Channel charge at the source side [C] R sub Substrate resistance [Ω] R L Load resistance [Ω] SC Sub-Channels T Working temperature of the transistor [K] T 0 Semiconductor disorder characteristic temperature [K] T CLK Clock period [s] V D Drain voltage [V] V DD Supply voltage [V] V DS Drain-source voltage [V] V FB Flat-band voltage [V] V G Gate voltage [V] Overdrive voltage [V] V OD vii

7 viii List of Symbols V p V S V SS V TG W G W OSC Γ ε 0 ε r Η θ Equivalent Early voltage [V] Source voltage [V] Sub-threshold slope [V] Top-gate Voltage [V] Width of the gate metal in the PC [μm] Width of the OSC in the PC [μm] Traps coefficient [K/K] Electric constant [F/m] Dielectric constant Top-gate coupling parameter [μm/μm] Heaviside unit step function

8 List of Abbreviations AC AD ADC ALU AMOLED CB CMOS CPU CS DA DC DFF DNL DOS DPCA DR DRC EDA ENOB FW GBW GIZO HD IC INL IPMC LED LS LSB LTPS LVS MEC Alternating Current Analog to Digital Analog to Digital Converter Arithmetic Logic Unit Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode Conduction Band Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Central Processing Unit Current Steering Digital to Analog Direct Current Data Flip Flop Differential Non-Linearity Density of States Differential Parametric Capacitor Amplifier Dynamic Range Design Rule Checker Electronic Design Automation Effective Number of Bits Finger Width Gain BandWidth Gallium-Indium-Zinc-Oxide High Definition Integrated Circuit Integral Non-Linearity Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Light-Emitting Diode Level Shifter Least Significant Bit Low Temperature PolySilicon Layout vs Schematic Maximum Equal Criterion ix

9 x MOSFET MSB MTR NM OC OSC OTA PBG PC PCell PLS PTG RF RFID SAM SAR SBG SFDR SNDR SNR STG TC TCTG TFT VCO VRH List of Abbreviations Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor Most Significant Bit Multiple Trapping and Release Noise Margin Output Characteristic Organic SemiConductor Operational Transconductance Amplifier Planar Bottom-Gate Parametric Capacitor Parameterized Cell Positive-feedback Level Shifter Planar Top-Gate Radio Frequency Radio Frequency IDentification Self-Assembled Monolayer Successive Approximation Register Staggered Bottom-Gate Spurious Free Dynamic Range Signal to Noise and Distortion Ratio Signal to Noise Ratio Staggered Top-Gate Transfer Characteristic Top-gate Transfer Characteristic Thin-Film Transistor Voltage Controlled Oscillator Variable Range Hopping