EE 308: Microcontrollers
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1 EE 308: Microcontrollers Timers Aly El-Osery Electrical Engineering Department New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro, New Mexico, USA April 2, 2018 Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
2 Analog signals One of the key uses of microcontrollers is to use input signals and perform controls tasks based on the measured value. In many cases these are analog, e.g, temperature speed sound light Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
3 Analog-to-digital converter Microcontrollers are inherently digital. Therefore we need to convert analog signals to digital Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
4 Analog-to-digital converter Microcontrollers are inherently digital. Therefore we need to convert analog signals to digital ADC Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
5 ADC overview There are three main components in dealing with analog signals on digital systems Sampling Quantization Encoding Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
6 Basic operation 1 At the desired time, input voltage is divided into 2 n parts where n is the number of bits 2 During the conversion process, a sample and hold circuit is used to prevent the value from changing 3 The conversion results into a mapping to a binary value Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
7 Key parameters Resolution number of bits n LSB represents the distinguishable voltage LSB = V REF 2 n (1) Conversion time time required to convert a number and represents the minimum sampling period Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
8 ADC conversion result ADC = V in 1024 V REF (2) Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
9 ADC conversion result Value is dependent on the reference voltage. ADC = V in 1024 V REF (2) Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
10 ADC conversion result ADC = V in 1024 V REF (2) Value is dependent on the reference voltage. If battery powered, value may change as the battery voltage drops Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
11 Shannon s sampling theorem To avoid aliasing the maximum signal frequency that can be handled is given by F max F s 2 = 1 2T s (3) where F max is the maximum frequency of the input signal, F s is the sampling frequency, and T s is the sampling period. Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
12 ADC types Flash Successive approximation Sigma delta Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
13 Error types Quantization: there are only finite levels to approximate the input signal to, resulting in ±0.5 lsb quantization max error Gain error: inconsistency in step size Differential non-linearity: non constant variation in step size Integral non-linearity: deviation of the mid point after compensation for other errors Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
14 ADC features 10-bit Resolution 0.5 LSB Integral Non-Linearity ±2 LSB Absolute Accuracy µs Conversion Time Up to 15kSPS at Maximum Resolution 8 Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels Differential mode with selectable gain at 1x, 10x or 200x ADC Input Voltage Range 2.7V - V cc Differential ADC Voltage Range Selectable 2.56V or 1.1V ADC Reference Voltage Free Running or Single Conversion Mode Interrupt on ADC Conversion Complete Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
15 Registers ADMUX multiplexer selection register channel selection and gain ADLAR ADC left adjust REFSn reference selection ADCSRA control and status register A ADEN ADC enable ADSC start conversion ADATE auto trigger enable ADIF interrupt flag ADIE interrupt enable ADCL & ADCH low and high byte ADC value ADCSRB control and status register B ADTSn auto trigger source Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
16 Bit alignment The ATmega1284 s ADC is 10-bits, therefore needs two registers which result in 16 bits. The microcontroller offers two ways to store the 10-bit number into two registers ADCL & ADCH Left justified Right justified Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
17 Voltage reference Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
18 Conversion time Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
19 Operation modes Single conversion starts by writing 0 to power reduction adc bit in PRR0, then writing 1 to the ADC start conversion bit in the ADCSRA register Automatically triggered on positive edge of the trigger signal, the ADC prescaler is reset and conversion starts. If ADC interrupt flag is used as the trigger, a new conversion will start automatically once the current one is finished. Aly El-Osery (NMT) EE 308: Microcontrollers April 2, / 16
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