ESA Radar Remote Sensing Course ESA Radar Remote Sensing Course Radar, SAR, InSAR; a first introduction

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "ESA Radar Remote Sensing Course ESA Radar Remote Sensing Course Radar, SAR, InSAR; a first introduction"

Transcription

1 Radar, SAR, InSAR; a first introduction Ramon Hanssen Delft University of Technology The Netherlands r.f.hanssen@tudelft.nl Charles University in Prague Contents Radar background and fundamentals Imaging radar, SAR Physics and geometry Resolution Interferometry observation and unknowns

2 Early ground based radar RAdio Detection and Ranging

3 Bistatic monostatic radar Monostatic: same antenna for transmitting and receiving Bistatic: different antennas for transmitting and receiving Radar Types Continuous Wave (CW) Radar. Transmits and receives continuously. Usually bistatic. Velocity measurements. Pulse Radar. The common radar type. It sends the signal in pulses. Measures range and velocities

4 Radar mapping of the Moon, Venus, Mars (1946) (1961) (1963) Main parameters: Distance Velocity Intensity Retrograde rotation Venus Improvement of Astronomical unit

5 ESA Radar RemoteMosaic Sensing of Course 2008 Magellan Synthetic Aperture Radar Venus Maat Mons, Venus Magellan Synthetic Aperture Radar Radar clinometry, altimeter, and backscatter

6 Towards imaging radar Radar Remote Sensing Course 2008 Optical imagery (falseesa color) versus radar imagery Delft University, AE Resolution: 4x20 m

7 Physics Radio waves, active sensor Wavelength range is cm-m 24 cm Charles University, 5 cmprague 3

8 Penetration (weather independent) Radar waves penetrate the atmosphere and clouds C band Radar Images at Different Frequencies X-band L-band P-band

9 Sahara desert Physics Sahara, NW Sudan (SIR-A) Landsat optical Shuttle L-band radar What do we see? Radar penetrates material with a low dielectric constant (dep. on wavelength) Here about 3 m. Physics - Scattering Scattering is dominated by wavelength-scale structures Wavelength shorter: image brighter Specular and Bragg scattering Speckle

10 Scattering Smooth SPECULAR Radar signal return depends on: Slope Roughness Dielectric constant Rough

11 Physics scattering phase Imaginary Radar pixel phase is superposition of near-random scattering elements: Unpredictable! Real Geometry Terminology Foreshortening, layover, shadow Why side-looking? Incidence angle, Coordinates range, azimuth

12 Geometry Slant range Layover Foreshortening Shadow Ground range Geometry JERS-1 data (M.Shimada) Shadow Foreshortening Layover

13 Resolution, Pixel size, Posting Range Azimuth Pulsed versus CW radar Continuous wave radars need to receive while transmitting normally no range measurements Pulsed radars: Pulse repetition frequency (PRF): 1680 Hz Pulse period: 1/PRF=0.6 ms Power 0.6 ms τ=37 μs Peak power 10 3 W t p Target echo 10-9 W Time Range measurement: R = 0.5 c t p Rule of thumb: R [km] = 0.15 t p [μs] (150 m = 1 μs) Skolnik,2001 tp Range ambiguity!!

14 Relation pulse length range resolution Pulse length: τ [s]=37 μs Corresponds with distance: c τ [m] = 3e8 37e-6 = [m] What is the smallest distance between two targets to be separated? Two targets can be recognized if separated ½c τ [m] = 5.5 [km] 2-way travel 37 μs = 11.1 km ½cτ Synthetic shortening pulse length Transmit a chirp : signal with increasing frequency over pulse interval FM: frequency modulation Effective pulse interval: τ=1/bandwidth = 1/15.5 MHz = [sec] 64 ns Range resolution : ½cτ [m] = 9.6 [m] = c / (2 B R )

15 Matched filter Antenna beam: Fraunhofer diffraction

16 Wave front concept tan θ = y / L Fraunhofer Diffraction tan θ sin θ θ y/l Monochromatic radiation Far-field approximation and L >> w: θ = θ Plane wave at slit w L Condition for minimum: δ =w sin θ = m λ y m λ L / w First minimum: δ θ = λ / w Limits spatial resolution Optical, 0.5 μm, lens 5 cm, 1000 km 10 m Microwave, 3cm, antenna 1m, 1000 km 30 km!!

17 Fraunhofer single slit (additive interferometry) Destructive interference Slit openings about wavelength size Consider elements of wavefront in slit, and treat as point sources Constructive interference Sinc-pattern Resolution I: RAR Real Aperture Radar Resolution dependent on antenna dimension/pulse length Beam width (half power width) is ratio wavelength over antenna size:

18 Calculate Ground Resolution C-band λ θ = D λ= ~0.05 m D=10 m antenna Beam angle = /10 = rad (0.3deg) 1.3 m R=850 km times = [m] m = 4.2 km Antenna dimensions antenna pulse

19 Slant range antenna pulse repetition frequency (PRF) pulse length swath ground range Improvement in Resolution (Crimea, Ukraine) Real Aperture Radar 5x14 km pixels Massonnet and Feigl, 1998

20 Improvement of along-track resolution Synthetic antenna Physical antenna Resolution cell Improvement in Resolution (Crimea, Ukraine) Real Aperture Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar 5x14 km pixels 4x20 m pixels Massonnet and Feigl, 1998

21 Azimuth resolution SAR Similar to range direction: dependent on bandwidth Dopp C S a B v / = Δ Doppler frequency λ f D 2v = λ φ λ s C S D v v f sin 2 2 / = = L λ β = β β sin Doppler frequency SAR Beam width: L v L v v B v v v f v v v f C S C S C S Dopp C S C S C S D C S C S C S D / / / / / /,max / / /,min 2 / sin sin 2 = = = + = + + = = = λ λ λ β λ β λ β λ β λ β λ β λ β 2 2 / / / L L v v B v C S C S Dopp C S a = = = Δ SAR resolution: Minimum Doppler: Maximum Doppler: Doppler bandwidth:

22 ERS, the values Az_res = v_s/c / B_Dop = 7100/ 1380 = 5.14 m Az_pix = v_s/c / PRF = 7100/ 1680 = 4.22 m Ra_res = c / (2 B_R) = 3e8 / (2x1.55e7) = 9.68 m Ra_pix = c / (2 RSF) = 3e8/(2x1.86e7) = 7.91 m Resolution Oversampling factor: Posting Pixel size Samples: Samples: Resolution II (SAR) Resolution SAR is inversely proportional with bandwidth Azimuth resolution SAR: Half antenna size! No influence of satellite height on azimuth resolution SAR image Range resolution improvement using chirp waveform

23 Radar equation (monostatic) Radar equation relates transmit power to received power, for a specific antenna and target: The equation above is known as the radar equation. Note that power received by antenna is inversely proportional to the 4th power of distance. derivation using radar block model:

24 Radar equation (monostatic) Transmitter Receiver Circular switch Transmit power P t [W] Off On Off On Antenna gain G [dim.less] Received power P r [W] Range R [m] Transmit pulse Received echo σ: Radar cross section σ = σ 0 A A σ 0 : Normalized radar cross section or sigma-naught A: scattering area [m 2 ] A e : Antenna size sigma-naught: "a dimensionless quantity defining the ability of an object to scatter the incident microwave radiation back toward the radar instrument." Radar equation step by step

25 Radar equation (example ERS-2) Transmit: W Receive: W Difference: ~10 12 W Echo is 120 db below transmit power level! Working with decibels Large power ratios db = log (P), and v.v. P = 10 (db/10) where P is Power ratio, or A parameter related to a power unit (e.g. antenna gain) In equations, sometimes db needs to be converted to numeric Examples: R db

26 Sources of Noise The most important source of noise in a radar system is the one produced by the device itselft, i.e. thermal noise : P n = k T sys B P n : Noise power k : Boltzmann s constant ( [J/K] T sys : Noise temperature [K] B : System bandwidth [Hz] Other sources only of concern when working at the edges of the microwave spectrum are Cosmic noise (<UHF) and Atmospheric absorption noise, (mm waves). Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) SNR is an expression of the quality of a radar measurement SNR = Ps / Pn For imaging radar, SNR > 10 is required

27 SNR Echo P r + Total received signal Noise power P n Exercise Detect an oak tree at 10 km distance with SNR = 100 Given radar system: A = 8x20 m= 160 m 2 Wavelength = 0.25 m RCS = 0.1 P t = 1000 W ; G = 50 B = 1 MHz T sys = 1000 K Is this possible?

28 1/(4pi) Working out the assignment: The design table. Signal parameters Parameter Transmit Power Antenna gain 1/(4pi) /R 2 1/ A scat 160 m 2 22 Sigma-zero A r /R 2 1/ db Signal Power Value 1000 Wx Note: A r = G λ 2 / (4π) db Noise parameters Parameter Botzmann Bandwidth Noise Power 1000 K 30 / MHz T sys Value 1.38 x db SNR = P r P n = -129 (-139) = + 10 db, or 10:1-144 Not sufficient (SNR of 100 or 20dB was needed). How to change system? Only parameters not fixed were transmit power, antenna gain, noise temperature

Introduction to SAR remote sensing Ramon Hanssen

Introduction to SAR remote sensing Ramon Hanssen 1 Introduction to SAR remote sensing Ramon Hanssen 10-9-2018 Delft University of Technology Challenge the future 1 Obectives of the module Provide the basic essentials of SAR remote sensing, and understand

More information

Synthetic aperture RADAR (SAR) principles/instruments October 31, 2018

Synthetic aperture RADAR (SAR) principles/instruments October 31, 2018 GEOL 1460/2461 Ramsey Introduction to Remote Sensing Fall, 2018 Synthetic aperture RADAR (SAR) principles/instruments October 31, 2018 I. Reminder: Upcoming Dates lab #2 reports due by the start of next

More information

Acknowledgment. Process of Atmospheric Radiation. Atmospheric Transmittance. Microwaves used by Radar GMAT Principles of Remote Sensing

Acknowledgment. Process of Atmospheric Radiation. Atmospheric Transmittance. Microwaves used by Radar GMAT Principles of Remote Sensing GMAT 9600 Principles of Remote Sensing Week 4 Radar Background & Surface Interactions Acknowledgment Mike Chang Natural Resources Canada Process of Atmospheric Radiation Dr. Linlin Ge and Prof Bruce Forster

More information

CEGEG046 / GEOG3051 Principles & Practice of Remote Sensing (PPRS) 8: RADAR 1

CEGEG046 / GEOG3051 Principles & Practice of Remote Sensing (PPRS) 8: RADAR 1 CEGEG046 / GEOG3051 Principles & Practice of Remote Sensing (PPRS) 8: RADAR 1 Dr. Mathias (Mat) Disney UCL Geography Office: 113, Pearson Building Tel: 7670 05921 Email: mdisney@ucl.geog.ac.uk www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney

More information

EE 529 Remote Sensing Techniques. Radar

EE 529 Remote Sensing Techniques. Radar EE 59 Remote Sensing Techniques Radar Outline Radar Resolution Radar Range Equation Signal-to-Noise Ratio Doppler Frequency Basic function of an active radar Radar RADAR: Radio Detection and Ranging Detection

More information

Radar Imaging Wavelengths

Radar Imaging Wavelengths A Basic Introduction to Radar Remote Sensing ~~~~~~~~~~ Rev. Ronald J. Wasowski, C.S.C. Associate Professor of Environmental Science University of Portland Portland, Oregon 3 November 2015 Radar Imaging

More information

RADAR REMOTE SENSING

RADAR REMOTE SENSING RADAR REMOTE SENSING Jan G.P.W. Clevers & Steven M. de Jong Chapter 8 of L&K 1 Wave theory for the EMS: Section 1.2 of L&K E = electrical field M = magnetic field c = speed of light : propagation direction

More information

ACTIVE SENSORS RADAR

ACTIVE SENSORS RADAR ACTIVE SENSORS RADAR RADAR LiDAR: Light Detection And Ranging RADAR: RAdio Detection And Ranging SONAR: SOund Navigation And Ranging Used to image the ocean floor (produce bathymetic maps) and detect objects

More information

Microwave Remote Sensing (1)

Microwave Remote Sensing (1) Microwave Remote Sensing (1) Microwave sensing encompasses both active and passive forms of remote sensing. The microwave portion of the spectrum covers the range from approximately 1cm to 1m in wavelength.

More information

LE/ESSE Payload Design

LE/ESSE Payload Design LE/ESSE4360 - Payload Design 3.4 Spacecraft Sensors - Radar Sensors Earth, Moon, Mars, and Beyond Dr. Jinjun Shan, Professor of Space Engineering Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering Room

More information

Introduction Active microwave Radar

Introduction Active microwave Radar RADAR Imaging Introduction 2 Introduction Active microwave Radar Passive remote sensing systems record electromagnetic energy that was reflected or emitted from the surface of the Earth. There are also

More information

Remote Sensing. Ch. 3 Microwaves (Part 1 of 2)

Remote Sensing. Ch. 3 Microwaves (Part 1 of 2) Remote Sensing Ch. 3 Microwaves (Part 1 of 2) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Radar Basics 3.3 Viewing Geometry and Spatial Resolution 3.4 Radar Image Distortions 3.1 Introduction Microwave (1cm to 1m in wavelength)

More information

Synthetic Aperture Radar

Synthetic Aperture Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar Picture 1: Radar silhouette of a ship, produced with the ISAR-Processor of the Ocean Master A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), or SAR, is a coherent mostly airborne or spaceborne

More information

Imaging radar Imaging radars provide map-like coverage to one or both sides of the aircraft.

Imaging radar Imaging radars provide map-like coverage to one or both sides of the aircraft. CEE 6100 / CSS 6600 Remote Sensing Fundamentals 1 Imaging radar Imaging radars provide map-like coverage to one or both sides of the aircraft. Acronyms: RAR real aperture radar ("brute force", "incoherent")

More information

ESCI Cloud Physics and Precipitation Processes Lesson 10 - Weather Radar Dr. DeCaria

ESCI Cloud Physics and Precipitation Processes Lesson 10 - Weather Radar Dr. DeCaria ESCI 340 - Cloud Physics and Precipitation Processes Lesson 10 - Weather Radar Dr. DeCaria References: A Short Course in Cloud Physics, 3rd ed., Rogers and Yau, Ch. 11 Radar Principles The components of

More information

SCANSAR AND SPOTLIGHT IMAGING OPERATION STUDY FOR SAR SATELLITE MISSION

SCANSAR AND SPOTLIGHT IMAGING OPERATION STUDY FOR SAR SATELLITE MISSION SCANSAR AND SPOTLIGHT IMAGING OPERATION STUDY FOR SAR SATELLITE MISSION Bor-Han Wu, Meng-Che Wu and Ming-Hwang Shie National Space Organization, National Applied Research Laboratory, Taiwan *Corresponding

More information

RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging)

RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) CLASSIFICATION OF NONPHOTOGRAPHIC REMOTE SENSORS PASSIVE ACTIVE DIGITAL CAMERA THERMAL (e.g. TIMS) VIDEO CAMERA MULTI- SPECTRAL SCANNERS VISIBLE & NIR MICROWAVE Real

More information

10 Radar Imaging Radar Imaging

10 Radar Imaging Radar Imaging 10 Radar Imaging Active sensors provide their own source of energy to illuminate the target. Active sensors are generally divided into two distinct categories: imaging and non-imaging. The most common

More information

EE 529 Remote Sensing Techniques. Introduction

EE 529 Remote Sensing Techniques. Introduction EE 529 Remote Sensing Techniques Introduction Course Contents Radar Imaging Sensors Imaging Sensors Imaging Algorithms Imaging Algorithms Course Contents (Cont( Cont d) Simulated Raw Data y r Processing

More information

Earth Observation from a Moon based SAR: Potentials and Limitations

Earth Observation from a Moon based SAR: Potentials and Limitations Earth Observation from a Moon based SAR: Potentials and Limitations F. Bovenga 1, M. Calamia 2,3, G. Fornaro 5, G. Franceschetti 4, L. Guerriero 1, F. Lombardini 5, A. Mori 2 1 Politecnico di Bari - Dipartimento

More information

Microwave remote sensing. Rudi Gens Alaska Satellite Facility Remote Sensing Support Center

Microwave remote sensing. Rudi Gens Alaska Satellite Facility Remote Sensing Support Center Microwave remote sensing Alaska Satellite Facility Remote Sensing Support Center 1 Remote Sensing Fundamental The entire range of EM radiation constitute the EM Spectrum SAR sensors sense electromagnetic

More information

ATS 351 Lecture 9 Radar

ATS 351 Lecture 9 Radar ATS 351 Lecture 9 Radar Radio Waves Electromagnetic Waves Consist of an electric field and a magnetic field Polarization: describes the orientation of the electric field. 1 Remote Sensing Passive vs Active

More information

Introduction to Imaging Radar INF-GEO 4310

Introduction to Imaging Radar INF-GEO 4310 Introduction to Imaging Radar INF-GEO 4310 22.9.2011 Literature Contact: yoann.paichard@ffi.no Suggested readings: Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, M.A. Richards, McGraw-Hill, 2005 High Resolution

More information

Fundamental Concepts of Radar

Fundamental Concepts of Radar Fundamental Concepts of Radar Dr Clive Alabaster & Dr Evan Hughes White Horse Radar Limited Contents Basic concepts of radar Detection Performance Target parameters measurable by a radar Primary/secondary

More information

Concept Design of Space-Borne Radars for Tsunami Detection

Concept Design of Space-Borne Radars for Tsunami Detection Concept Design of Space-Borne Radars for Tsunami Detection DLR German Aerospace Agency +Microwaves and Radar Institute *Remote Sensing Institute +Michele Galletti +Gerhard Krieger +Nicolas Marquart +Thomas

More information

EITN90 Radar and Remote Sensing Lecture 2: The Radar Range Equation

EITN90 Radar and Remote Sensing Lecture 2: The Radar Range Equation EITN90 Radar and Remote Sensing Lecture 2: The Radar Range Equation Daniel Sjöberg Department of Electrical and Information Technology Spring 2018 Outline 1 Radar Range Equation Received power Signal to

More information

Radar and Satellite Remote Sensing. Chris Allen, Associate Director Technology Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets The University of Kansas

Radar and Satellite Remote Sensing. Chris Allen, Associate Director Technology Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets The University of Kansas Radar and Satellite Remote Sensing Chris Allen, Associate Director Technology Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets The University of Kansas 2of 43 Outline Background ice sheet characterization Radar

More information

Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing

Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing lain H. Woodhouse The University of Edinburgh Scotland Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis

More information

AN OPTIMAL ANTENNA PATTERN SYNTHESIS FOR ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY SAR BASED ON PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND ADAPTIVE WEIGHT- ING FACTOR

AN OPTIMAL ANTENNA PATTERN SYNTHESIS FOR ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY SAR BASED ON PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND ADAPTIVE WEIGHT- ING FACTOR Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 10, 129 142, 2009 AN OPTIMAL ANTENNA PATTERN SYNTHESIS FOR ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY SAR BASED ON PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND ADAPTIVE WEIGHT- ING FACTOR S.

More information

Radar Reprinted from "Waves in Motion", McGourty and Rideout, RET 2005

Radar Reprinted from Waves in Motion, McGourty and Rideout, RET 2005 Radar Reprinted from "Waves in Motion", McGourty and Rideout, RET 2005 What is Radar? RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) is a way to detect and study far off targets by transmitting a radio pulse in the

More information

A Bistatic HF Radar for Current Mapping and Robust Ship Tracking

A Bistatic HF Radar for Current Mapping and Robust Ship Tracking A Bistatic HF Radar for Current Mapping and Robust Ship Tracking D. B. Trizna Imaging Science Research, Inc. 6103B Virgo Court Burke, VA, 22015 USA Abstract- A bistatic HF radar has been developed for

More information

Session2 Antennas and Propagation

Session2 Antennas and Propagation Wireless Communication Presented by Dr. Mahmoud Daneshvar Session2 Antennas and Propagation 1. Introduction Types of Anttenas Free space Propagation 2. Propagation modes 3. Transmission Problems 4. Fading

More information

Introduction to Radar

Introduction to Radar National Aeronautics and Space Administration ARSET Applied Remote Sensing Training http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov @NASAARSET Introduction to Radar Jul. 16, 2016 www.nasa.gov Objective The objective of this

More information

Antennas and Propagation. Chapter 5

Antennas and Propagation. Chapter 5 Antennas and Propagation Chapter 5 Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic

More information

Lecture Topics. Doppler CW Radar System, FM-CW Radar System, Moving Target Indication Radar System, and Pulsed Doppler Radar System

Lecture Topics. Doppler CW Radar System, FM-CW Radar System, Moving Target Indication Radar System, and Pulsed Doppler Radar System Lecture Topics Doppler CW Radar System, FM-CW Radar System, Moving Target Indication Radar System, and Pulsed Doppler Radar System 1 Remember that: An EM wave is a function of both space and time e.g.

More information

Microwave Remote Sensing

Microwave Remote Sensing Provide copy on a CD of the UCAR multi-media tutorial to all in class. Assign Ch-7 and Ch-9 (for two weeks) as reading material for this class. HW#4 (Due in two weeks) Problems 1,2,3 and 4 (Chapter 7)

More information

11. RADAR REMOTE SENSING

11. RADAR REMOTE SENSING Philpot & Philipson: Remote Sensing Fundamentals Radar 1 11. RADAR REMOTE SENSING 11.1 A bit of history RADAR was initially an acronym standing for RAdio Detection And Ranging 1. Radio waves were first

More information

Ocean SAR altimetry. from SIRAL2 on CryoSat2 to Poseidon-4 on Jason-CS

Ocean SAR altimetry. from SIRAL2 on CryoSat2 to Poseidon-4 on Jason-CS Ocean SAR altimetry from SIRAL2 on CryoSat2 to Poseidon-4 on Jason-CS Template reference : 100181670S-EN L. Phalippou, F. Demeestere SAR Altimetry EGM NOC, Southampton, 26 June 2013 History of SAR altimetry

More information

Ultrasound Beamforming and Image Formation. Jeremy J. Dahl

Ultrasound Beamforming and Image Formation. Jeremy J. Dahl Ultrasound Beamforming and Image Formation Jeremy J. Dahl Overview Ultrasound Concepts Beamforming Image Formation Absorption and TGC Advanced Beamforming Techniques Synthetic Receive Aperture Parallel

More information

Waveform Processing of Nadir-Looking Altimetry Data

Waveform Processing of Nadir-Looking Altimetry Data Waveform Processing of Nadir-Looking Altimetry Data Mònica Roca and Richard Francis ESA/ESTEC Noordwijk The Netherlands Contents 1. the concept 2. introduction 3. the on-board waveform [how the return

More information

Propagation Channels. Chapter Path Loss

Propagation Channels. Chapter Path Loss Chapter 9 Propagation Channels The transmit and receive antennas in the systems we have analyzed in earlier chapters have been in free space with no other objects present. In a practical communication

More information

Antennas and Propagation

Antennas and Propagation Mobile Networks Module D-1 Antennas and Propagation 1. Introduction 2. Propagation modes 3. Line-of-sight transmission 4. Fading Slides adapted from Stallings, Wireless Communications & Networks, Second

More information

Antennas and Propagation. Chapter 5

Antennas and Propagation. Chapter 5 Antennas and Propagation Chapter 5 Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic

More information

VenSAR: A MULTI-FUNCTIONAL S-BAND RADAR FOR THE EnVision MISSION TO VENUS

VenSAR: A MULTI-FUNCTIONAL S-BAND RADAR FOR THE EnVision MISSION TO VENUS VenSAR: A MULTI-FUNCTIONAL S-BAND RADAR FOR THE EnVision MISSION TO VENUS Richard Ghail (1) and David Hall (2) (1) Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom

More information

Lecture 9. Radar Equation. Dr. Aamer Iqbal. Radar Signal Processing Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Lecture 9. Radar Equation. Dr. Aamer Iqbal. Radar Signal Processing Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti Lecture 9 Radar Equation Dr. Aamer Iqbal 1 ystem Losses: Losses within the radar system itself are from many sources. everal are described below. L PL =the plumbing loss. L PO =the polarization loss. L

More information

Remote Sensing 1 Principles of visible and radar remote sensing & sensors

Remote Sensing 1 Principles of visible and radar remote sensing & sensors Remote Sensing 1 Principles of visible and radar remote sensing & sensors Nick Barrand School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, UK Field glaciologist collecting data

More information

SATELLITE OCEANOGRAPHY

SATELLITE OCEANOGRAPHY SATELLITE OCEANOGRAPHY An Introduction for Oceanographers and Remote-sensing Scientists I. S. Robinson Lecturer in Physical Oceanography Department of Oceanography University of Southampton JOHN WILEY

More information

Final Examination. 22 April 2013, 9:30 12:00. Examiner: Prof. Sean V. Hum. All non-programmable electronic calculators are allowed.

Final Examination. 22 April 2013, 9:30 12:00. Examiner: Prof. Sean V. Hum. All non-programmable electronic calculators are allowed. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE 422H1S RADIO AND MICROWAVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS Final Examination

More information

INTRODUCTION TO RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING

INTRODUCTION TO RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING INTRODUCTION TO RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING Christos Ilioudis University of Strathclyde c.ilioudis@strath.ac.uk Overview History of Radar Basic Principles Principles of Measurements Coherent and Doppler Processing

More information

Design of an Airborne SLAR Antenna at X-Band

Design of an Airborne SLAR Antenna at X-Band Design of an Airborne SLAR Antenna at X-Band Markus Limbach German Aerospace Center (DLR) Microwaves and Radar Institute Oberpfaffenhofen WFMN 2007, Markus Limbach, Folie 1 Overview Applications of SLAR

More information

SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, November SAR Maritime Applications. History and Basics

SAR Training Course, MCST, Kalkara, Malta, November SAR Maritime Applications. History and Basics SAR Maritime Applications History and Basics Martin Gade Uni Hamburg, Institut für Meereskunde SAR Maritime Applications Thursday, 13 Nov.: 1 - History & Basics Introduction Radar/SAR History Basics Scatterometer

More information

SAR Remote Sensing (Microwave Remote Sensing)

SAR Remote Sensing (Microwave Remote Sensing) iirs SAR Remote Sensing (Microwave Remote Sensing) Synthetic Aperture Radar Shashi Kumar shashi@iirs.gov.in Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electrical field(e) which

More information

Introduction to Radar Systems. The Radar Equation. MIT Lincoln Laboratory _P_1Y.ppt ODonnell

Introduction to Radar Systems. The Radar Equation. MIT Lincoln Laboratory _P_1Y.ppt ODonnell Introduction to Radar Systems The Radar Equation 361564_P_1Y.ppt Disclaimer of Endorsement and Liability The video courseware and accompanying viewgraphs presented on this server were prepared as an account

More information

Specificities of Near Nadir Ka-band Interferometric SAR Imagery

Specificities of Near Nadir Ka-band Interferometric SAR Imagery Specificities of Near Nadir Ka-band Interferometric SAR Imagery Roger Fjørtoft, Alain Mallet, Nadine Pourthie, Jean-Marc Gaudin, Christine Lion Centre National d Etudes Spatiales (CNES), France Fifamé

More information

Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing

Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Passive remote sensing system record EMR that was reflected (e.g., blue, green, red, and near IR) or emitted (e.g., thermal IR) from the surface of the Earth.

More information

Detection of Targets in Noise and Pulse Compression Techniques

Detection of Targets in Noise and Pulse Compression Techniques Introduction to Radar Systems Detection of Targets in Noise and Pulse Compression Techniques Radar Course_1.ppt ODonnell 6-18-2 Disclaimer of Endorsement and Liability The video courseware and accompanying

More information

The Analysis of the Airplane Flutter on Low Band Television Broadcasting Signal

The Analysis of the Airplane Flutter on Low Band Television Broadcasting Signal The Analysis of the Airplane Flutter on Low Band Television Broadcasting Signal A. Wonggeeratikun 1,2, S. Noppanakeepong 1, N. Leelaruji 1, N. Hemmakorn 1, and Y. Moriya 1 1 Faculty of Engineering and

More information

Antennas and Propagation

Antennas and Propagation Antennas and Propagation Chapter 5 Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic

More information

Range Dependent Turbulence Characterization by Co-operating Coherent Doppler Lidar with Direct Detection Lidar

Range Dependent Turbulence Characterization by Co-operating Coherent Doppler Lidar with Direct Detection Lidar Range Dependent Turbulence Characterization by Co-operating Coherent Doppler idar with Direct Detection idar Sameh Abdelazim(a), David Santoro(b), Mark Arend(b), Sam Ahmed(b), and Fred Moshary(b) (a)fairleigh

More information

Narrow- and wideband channels

Narrow- and wideband channels RADIO SYSTEMS ETIN15 Lecture no: 3 Narrow- and wideband channels Ove Edfors, Department of Electrical and Information technology Ove.Edfors@eit.lth.se 2012-03-19 Ove Edfors - ETIN15 1 Contents Short review

More information

Mesoscale Atmospheric Systems. Radar meteorology (part 1) 04 March 2014 Heini Wernli. with a lot of input from Marc Wüest

Mesoscale Atmospheric Systems. Radar meteorology (part 1) 04 March 2014 Heini Wernli. with a lot of input from Marc Wüest Mesoscale Atmospheric Systems Radar meteorology (part 1) 04 March 2014 Heini Wernli with a lot of input from Marc Wüest An example radar picture What are the axes? What is the resolution? What are the

More information

Radar observables: Target range Target angles (azimuth & elevation) Target size (radar cross section) Target speed (Doppler) Target features (imaging)

Radar observables: Target range Target angles (azimuth & elevation) Target size (radar cross section) Target speed (Doppler) Target features (imaging) Fundamentals of Radar Prof. N.V.S.N. Sarma Outline 1. Definition and Principles of radar 2. Radar Frequencies 3. Radar Types and Applications 4. Radar Operation 5. Radar modes What What is is Radar? Radar?

More information

Tracking of Moving Targets with MIMO Radar

Tracking of Moving Targets with MIMO Radar Tracking of Moving Targets with MIMO Radar Peter W. Moo, Zhen Ding Radar Sensing & Exploitation Section DRDC Ottawa Research Centre Presentation to 2017 NATO Military Sensing Symposium 31 May 2017 waveform

More information

A Bistatic HF Radar for Current Mapping and Robust Ship Tracking

A Bistatic HF Radar for Current Mapping and Robust Ship Tracking A Bistatic HF Radar for Current Mapping and Robust Ship Tracking Dennis Trizna Imaging Science Research, Inc. V. 703-801-1417 dennis @ isr-sensing.com www.isr-sensing.com Objective: Develop methods for

More information

LE/ESSE Payload Design

LE/ESSE Payload Design LE/ESSE4360 - Payload Design 3.2 Spacecraft Sensors Introduction to Sensors Earth, Moon, Mars, and Beyond Dr. Jinjun Shan, Professor of Space Engineering Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering

More information

An Improved DBF Processor with a Large Receiving Antenna for Echoes Separation in Spaceborne SAR

An Improved DBF Processor with a Large Receiving Antenna for Echoes Separation in Spaceborne SAR Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 67, 49 57, 216 An Improved DBF Processor a Large Receiving Antenna for Echoes Separation in Spaceborne SAR Hongbo Mo 1, *,WeiXu 2, and Zhimin Zeng 1 Abstract

More information

FM cw Radar. FM cw Radar is a low cost technique, often used in shorter range applications"

FM cw Radar. FM cw Radar is a low cost technique, often used in shorter range applications 11: FM cw Radar 9. FM cw Radar 9.1 Principles 9.2 Radar equation 9.3 Equivalence to pulse compression 9.4 Moving targets 9.5 Practical considerations 9.6 Digital generation of wideband chirp signals FM

More information

Lecture 6 SIGNAL PROCESSING. Radar Signal Processing Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti. Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Lecture 6 SIGNAL PROCESSING. Radar Signal Processing Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti. Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti Lecture 6 SIGNAL PROCESSING Signal Reception Receiver Bandwidth Pulse Shape Power Relation Beam Width Pulse Repetition Frequency Antenna Gain Radar Cross Section of Target. Signal-to-noise ratio Receiver

More information

SAR Remote Sensing. Introduction into SAR. Data characteristics, challenges, and applications.

SAR Remote Sensing. Introduction into SAR. Data characteristics, challenges, and applications. SAR Remote Sensing Introduction into SAR. Data characteristics, challenges, and applications. PD Dr. habil. Christian Thiel, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena DLR-HR Jena & Friedrich-Schiller-University

More information

Antennas and Propagation

Antennas and Propagation CMPE 477 Wireless and Mobile Networks Lecture 3: Antennas and Propagation Antennas Propagation Modes Line of Sight Transmission Fading in the Mobile Environment Introduction An antenna is an electrical

More information

Channel Modeling and Characteristics

Channel Modeling and Characteristics Channel Modeling and Characteristics Dr. Farid Farahmand Updated:10/15/13, 10/20/14 Line-of-Sight Transmission (LOS) Impairments The received signal is different from the transmitted signal due to transmission

More information

Space-Time Adaptive Processing Using Sparse Arrays

Space-Time Adaptive Processing Using Sparse Arrays Space-Time Adaptive Processing Using Sparse Arrays Michael Zatman 11 th Annual ASAP Workshop March 11 th -14 th 2003 This work was sponsored by the DARPA under Air Force Contract F19628-00-C-0002. Opinions,

More information

Set No.1. Code No: R

Set No.1. Code No: R Set No.1 IV B.Tech. I Semester Regular Examinations, November -2008 RADAR SYSTEMS ( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics & Telematics) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any

More information

ECE 583 Lectures 15 RADAR History and Basics

ECE 583 Lectures 15 RADAR History and Basics ECE 583 Lectures 15 RADAR History and Basics 1 -RADAR - A BIT OF HISTORY The acronym - RADAR is an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging The Start: The thought/concept of using propagating EM waves began

More information

Design and Performance Simulation of a Ku-Band Rotating Fan-Beam Scatterometer

Design and Performance Simulation of a Ku-Band Rotating Fan-Beam Scatterometer Design and Performance Simulation of a Ku-Band Rotating Fan-Beam Scatterometer Xiaolong DONG, Wenming LIN, Di ZHU, (CSSAR/CAS) PO Box 8701, Beijing, 100190, China Tel: +86-10-62582841, Fax: +86-10-62528127

More information

RADAR DEVELOPMENT BASIC CONCEPT OF RADAR WAS DEMONSTRATED BY HEINRICH. HERTZ VERIFIED THE MAXWELL RADAR.

RADAR DEVELOPMENT BASIC CONCEPT OF RADAR WAS DEMONSTRATED BY HEINRICH. HERTZ VERIFIED THE MAXWELL RADAR. 1 RADAR WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR (RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING) IS A WAY TO DETECT AND STUDY FAR OFF TARGETS BY TRANSMITTING A RADIO PULSE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE TARGET AND OBSERVING THE REFLECTION OF THE

More information

CryoSat footprints. Aresys Technical Note. ESA Document REF. Issue 1.1 Date 6 March 2013 Pages 8. Michele Scagliola ARESYS S.r.l

CryoSat footprints. Aresys Technical Note. ESA Document REF. Issue 1.1 Date 6 March 2013 Pages 8. Michele Scagliola ARESYS S.r.l CryoSat footprints Aresys Technical Note ESA Document REF XCRY-GSEG-EOPG-TN-13-0013 Aresys Internal REF SAR-CRY2-TEN-6331 Issue 1.1 Date 6 March 2013 Pages 8 Author Michele Scagliola ARESYS S.r.l Signature

More information

Active Cancellation Algorithm for Radar Cross Section Reduction

Active Cancellation Algorithm for Radar Cross Section Reduction International Journal of Computational Engineering Research Vol, 3 Issue, 7 Active Cancellation Algorithm for Radar Cross Section Reduction Isam Abdelnabi Osman, Mustafa Osman Ali Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzebaidi

More information

Physics 202, Lecture 28

Physics 202, Lecture 28 Physics 202, Lecture 28 Today s Topics Michelson Interferometer iffraction Single Slit iffraction Multi-Slit Interference iffraction on Circular Apertures The Rayleigh Criterion Wave Superposition Using

More information

DOPPLER RADAR. Doppler Velocities - The Doppler shift. if φ 0 = 0, then φ = 4π. where

DOPPLER RADAR. Doppler Velocities - The Doppler shift. if φ 0 = 0, then φ = 4π. where Q: How does the radar get velocity information on the particles? DOPPLER RADAR Doppler Velocities - The Doppler shift Simple Example: Measures a Doppler shift - change in frequency of radiation due to

More information

Change detection in cultural landscapes

Change detection in cultural landscapes 9-11 November 2015 ESA-ESRIN, Frascati (Rome), Italy 3 rd ESA-EARSeL Course on Remote Sensing for Archaeology Day 3 Change detection in cultural landscapes DeodatoTapete (1,2) & Francesca Cigna (1,2) (1)

More information

Remote sensing of the oceans Active sensing

Remote sensing of the oceans Active sensing Remote sensing of the oceans Active sensing Gravity Sea level Ocean tides Low frequency motion Scatterometry SAR http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/campaign_docs/ocdst/what_is_ocean_color.html Shape of the earth

More information

# DEFINITIONS TERMS. 2) Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. Electromagnetic wave

# DEFINITIONS TERMS. 2) Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. Electromagnetic wave CHAPTER 14 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION # DEFINITIONS TERMS 1) Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio propagation. Free-space 2) Electrical

More information

PALSAR SCANSAR SCANSAR Interferometry

PALSAR SCANSAR SCANSAR Interferometry PALSAR SCANSAR SCANSAR Interferometry Masanobu Shimada Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Earth Observation Research Center ALOS PI symposium, Greece Nov. 6 2008 1 Introduction L-band PALSAR strip mode

More information

A bluffer s guide to Radar

A bluffer s guide to Radar A bluffer s guide to Radar Andy French December 2009 We may produce at will, from a sending station, an electrical effect in any particular region of the globe; (with which) we may determine the relative

More information

Interpreting Digital RADAR Images

Interpreting Digital RADAR Images R A D A R Introduction to Interpreting Digital Radar Images I N T E R P R E T Interpreting Digital RADAR Images with TNTmips page 1 Before Getting Started Airborne and satellite radar systems are versatile

More information

Antennas & Propagation. CSG 250 Fall 2007 Rajmohan Rajaraman

Antennas & Propagation. CSG 250 Fall 2007 Rajmohan Rajaraman Antennas & Propagation CSG 250 Fall 2007 Rajmohan Rajaraman Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors o Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space o Reception

More information

Lecture 12: Curvature and Refraction Radar Equation for Point Targets (Rinehart Ch3-4)

Lecture 12: Curvature and Refraction Radar Equation for Point Targets (Rinehart Ch3-4) MET 4410 Remote Sensing: Radar and Satellite Meteorology MET 5412 Remote Sensing in Meteorology Lecture 12: Curvature and Refraction Radar Equation for Point Targets (Rinehart Ch3-4) Radar Wave Propagation

More information

Bistatic/Monostatic Synthetic Aperture Radar for Ice Sheet Measurements

Bistatic/Monostatic Synthetic Aperture Radar for Ice Sheet Measurements Bistatic/Monostatic Snthetic Aperture Radar for Ice Sheet Measurements John Paden MS Thesis Defense April 18, 003 Committee Chairperson: Dr. Chris Allen Committee Members: Dr. Prasad Gogineni Dr. Glenn

More information

9. Microwaves. 9.1 Introduction. Safety consideration

9. Microwaves. 9.1 Introduction. Safety consideration MW 9. Microwaves 9.1 Introduction Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths of the order of 1 mm to 1 m, or equivalently, with frequencies from 0.3 GHz to 0.3 THz, are commonly known as microwaves, sometimes

More information

SCIRoCCo Scatterometry Glossary

SCIRoCCo Scatterometry Glossary Scatterometry Prepared by: The Team: Change register Version/Rev. Date Reason for Change Changes 1.0 08/05/2014 First Release. Preliminary version 1.1 20/02/2015 4 th bi-monthly Report Review Contributions

More information

Coherent Marine Radar. Measurements of Ocean Wave Spectra and Surface Currents

Coherent Marine Radar. Measurements of Ocean Wave Spectra and Surface Currents Measurements of Ocean Wave Spectra and Surface Currents Dennis Trizna Imaging Science Research, Inc. dennis @ isr-sensing.com Presentation Outline: Introduction: Standard Marine Radar vs. Single Image

More information

Basic Radar Definitions Introduction p. 1 Basic relations p. 1 The radar equation p. 4 Transmitter power p. 9 Other forms of radar equation p.

Basic Radar Definitions Introduction p. 1 Basic relations p. 1 The radar equation p. 4 Transmitter power p. 9 Other forms of radar equation p. Basic Radar Definitions Basic relations p. 1 The radar equation p. 4 Transmitter power p. 9 Other forms of radar equation p. 11 Decibel representation of the radar equation p. 13 Radar frequencies p. 15

More information

SAR AUTOFOCUS AND PHASE CORRECTION TECHNIQUES

SAR AUTOFOCUS AND PHASE CORRECTION TECHNIQUES SAR AUTOFOCUS AND PHASE CORRECTION TECHNIQUES Chris Oliver, CBE, NASoftware Ltd 28th January 2007 Introduction Both satellite and airborne SAR data is subject to a number of perturbations which stem from

More information

THE NASA/JPL AIRBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SYSTEM. Yunling Lou, Yunjin Kim, and Jakob van Zyl

THE NASA/JPL AIRBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SYSTEM. Yunling Lou, Yunjin Kim, and Jakob van Zyl THE NASA/JPL AIRBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SYSTEM Yunling Lou, Yunjin Kim, and Jakob van Zyl Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive, MS 300-243 Pasadena,

More information

UNIT Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation?

UNIT Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation? UNIT 8 1. Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation? Fundamental Equation for Free Space Propagation Consider the transmitter power (P t ) radiated uniformly in all the directions (isotropic),

More information

Optical Remote Sensing with Coherent Doppler Lidar

Optical Remote Sensing with Coherent Doppler Lidar Optical Remote Sensing with Coherent Doppler Lidar Part 1: Background and Doppler Lidar Hardware Mike Hardesty 1, Sara Tucker 2, Alan Brewer 1 1 CIRES-NOAA Atmospheric Remote Sensing Group Earth System

More information

Index 275. K Ka-band, 250, 259 Knowledge-based concepts, 110

Index 275. K Ka-band, 250, 259 Knowledge-based concepts, 110 Index A Acquisition planning, 225 Across-track, 30, 41, 88, 90 93 Across-track interferometry, 30 Along-track, 3, 10, 19, 41, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 103 Along-track interferometry, 41 Ambiguous elevation

More information

Enhancing space situational awareness using passive radar from space based emitters of opportunity

Enhancing space situational awareness using passive radar from space based emitters of opportunity Tracking Space Debris Craig Benson School of Engineering and IT Enhancing space situational awareness using passive radar from space based emitters of opportunity Space Debris as a Problem Debris is fast

More information

Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 12 Clutter Rejection

Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 12 Clutter Rejection Radar Systems Engineering Lecture 12 Clutter Rejection Part 1 - Basics and Moving Target Indication Dr. Robert M. O Donnell Guest Lecturer Radar Systems Course 1 Block Diagram of Radar System Transmitter

More information