Airborne and Space borne SAR Missions Shefali Agrawal Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Department

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1 Airborne and Space borne SAR Missions Shefali Agrawal Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Department EDUSAT Short Course on Microwave Remote Sensing and its Application (5th February 2014)

2 Microwave Remote Sensing Microwave Remote Sensing Passive Active Sensing microwave radiation from earth surface Illuminates the target artificially and receives signal after interaction with the target Radiometer Imaging Non-imaging RAR Altimeter SAR Scatterometer

3 Microwave Sensors OPERATES FOR 1 mm TO 100 Cm Because Of Longer Compared To Visible-IR, The Technology Of Receiving And Transmitting In Microwave Region Is Different. Antennas Are Used For Reception And Transmission.

4 Passive microwave sensor Detects the naturally emitted microwave energy within its field of view. This emitted energy is related to the temperature and moisture properties of the emitting object or surface. Passive microwave sensors are typically radiometers. Applications: Snow cover mapping, Flood mapping, Soil moisture mapping. The microwave energy recorded by a passive sensor can be emitted by the atmosphere (1), reflected from the surface (2), emitted from the surface (3), or transmitted from the subsurface (4).

Thus, the fields of view must be large to detect enough energy to record a signal.

5 Contd.. Because the wavelengths are so long, the energy available is quite small compared to optical wavelengths. Thus, the fields of view must be large to detect enough energy to record a signal. Most passive microwave sensors are therefore characterized by low spatial resolution. 4 frequencies , , 37, and 85.5 GHz Swath km Altitude 835 km Resolution ~ 20km Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI) Sea Ice Monitoring

6 IRS P4 Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) band characteristics Frequencies (GHz) Polarization Resolution (km) Swath Sea Surface Temperature Accuracy 6.6 V&H 120x V&H 80x80 16 V&H 40x40 21 V&H 40x km 1.3 degrees k

Active microwave sensor It provide own source of microwave radiation to illuminate

divided into two categories: imaging (RADAR) and non-imaging (altimeters and

Non-imaging microwave sensors are profiling devices which take measurements in one

7 Active microwave sensor It provide own source of microwave radiation to illuminate the target. divided into two categories: imaging (RADAR) and non-imaging (altimeters and scatterometers). Non-imaging microwave sensors are profiling devices which take measurements in one linear dimension, as opposed to the two-dimensional representation of imaging sensors. It transmits a microwave (radio) signal towards the target and detects the backscattered portion of the signal. RADAR : RAdio Detection And

8 Doppler Effect The frequency of an observed wave is affected by the relative motion between source and observer Doppler effect is the apparent change in the receiver frequency from the transmitted frequency as a function of the relative velocity between transmitter and the receiver If the two are moving towards each other the received frequency will be higher than the transmitted In case of SAR the target experiences this shift in frequency and return is also doppler shifted thus producing a doppler shift to the return pulse

9 Doppler Effect Frequency (pitch) of a wave changes if the receiver and/or source are in motion relative to one another Train whistle has a increasing pitch as it approaches, highest when it is directly perpendicular to the listener (receiver) After train passes by, its pitch will decrease in frequency in proportion to the distance it is from the listener (receiver) This principle is applicable to all harmonic wave motion, including the microwaves used in radar systems

10 There Are Four Main Frequencies Of Microwave Energy Which Are Currently Used For Satellite Remote Sensing - X-band: Uses A Wavelength Range From 2.4 To 3.8 Cm (12.5 TO 8 Ghz) and is Widely Used For Military Reconnaissance and Commercially for terrain surveys. C-band: Uses A Wavelength Range From 3.8 To 7.5 Cm (8 TO 4 Ghz) and used in,many SPACEBORNE SAR, such as ERS-1 AND RADARSAT. S-band: Uses A Wavelength Range From 7.5 TO 15 Cm (4 TO 2 Ghz) and is used in ALMAZ. L-band: Uses A Wavelength Range From 15 To 30 Cm (2 To 1 Ghz) used On Seasat And Jers-1. The Capability To Penetrate Through Precipitation Or Into A Surface Layer Is Increased With Longer Wavelengths. Radars Operating At Wavelengths Greater Than 2 Cm Are Not Significantly Affected By cloud Cover, however, rain does become a factor at Wavelengths shorter Than 4 cm.

11 Active Microwave Sensors BISTATIC: When separate antennas are used for transmitting and receiving MONOSTATIC: Same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving Radars For Remote Sensing NADIR LOOKING ( (Altimeters) SIDE LOOKING (SLAR and SAR)

12 Radar Angle Nomenclature η η (a) Depression angle: The angle of the radar beam to the target (i. e., line of sight from the antenna to the target) measured from a horizontal plane (η) (b) Look angle: The angle of the radar beam to the target measured from a vertical plane (θ). Incidence Angle: Angle between the radar beam to the target and the perpendicular to the ground surface, where the beam strikes (Φ). When the surface is horizontal, the incidence angle and look angle are same. When the surface is not horizontal, the terrain slope affects the local incidence angle. For a horizontal surface, the incidence angle is least near range and maximum at far range.

13 RF Spectrum Microwave Radiometry covers a range of frequencies. Soil Moisture 1-3 GHz Resolution / aperture Ocean Surface Wind 19, 22 GHz Polarimetry Atmospheric Temperature 54, 118 GHz Accuracy Atmospheric Water Vapor 22, 24, 92, 150, 183 GHz Accuracy Cloud Ice 325, 448, 643 GHz High frequency 30 cm 3 cm 3 mm 0.3 mm 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1000 GHz Sea Surface Salinity 1-3 GHz Receiver sensitivity/ stability Sea Ice 37 GHz Polar coverage Precipitation 11, 31,37,89 GHz Frequent global coverage 11/18/02 University of Kansas Hartley, NASA Atmospheric Chemistry 190, 240, 640, 2500 GHz High frequency L band S band C band X band K u /K/K a band Millimeter Submillimeter

14 Polarisation Polarisation Refers To The Orientation Of The Electric And Magnetic Fields Of Electromagnetic Waves. Radar Systes Can Be Configured To Transmit And Receive Either Horizontally Or Vertically Polarised Electromagnetic Radiation. When Transmitted And Received Energy Is Polarised In The Same Direction, It Is Referred To As Like-polarised. Hh Refers To Horizontally Transmitted And Received Energy; Vv For Vertically Transmitted And Received Energy. When Transmitted And Received Energy Is Polarised In Opposite Directions, It Is Referred To As Cross-polarised. Hv Refers To Horizontal Transmission And Vertical Reception; Vh For Vertical Transmission And Horizontal Reception. When The Radar Wave Interacts With A Surface, The Polarisation Is Modified Based On The Properties Of That Surface. This Affects The Way The Scene Appears On Radar Imagery.

Type of antennas dipole Wire Dipole Loop antenna Aperture Parabolic dish

15 Antennas Antennas are used to couple electromagnetic waves into free space or capture electromagnetic waves from free space. Type of antennas dipole Wire Dipole Loop antenna Aperture Parabolic dish Horn Reflector (secondary radiator) Feed (primary radiator) feeding line (waveguide) Parabolic antenna

Antennas Antennas are characterized by their: Directivity : It

total power radiated by the antenna to that delivered to the

16 Antennas Antennas are characterized by their: Directivity : It is the ratio of maximum radiated power to that radiated by an isotropic antenna. Efficiency: Efficiency defines how much of the power is the total power radiated by the antenna to that delivered to the antenna. Gain : It is the product of efficiency and directivity Beamwidth :Width of the main lobe at 3- db points.

17 Satellite Borne Microwave Radiometer An Imaging Microwave Radiometer Essentially Consists Of An Antenna, Which Receives The Incoming Radiation A Scanning Mechanism Mechanical Or Electrical A Receiver And Associated Electronics, Which Detects And Amplifies, The Received Radiation And Produce A Voltage Output. In-flight Calibration Systems Hot Body, Sky Horn, Etc. Auxiliary Logic Systems Providing Signals For Timing, Multiplexing Data Formatting, Etc. House-keeping Systems, Which Monitors Various Temperatures, Voltages, Etc.

18 RADAR Radio Detection And Ranging Radar Remote Sensing Techniques Can Provide Information About The Earth s Surface Related To: - Surface Roughness - Topography - Moisture Conditions (Dielectric Constant) A Radar System Has Three Primary Functions: - It Transmits Microwave (Radio) Signals Towards A Scene; - It Receives The Portion Of The Transmitted Energy Backscattered From The Scene; And - It Observes The Strength (Detection) And The Time Delay (Ranging) Of The Return Signals.

SAR Imaging Modes ScanSAR mode is an additional mode that has been defined by some SAR data providers. ScanSAR is not a true Scan mode, - special case of the stripmap mode.

19 SAR Imaging Modes ScanSAR mode is an additional mode that has been defined by some SAR data providers. ScanSAR is not a true Scan mode, - special case of the stripmap mode. ScanSAR incorporates a process for time-sharing an electronically steered phased array antenna to quickly move the beam from one strip to a parallel one so that multiple strips can be illuminated in one pass. ScanSAR modes have poorer resolution. The strips are typically processed into slightly overlapping images that are then stitched into large area images

20 Non-imaging Sensors Altimeter Nadir-looking AMI, measures height of the targets from the two-way travel time. Applications: Ocean surface topography, Wave height; May be configured to measure terrain elevation. Scatterometer Side-looking AMI, measures scattering co-efficient of the targets; provides data across flight direction. Applications: Ocean surface wind speed and direction.

21 Radar Altimeter Is A Short Pulse Radar Used For Accurate Height Measurements. Ocean Topography. Glacial Ice Topography Sea Ice Characteristics Scatterometer A Scatterometer is an Active Radar Instrument Transmits A Pulse Of Known Power And Duration Receives And Measures The Power Return From The Surface. Measures Radar Backscatter From Surface Backscatter Measurement provides Information on the Surface Roughness Can Be Correlated To Geophysical Quantities

22 Past and Current Radar Altimeter Satellites Satellite/Mission Years Organisation Accuracy SKYLAB 1972 NASA 20 m GEOS NASA 3 m SEASAT 1978 NASA 2 m GEOSAT US Navy 30 cm ERS ESA 4-10 cm ERS ESA 4 cm Topex/Poseidon NASA/CNES 2-3 cm GFO 2000-Present US Navy 2-5 cm Satellite/Mission Years Organisation Accuracy JASON1/ Present NASA/CNES 2-3 cm ENVISAT 2002-Present ESA 2-3 cm Cryosat Present ESA 2-3 cm SARAL/AltiKa 2013-Present ISRO/CNES 2-3 cm

23 Characteristics of some of the Spaceborne Altimeters. * second frequency

24 Non-imaging Sensors Altimeter Nadir-looking AMI, measures height of the targets from the two-way travel time. Applications: Ocean surface topography, Wave height; May be configured to measure terrain elevation. Scatterometer Side-looking AMI, measures scattering co-efficient of the targets; provides data across flight direction. Applications: Ocean surface wind speed and direction.

25 SAR Systems Airborne SAR TOPSAR (JPL, USA), IFSARE(ERIM/Intermap, USA), DO- SAR(Donier, Germany), E-SAR(DLR, Germany), AeS-1(Aerosensing, Germany), AER-II (FGAN, Germany), C/X-SAR (CCRS, Canada), EMISAR (Denmark), Ramses (ONERA, France), ESR (DERA, UK) Space Borne SAR Planetary SAR Chandrayaan, Magellan (US, ), Titan Radar Mapper (US, 2004), Arecibo Antenna, Goldstone antenna

26 Missions Involving Microwave Sensors SENSOR FREQ. GLOBAL MISSIONS ISRO SAR L SEASAT,SIR-C, JERS-1,PALSAR, MAPSAR CY-2 L-Band MoonSAR, RISAT-3 SAR S CASSINI Chandrayaan-1 MiniSAR CY-2 S-Band MoonSAR C ERS-1/ERS-2, SIR-C, ENVISAT-ASAR, RADARSAT-1, RADARSAT-2 RISAT-1 SAR, ASAR, DMSAR, RISAT-1A SAR, X SIR-C, TERRASAR-X, TECSAR RISAT-2 DMSAR, RISAT-4 SAR SCATT C/Ku (Fan) SEASAT, ERS-1/ERS-2,NSCAT, METOP Ku (Pencil) QuickScat, Seawinds ( Midori-II) OCEANSAT-2, SCATT-2 ALT. Ku / Ka Seasat, ERS-1/2,Topex, Jason, Envisat-RA ALTIKA Radiometer Ghz SSMI, AMSR, ATMS, CMIS MSMR, MADRAS (MT) SOUNDER Temp/Humdty Ghz AMSU-A/B, HSB, ATMS, CMIS Pol. RAD 6 37 Ghz WindSAT, ATMS,CMIS Synthetic Aper. RAD Weather Radar L-band, Sounder MIRAS(SMOS), GeoSTAR SAPHIR (MT) MAPS (TSU & HSU) SARAD 18, 37, 94 Ghz PR (TRMM), PR-2 ( GPM), CloudSat

27 AIRSAR Airborne SAR sensor The Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) is a side-looking radar instrument mounted on modified NASA DC-8 aircraft. It was an all-weather imaging tool able to penetrate through clouds and collect data at night. AIRSAR was designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It can collect fully polarimetric data (POLSAR) at three radar wavelengths: C-band (0.057 m), L-band (0.25 m), and P-band (0.68 m). Radar C band L band P band Frequency 5.3 GHz 1.3 GHz 440 MHz Polarimetry Quad Quad Quad Interferometr XTI,ATI XTI,ATI -- y Height 1m / 5m 2m / 10m -- Accuracy Velocity 10 cm/s 10 cm/s -- Accuracy Bandwidth 20 MHz 40 MHz 80 MHz Radar C/L/P C/L/P L Swath 20km 10km 6km

28 AuSAR -INGARA The INGARA Australian Airborne Radar Surveillance System, formerly called AuSAR, is a low cost airborne imaging radar technology demonstrator under development at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation in Adelaide, Australia. The aims of INGARA is primarily for aid in defence applications Radar X band Frequency 10.1 GHz Incidence Angles 45º -89º Polarimetry Quad Interferometry ATI Stripmap Mode 2 m resolution Spotlight Mode <1 m resolution Swath 12 km

29 Airborne SAR development in ISRO C band Airborne imaging SAR (ASAR) has been developed indigenously (1990) Generates image with 6 metres range & Azimuth resolutions and having 25 Kms swath C-band DMSAR First flown on NOV-26, 2005 Operating frequency 5350 MHz Polarisation HH, VV Slant range resolution 1 m (Exp), 3 m, 5 m, 10m Azimuth resolution 1 m (Exp), 3 m, 5 m, 10m Swath coverage 6 Km (Exp), 25 km, 50 km, 75 km

30 Spaceborne SAR Các vệ tinh SAR SEASAT (1978) ERS - 1 ( ) JERS - 1 ( ) SIR-C/X-SAR (1994) RADARSAT - 1 (1995) ERS - 2 (1995) SRTM (2000) ENVISAT (2002) ALOS / PALSAR (2006) TerraSAR X (2007) & TanDEM-X(2010) RADARSAT - 2 (2007) SAR - Lupe (2005) RISAT-2 (2009) RISAT-1 (2012)

31 Satellite and Sensors

32 Contd.. 1- Envisat polarizations HH or VV or HH+VV or HH+HV or VV+VH 2- ALOS PALSAR polarizations HH or VV or HH+HV or VV+VH or HH+HV+VH+VV 3- SAOCOM polarizations HH or VV or HH+HV or VV+VH or HH+HV+VH+VV 4- RADARSAT-2 polarizations HH or VV or HV or VH or HH+HV or VV+VH or HH+HV+VH+VV

33 X band N a t i o n Sensor/Agency Orbit altitude Inclination/ revisit Swath Imaging Modes Spatial resoluti on Incidenc e angle G E R M A N Y SAR Lupe 1-5 -DLR/Bundeswehr 5 satellite collecting high resolution SAR images for military reconnisance 2006,2007(2&3), 2008(4&5) TERRA SAR X -DLR Scientific and commercial use hydrology, geology climatology, oceanography, environment, disaster etc Polar 500Km 98.2 daily Sun Sync 514 Km days Strip mode Spot light Mode High resolution spot light SP(HH/ VV) or DP(HH/VV) Stripmap SP( HH/VV/HV/VH Scan SAR < Left and right looking TAN DEM X-DLR Global DEM Generation and new application using along track InSAR and Pol In SAR Sun Sync 514 Km days Bistatic mode Monostatic Along track InSAR Pol INSAR Stripmap DP Spot light DP ScanSAR DP 12m DEM <2m

39 RADARSAT-1 Active sensor (all radar sensors) Transmit microwave pulses to earth surface, measures amount of energy that bounces back Pixel values (intensities) represent ability of target to backscatter (reflect) pulses: digital number Ability to collect data day or night One-channel image (RADARSAT-1) Single microwave frequency (5.3 GHz) C-Band, 5.6 cm wavelength Ability to collect data regardless of atmospheric conditions Horizontal Polarization (HH) Combine with multi-date and/or multi-sensor images Change detection, composite images

40 RADARSAT-1 Image Product Options: 35 possibilities Positions cross-track viewing incidence angles RADARSAT International Radarsat Geology Handbook. Richmond, B.C.

RADARSAT-1 Temporal resolution 24 day orbit path repeat cycle With RADARSAT s suite of beam modes, images can be acquired for a location every one (high latitudes) to five (low latitudes) days

41 RADARSAT-1 Temporal resolution 24 day orbit path repeat cycle With RADARSAT s suite of beam modes, images can be acquired for a location every one (high latitudes) to five (low latitudes) days Spatial coverage depends on beam mode RADARSAT International Radarsat Geology Handbook. Richmond, B.C. Beam Mode (35 Possibilities) Coverage (km) Spatial Res. (m) ScanSAR Wide (1) 500 x ScanSAR Narrow (2) 300 x Extended Low (1) 170 x Wide (3) 150 x Standard (7) 100 x Extended High (6) 75 x Fine (15) 50 x 50 8

42 RADARSAT 1 IMAGING MODES Mode Resolution(M) Range X Azimuth (M) Looks Width (Km) Incidence Angle (Degrees) Standard 25 x Wide x Wide x Fine resolution 11-9 x ScanSAR 50 x narrow ScanSAR wide 100 x Extended (H) x Extended (L) x

43 ASAR - Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ENVISAT, European Space Agency) The ESA's ENVISAT satellite was successfully launched on 1 st March 2002, with the Advanced SAR (ASAR) instrument Operates in C-band (5.331 GHz). swath coverage of over 400km wide using ScanSAR techniques. In the image mode, ASAR operates in one of seven predetermined swaths (100 km swath width) with either vertically or horizontally polarized radiation; the same polarization is used for transmit and receive (i.e., HH or VV). The ground resolution is about 30 m (three looks)

44 ALOS (1/2) Spacecraft Mass Generated Power Design Life Orbit Attitude Determination Accuracy Position Determination Accuracy Data Rate Onboard Data Recorder Approx. 4 tons Approx. 7 kw (at End of Life) 3-5 years Sun-Synchronous Sub-Recurrent Repeat Cycle: 46 days Sub Cycle: 2 days Altitude: km (at Equator) Inclination: deg. 2.0 x 10-4 degree (with GCP) 1m (off-line) 240Mbps (via Data Relay Technology Satellite) 120Mbps (Direct Transmission) Solid-state data recorder (90Gbytes)

45 ALOS Instrument Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Acronym PRISM AVNIR-2 PALSAR

46 RADARSAT 2 Radarsat-2 launched December 14, 2007 Multiple polarization modes, including a fully-polarimetric mode in which HH, HV, VV and VH polarized data are acquired. Its highest resolution is 1 m in Spotlight mode (3 m in Ultra Fine mode) with 100 m positional accuracy requirement. In ScanSAR Wide Beam mode the SAR has a nominal swath width of 500 km and an imaging resolution of 100 m Geometry near-polar, sun-synchronous Altitude 798km Inclination 98.6 degrees Period minutes Repeat cycle 24 days Orbits per day 14 Frequency Band C-band (5.405 GHz) Channel Bandwidth 11.6, 17.3, 30, 50, 100 MHz Channel Polarization HH, HV, VH, VV SAR Antenna Dimensions 15m x 1.5m

47 RADARSAT 2 IMAGING MODES Beam Mode Nominal Swath Width Approximate Resolution (Range) (Azimuth) Approximat e Incidence Angle Polarization Ultra-Fine 20 km 3 m 3 m Single Multi-Look Fine 50 km 8 m 8 m Polarization Fine 50 km 8 m 8 m Single Standard 100 km 25 m 26 m Polarization OR Wide 150 km 30 m 26 m Dual ScanSAR 300 km 50 m 50 m Polarization Narrow ScanSAR Wide 500 km 100 m 100 m Extended High 75 km 18 m 26 m Single Polarization Fine Quad-Pol 25 km 12 m 8 m Quad Standard Quad- 25 km 25 m 8 m Polarization Pol

48 TERRA SAR X TerraSAR-X is an X-band SAR mission for scientific research and applications. It is the first satellite to be built in a public/private partnership in Germany Active phased array X-band SAR X-Band Imaging Modes HighRes SpotLight: 5 x 10 km, up to 1 m. spatial res. SpotLight: 10 x 10 km, up to 2 m. spatial res. StripMap: 30 km wide strip, up to 3 m. spatial res. ScanSAR: 100 km wide strip, m spatial res. SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) TOR Package (Tracking, Occultation & Ranging) GPS Receiver (LRR) Laser Retro-reflector Array LCT (Laser Communication Terminal) TanDEM-X (TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement) TanDEM-X mission is launched on 21 st June 2010, to generate a highaccuracy global Digital Elevation Model (DEM). TanDEM-X is a second SAR satellite flying in a tandem orbit configuration with TerraSAR-X. The TanDEM-X mission's objectives are: (1) Generation of DEM (2) Along-track interferometry (3) Bi-static applications (e.g., polarmetric SAR interferometry).

49 TERRA SAR X imaging modes Beam mode Waveband Polarization SpotLight Mode StripMap Mode ScanSAR Mode X-band (3.11 cm) Single (VV or HH) Dual (VV&HH) Single Dual (VV&HH or HH&HV or VV&VH) Quad (VV,HH,HV,VH) Single Highest ground range resolution 1 m 3 m 16 m Swath width 10 km 30 km 100 km Antenna look direction Normally right Incidence angle 20~55 20~45

50 Indian SAR Sensors ISRO first developed microwave sensors for atmospheric and ocean applications called Satellite Microwave Radiometer (SAMIR) Payload of Bhaskara series of satellites (1978,1981). Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) and scattero-meters onboard Oceansat 1 (1999) KU Band Scatterometer onboard Oceansat 2 (2009) Microwave Sounder on board Indian Mini Satellite

51 MSMR (Multi Frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer) Launched on 26 th May 1999 MSMR MISSION SPECIFICATIONS Spacecraft Orbit Altitude Swath Repeativity Frequencies Polarisation Grid size Sampling Data rate Payload Weight Payload Power IRS-P4 Sun Synchronous 720 Km 1360 Km 2 days 6.6, 10.65, 18.0 & 21 GHz V & H for all frequencies 150 Km (6.6 GHz) 75 km (10.65 GHz) 50 km (18 and 21 GHz) 12 bits 5.6 kbps 130 kg 80 Watts APPLICATIONS SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE WIND SPEED CLOUD-LIQ WATER CONTENT MSMR provided routinely 48 hour global data product, in terms of Brightness Temperature, SST, Wind Speed, Water Vapor content and Cloud Liquid Water, on operational basis from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, India.

52 RISAT-1 & RISAT-2 Parameters RISAT-2 RISAT-1 Country India India Lifetime (Design) 5 years 5 years Band X C Wavelength (cm) 9.59 GHz GHz Polarization HH/VV HH, HV, VH, VV Incidence angle (º) Resolution Swath width (Km) Repeat Days 14 days 25 days

Single Look Products (SLC) where the amplitude and phase are preserved will be available

This image is Geotagged using orbit and attitude information of the satellite and is

53 RISAT 1 C band SAR 5.35 GHz: 5 imaging modes Single, dual and Quad polarisation modes Sun Synchronous orbit Single Look Products (SLC) where the amplitude and phase are preserved will be available for single beam mode. This image is Geotagged using orbit and attitude information of the satellite and is available in the CEOS format Standard products are available as Ellipsoid Georeferenced Terrain corrected products with UTM projection, WGS 84datum in CEOSS /GEOTIFF format Near-Real Time (NRT) processing and electronic delivery

54 Radiometer Systems and their Parameters Parameters SSMR in NIMBUS- 7 SSM/I IRS-P4, MSMR EOS Aqua AMSR- E ADEOS-II AMSR Launch date /92/95 May 26, 1999 May 4, 2002 Jan. 16, 2004 Frequency (GHz.) 6.6, 10.7, 18.0, 21 and 37 GHz 19.3, 22.2 (V), 38.0 and 85.5 GHz 6.6, 10.65, 18, , 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, , 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89, (50.3 V and 52.8 V polarization) Polarization H & V H &V (except 22.2 GHz) H&V H&V H&V (except last 2) IFOV (km x km) 148x95, 91x59, 55x41, 46x30, 27x18 69x43, 60x40, 37x28, 15x13 km 150x144, 75x72, 50x36, 50x36 km 76x44, 49x28, 28x16, 31x18, 14x8, 6x4 km 70x40,46x27,25x14, 28x17,14x8,6x3,10x 6 km Swath width (km) Revisit coverage(days) 822 km 1400 km day Incidence angle (deg.) 50.3 (at the surface) 53.3 (at the surface) (at the surface) 54 (at the surface) Sensitivity 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.7, , 0.8, 0.6, , 0.75, 1.05, , 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6, ,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.6,1. 0,1.3,0.9

55 Future Missions : ALOS 2- PALSAR 2 Parameter \ Mode Spotlight Stripmap ScanSAR Ultra-fine High-sensitive Fine Frequency MHz MHz or / MHz, selectable Incidence angle 8º to 70º range Bandwidth 84 MHz 84 MHz 42 MHz 28 MHz 14 MHz Ground resolution 3 m (rg) x 1 m (az) 3 m 6 m 10 m 100 m Swath 25 km (rg) x 25 km (az) 50 km 50 km (FP:30 km) 70 km (FP:30 km) 350 km 5 looks Polarization SP SP/DP SP/DP/FP/CP SP/DP/FP/CP SP/DP Data rate 800 Mbit/s 800 Mbit/s 800 Mbit/s 400 Mbit/s 400 Mbit/s NESZ -24 db -24 db -28 db -26 db -26 db S/A: range 25 db 25 db 23 db FP:Co-pol: 23 db FP:X-pol: 15 db 25 db FP:Co-pol: 20 db FP:X-pol: 10 db 25 db S/A: azimuth 20 db 25 db 20 db 23 db 20 db

56 Thank You

Microwave Remote Sensing (1)

Microwave Remote Sensing (1) Microwave sensing encompasses both active and passive forms of remote sensing. The microwave portion of the spectrum covers the range from approximately 1cm to 1m in wavelength.