Nicola Tesla UNPLUGGED OBJECTIVE

Transcription

1 Wireless Energy Transmission Nicola Tesla UNPLUGGED by Nick Simos Ph.D. P.E. Senior Scienis Brookhaven Naional Laboraory OBJECTIVE By saying wihin he framework of he acceped governing physics laws: Aemp o arrive o an undersanding of how Tesla conceived and planned WIRELESS Energy Transmission a his Shoreham Experimenal Saion In paricular ry o undersand he Principles & his Mehods The objecive is NOT o prove or disprove his ideas BUT raher o undersand wha he was afer Aim is o seer clear from convolued conceps which afer all have hur raher han helped N. Tesla s scienific conribuions and repuaion 1

2 Resonance... and N.TESLA a cornersone of his work Heraclius: τα παντα ρει... or everyhing is in moion and Tesla undersood ha everyhing oscillaes earh fields elecric mechanical ec. Finally N. Tesla in he company of pioneers and immoral scieniss Gerhard Krisensson 01 Lund January 30 01

3 Some Background Maxwell Equaions... and TESLA While hese form he basis of our undersanding of elecromagneism we also accep ha inconsisencies boh mahemaical and physical MAY EXIST in hem Semming from Abrup changes or DISCONTINUITIES no everyhing is smooh In an effor o undersand wha Tesla had in mind resoring o some mahemaical formulaions and Maxwell Equaion soluions will unavoidable Kep o a minimum bu necessary as a maer of record In all we will NOT DEVIATE from he Maxwell Equaions Domain no new physics Try o explain everyhing saring every ime from he universally acceped Maxwell governing relaions Maxwell Equaions...? Wha are hey? 3

4 Maxwell s Equaions: Ingenious way of explaining he connecion beween elecric and magneic fields elecric field E and magneic field B B E = μ Faraday' s Law E B = J + ε Ampere Law ρν E = Gauss Law ε B = 0 Gauss Law magneism ρ v is volume elecric charge densiy J is he elecric curren densiy ε is he permiiviy and μ is he permeabiliy All is smooh and easy UNTIL one ges close o abrup elecric and magneic sources Classical Maxwell equaions are supposed o be saisfied poin-wise a any insan of ime. Therefore disconinuous or diverging soluions are no allowed BUT.. When elecromagneic fields vary wih ime we can re-arrange and decouple hese relaions and express hem in forms ha describe propagaion of waves E r 1 J ΔE r εμ = ρ r + μ r ε B r ΔB r εμ =μ J r Transverse waves Herz ype An anenna radiaes high frequency ransverse elecromagneic waves as shown Bu is i all Herz-ype?. No necessarily! Can oher ypes of waves be generaed and propagaed? Longiudinal waves? Tesla be on i will revisi he poin 4

5 To undersand how Tesla while remaining rue o he Maxwell governing principles concepualized and pursued his goals we need o go back and sar a Colorado Springs Tesla a Colorado Springs Pre-cursor o Wardenclyffe Wha did he do here? Wha did he observe? How relevan o his work in Wardenclyffe Shoreham? 5

6 Wha did he do here? A. Wirelessly ransmied elecric pulses o large disances B. Observed he undiminished reurn of an elecric pulse which he speculaed raveled o he anipode and back There has been speculaion ha wha Tesla did he excied was resonances of he Schumann Caviy bu did he? in his words: "This mode of conveying elecrical energy o a disance is no 'wireless' in he popular sense bu a ransmission hrough a conducor and one which is incomparably more perfec han any arificial one. All impedimens of conducion arise from confinemen of he elecric and magneic fluxes o narrow channels. The globe is free of such cramping and impedimens... Some Background on he Caviy Earh and Ionosphere boh conducing capacior-like or a caviy ha can resonae Pleny is happening in he space beween: Elecric field beween his spherical capacior exhibis characerisic modes when excied Elecrical discharges can excie hem lighning is a broadband or whie noise exciaion exciing all he modes in he caviy BUT why is i imporan? I proves ha cerain elecromagneic ypes EXIST i.e. longiudinal ELF and VLF waves Source: Wikipedia 6

7 Schumann Resonances Earh Breahing STANDING waves modes-like are formed in he caviy which funcions like a wave guide Solving he CLASSICAL Maxwell Equaions one can arrive a he conclusion ha boh Longiudinal and Transverse Modes or sanding waves are presen in he caviy Longiudinal ~ Caviy mean radius Transverse ~ Caviy heigh orders of magniude difference beween eigenfrequencies ELF Hz and VLF 0-10 khz waves or resonances develop. These are considered LONGITUDINAL Modes Lighning or man-made discharges can EXCITE hese modes and especially hose considered Exremely Low Frequency ELF including he 7.83 Hz mode Prof. O. Schumann around 195 mahemaically esimaed he 7.83 Hz mode ha was soon afer 1954 confirmed wih measuremens Bu wai a second.. 7

8 According o Wikipedia: The firs documened observaions of global elecromagneic resonance were made by Nikola Tesla a his Colorado Springs laboraory in The observaions led o cerain conclusions abou he elecrical properies of he Earh and which made he basis for his idea of wireless energy ransmission. Tesla researched ways o ransfer power wirelessly over long disances via ransverse and longiudinal waves ransmiing ELF hrough he earh and as well as beween he Earh s surface and he Kennelly-Heaviside layer sanding waves. Making calculaions based on he experimens Tesla discovered ha he resonan frequency of he Earh was ~8 Hz. In he 1950 s researchers confirmed ha he resonan frequency of he Earh s ionospheric caviy was in ha range laer named he Schumann resonance Quoe: Physicis Nikola Tesla back in 1890 s was FIRST o experimen wih he CAVITY powerful discharges emulaing lighning and exciing ELF waves based on which he discovered he resonance frequency of he earh a 8 Hz. Unforunaely Tesla was before his ime and his discoveries were no aken seriously Wireless Transmission wih Schumann Resonances? No quie FEASIBLE here is why: Spherical waves in Caviy or Modes Small Q-facor raio elecric field energy sored in caviy per cycle/average power inpu While Tesla undersood he Caviy effec and assessed is fundamenal resonance he did no ride hese resonances o wirelessly ransfer elecric pulses. So wha did Tesla excie a Colorado Springs? He disurbed he earh s elecric field or blanke wih exreme elecric discharges Elecrically excie receivers a grea disances Observed he undiminished elecric pulses reurn from anipode Deermined a DIFFERENT frequency no he 8 Hz Schumann fundamenal resonance which will guide his wireless ransmission conceps Deermined ha ime required for ransmied pulse o ravel o he anipode and back is seconds fundamenal earh resonance frequency of Hz Elecromagneic waves a hese frequencies!!! ELF & VLF shown in Schumann Caviy 8

9 Tesla quoing: Power would be ransmied by creaing "sanding waves" in he earh by charging he earh wih a gian elecrical oscillaor ha would make he earh vibrae elecrically in he same way a bell vibraes mechanically when i is sruck wih a hammer...." 9

10 Tesla a Shoreham Wireless power ransmission From Colorado Springs o Shoreham Fundamenal principles underlying Tesla's wireless energy ransmission: wha he couned on 1. Low frequency alernaing curren can be ransmied hrough he earh wih low loss ne resisance beween earh s anipodes <1 ohm. Low frequency high volage alernaing curren via elecric displacemens by a elecrosaic inducion b elecrical conducion or a combinaion of he wo 3. Earh s naurally exising elecrosaic poenial elecrosaic field V poenial wih ionosphere Downward direced E-field of abou 100 V/m near surface abiliy o creae disurbances in his charge as annular disorion of he background elecric field AIMED AT TWO Mehods or Circui Types namely OPEN CIRCUIT Earh Resonance CLOSED Circui Amospheric Conducion 10

11 How do his wo conceps work? CENTRAL o Tesla s conceps is he Capacior Principle He is envisioning however a capacior of enormous proporions In a ypical capacior energy indeed ransfers wirelessly across he wo plaes hrough he dielecric AC curren jumps he gap ha is beween 1/6-1/ wavelengh. Because AC frequencies are high wavelenghs are small so GAP is small In Tesla s model he wo disan elevaed erminals are elecrically coupled ogeher in a manner similar o he ransfer of elecrical energy beween wo closely spaced capacior plaes bu a disances grealy exceeding 1/6-1/ wavelengh His concep/model a firs glance considered o be inconsisen wih mainsream physics UNLESS differen ypes of waves beween he plaes can be excied!!!!! Need o have receiving capacior plae o resonae wih is counerpar Capacior plaes TESLA Coil and Sysem: Wha is i? A capacior and some oher suff!!! Medium beween Tesla coils or owers The wireless sysem is comprised of wo sympaheically uned elecrical oscillaors RF power supply conneced o a grounded op-loaded helical resonaor Disance apar many wavelengh's unlike capacior!!! Primary power in and secondary coils Primary coil conneced o power source Secondary pancake coil and connecor o capacior plae: high volage and seleced frequency harmonic of Hz Ionizaion of air beween capacior plaes: exciaion of LF longiudinal modes or waves 11

12 high-volage elevaed erminal Tesla s Earh RESONANCE Mehod 1

13 Open Circui working principle Earh Resonance Mehod A Tesla coil earh resonance ransmier creaes a local disurbance in he earh s charge He is now zooming-in o no simply excie he earh s elecric field wih a broadband source BUT wih a source ha operaes a some harmonic of he earh field-resonance ~11.78Hz Such source is he basis of Tesla's earh resonance mehod. The receiver from he wo Tesla coils is Passive Earh s elecric field resonance will provide he synchronizaion of he receiver!!! Recall ha Tesla esimaed ha he fundamenal earh resonance frequency is of he order Hz. Tha came from his Colorado Springs work! So here is he connecion! Governing Principles in Resonance Mehod Medium beween uning forks ransmier and receiver is AIR Sound compression waves propagae in he medium Medium beween similar coils ransmier and receiver? Types of waves i can suppor VLF ELF Longiudinal waves??? no Herzian debae Energy ransfers beween ransmier and receiver If he characerisic one of fork B is differen han A NOTHING happens!!! 13

14 How will Tesla s Resonance Sysem look like? Receiver will be uned ransmier and will be excied by he field disorion iself excied by he ransmier a he same frequency Same hing only elecrically Open Circui working principle Earh Resonance Mehod coninued Sysem MUST operae a some harmonic of he earh-resonance frequency ~11.78Hz Receiver waiing o be SYMPATHETICALLY acivaed once i does NEEDS o draw load ransfer of energy. Success of he mehod rides on he abiliy of he ransmier o excie and induce waves in he medium beween hem OTHER han of he Herz-ype Le s go back o Maxwell s Equaions and ake a closer look 14

15 Longiudinal and Transverse Waves START from he fac ha any vecor field finie uniform coninuous can spli ino longiudinal and ransverse fields F = F + F F F = 0 = 0 D = ρ r D = longiudinal elecric exciaion E = longiudinal elecric field Maxwell equaion for he long. par of elecric displacemen field Which afer some mahemaical manipulaions leads o: D r = E r = 1 4π 1 4πε r r' ρ r' r r' r r' ρ r' r r' 3 3 d r' 3 3 d r' Source: J. Nisch e al Equivalen Circui Mehod Longiudinal and Transverse Waves 1 r r' E r = r' 4 ρ πε r r' 3 d r 3 ' Above is an ineresing finding which says ha he longiudinal elecric displacemen D and elecric srengh E are fully coupled o he insananeous Coulomb charge!!! Or whaever he SOURCE is doing a r he field is doing a r : Tha is CRUCIAL!!!! E r ρ r' If he source is oscillaing wih a frequency f so will any poin on he domain receiver will oscillae sympaheically a he same frequency which is made o be idenical o ha of he ransmier 15

16 16 Parenhesis Aemp o see if he ypes of waves Tesla was couning on can be generaed 1 r J B r B r r J r E r E r = Δ + = Δ μ εμ μ ρ ε εμ Ineresing soluions due o charge/curren singulariies Consider one of he wave-like equaions z y x E r E r c = Δ τ ζ η δ ξ Laplace ransform on τ In 3-D space r c e E z y x c r re c s re s c r rr = = + /4 ; ; / / ] / [ π ζ η δ ξ r c c r E = ]/4 / [ π δ τ 0 1 { r c c E = τ π c r c r < > τ In -D space

17 Near-field a and wave-zone effecs Herzian Oscillaor Dipole Anenna A poin P wih a saionary posiive charge +e and an oscillaing negaive charge e abou P forming a dipole Herzian Oscillaor generae wha we know as Herzian waves The field produced omi derivaion from Maxwell s equaions E e f[ R1 p&& ] R1 r1 + 4π R 4 π c R = Near-field Wave-zone So even an oscillaing dipole induces a near field!!!! Le s revisi he soluion from a discharge ha Tesla was doing in Colorado Springs E=δ [ τ r/ c]/4π c r From singular discharge Radially expanding hin spherical shell E e f[ R1 p&& ] R1 r1 + 4π R 4 π c R = From oscillaing dipole Well wha is under debae is how far from he source inducing he elecromagneic waves he wo ypes separae I can be said ha i depends on he disurbance or source-ype 17

18 RECEIVER Responding INSTANTLY? I can only happen if he Transmier EXCITES a mode of he field sanding wave ONLY hen he field will be disurbed insanly!!! and Tesla AIMED a exacly ha: Hence RIDE he fundamenal mode of he earh elecric charge field OR a muliple harmonic of i Tesla s ATMOSPHERIC CONDUCTION Mehod Closed Circui Mehod 18

19 Amospheric Conducion elecrosaic inducion insead of rue conducion Elecrical displacemen or he passage of elecrical energy hrough space oher han he applicaion of volage poenial high volage and low curren Wha will he sysem look-like: ionosphere Tesla coil ransmier Ionized pah connecing he ransmier upper amosphere Ionosphere Ionized pah connecing he upper amosphere back down o receiving locaion Tesla Coil receiver Closed circui is compleed wih curren back o he ransmier hrough he earh high curren and low volage DETAILS of he Amospheric Conducion Mehod An oscillaing elecric field is induced by High Poenial RF curren applied o he HELICAL Resonaor of a Tesla coil oscillaing magneic field oscillaing elecric field A plasma sae is formed in he High Volage Terminal capacior plae making i conducive Curren is pushed in he o vols line creaed o he upper sraa high volage will minimize loss due o plasma ransmission-line resisance An ionizing beam of ulraviole radiaion will also form a high-volage plasma ransmission line If a plasma sae is induced in he upper roposphere par of he scheme hen ha becomes a conducor End resul is a flow of rue conducion currens beween ransmier and receiver The process relies on plasma waves developing in he ionized region beween he wo erminals elecrosaic waves or magneo-hydrodynamic waves Curren back hrough he earh One can see a purely conducion mehod and a hybrid one par conducive par inducive 19

20 Longiudinal Waves and Maxwell Equaions Elecrosaic or magneo-hydrodynamic plasma wave model Elecrosaic Waves K. T. McDonald An Elecrosaic Wave Asserion: A ime-varying purely ELECTRIC field Er can exis and propagae as a longiudinal wave WITHOUT coupling o a ime-varying magneic field B = Bu under he Condiions: Elecric Displacemen D is zero in a plasma medium0 These Longiudinal elecric waves can coexis wih background elecrosaic and magneo-saic fields i E = E xe ˆ x E = V Ex V = i e k ρ = P kxω i kxω E = B E = = 0 c P = volume densiy of elecric momens D = Elecric Displacemen of Long. Wave ρ = charge densiy Maxwell Equaions E = 4πρ E P = 4π Condiion : D = E + 4πP = 0 Furher analysis reveals ha he longiudinal waves can only have he plasma frequencies! We did observe he same in he separaion of ransverse and longiudinal waves of Maxwell s equaions So wha happens a he receiving end...? COUPLED Transmier and Receiver Transmier feels he load in he receiver ENERGY SUCKING ANTENNAS and TESLA Parallelism wih ATOMS 1 Am srongly ineracing wih LIGHT 5000 Am wavelengh Flood he amosphere wih sanding waves ionosphere keeps mos of his EM energy from escaping ino space hen a small resonaor can grab significan waage righ ou of he air effecive disk in figure hp://amasci.com/esla/escv.hml A small resonaor can produce an exensive and inense AC field of is own and can ac as an "EM funnel" simple deskop experimens demonsraed i!!! This is "circuiry" where wavelengh is huge and circuis are small As one said: This is probably he concep ha pu ha "Mona Lisa grin" on phoographs of old Nikola. And ha winkle in his eye... 0

21 How Feasible or Workable is Tesla s Conceps? Resonance or Open Circui Mehod: Tesla s model involves wo very disan elecrically coupled elevaed erminals capacior plaes in a manner similar o he ransfer of elecrical energy beween wo closely spaced capacior plaes in a ypical AC circui bu a disances grealy exceeding 1/6-1/ wavelengh This model considered o be inconsisen wih a basic ene of mainsream physics relaed o he scalar derivaives of he elecromagneic poenials So we hough BUT Wiriciy is proving o be oherwise MIT ess and Resonan Inducive Coupling disances > ¼ wavelengh maybe no he disances Tesla envisioned BUT much greaer han wha was hough as he hreshold of a capacior Amospheric Conducion or Closed Circui Mehod: Model has no inconsisencies I also involves wo very disan elecrically coupled elevaed erminals capacior plaes ha are boh acive and rely on in elecrosaic inducion alone I also involves he ionizaion of he space beween he wo capacior plaes which in urn being in a sae of plasma will permi ELF and VLF waves While consisen i may be impracical for is size. Maybe! 1

22 In his own words... Le he fuure ell he ruh and evaluae each one according o his work and accomplishmens. The presen is heirs; he fuure for which I have really worked is mine. Nikola Tesla I is possible hen ha our fuure already lies in our pas... all we need o do is coninue connecing he dos

23 Links and Resources TESLA Science Cener a Wardenclyffe Tesla Sociey of USA and Canada J. Nisch F. Gronwald G. Wollenberg Equivalen Circui Mehod Wiley 3