Waveguides GATE Problems

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1 Waveguides GATE Problems One Mark Questions. The interior of a cm cm rectangular waveguide is completely 3 4 filled with a dielectric of r 4. Waves of free space wave length shorter than..can be propagated in the TE mode. [GATE: 994: Mark] Soln. The inside dimension of waveguide is given. For Rectangular waveguide a 20 3 cm, b 20 4 cm Where a and b are wide and narrow dimensions of the waveguide. Waveguide is filled with dielectric of r 4 Velocity of propagation, v μ Cut off frequency for rectangular waveguide is given by f c v 2π ( mπ a ) 2 + ( nπ b ) 2 Where m and n are half wave variations in wide and narrow dimensions of waveguide. Velocity of propagation in dielectric is given by v μ 0 0 r 4. 5 m 08 s cm/s Since mode is TE Thus m and n f c 2 ( 3 20 ) 2 + ( 4 20 ) Hz

2 Hz. 875 GHz Cut off wavelength λ C in the medium can be written as λ C v f c cm Thus the waves with free space wavelengths shorter than 8 cm wavelength can be propagated, λ c 8 cm 2. A rectangular air filled waveguide has a cross section of 4 cm 0 cm The minimum frequency which can propagation in the waveguide is (a).5 GHz (c) 2.5 GHz (b) 2.0 GHz (d) 3.0 GHz [GATE 997: Mark] Soln. Given, A rectangular waveguide air filled with a 0 cm, b 4 cm Waveguide acts as a high pass filter with cut off frequency of f c 2π μ. ( mπ 2 a ) + ( nπ 2 b ) For air filled waveguide c m/sec μ 0 0 Here m and n are integers representing TEmn or TMmn modes. Least values of m and n for TE mode are

3 m and n0 representing TE 0 mode, which is known as dominant mode having largest wavelength and lowest cut off frequency. Thus, f c Hz Option (a). 5 GHz 3. Indicate which one of the following modes do NOT exist in a rectangular resonant cavity (a) TE 0 (c) TM 0 (b) TE 0 (d) MT [GATE 999: Mark] Soln. In the present problem we have to find the modes TEmnp / TMmnp that do not exist in rectangular cavity with dimensions a, b and d. The integer m, n and p represent half wave variations in x, y and z directions. For TEmnp mode H z H 0z cos ( mπx ) cos (mπy) sin (pπz a b d ) Dominant mode present is TE0 For TMmnp E z E 0z sin ( mπ a x) sin (nπ b y) cos (pπ d z) TM mode with lowest integer present is TM0 The TE0 mode does not exist in rectangular cavity resonator as the lowest value of last subscript should be for the TE mode to exist Option (a)

4 4. The phase velocity of waves propagation in hollow metal waveguide is (a) Greater than velocity of light in free space (b) Less than velocity of light in free space (c) Equal to velocity of light in free space (d) Equal to group velocity [GATE 200: Mark] Soln. The velocity of propagation in the bounded medium (i.e. say a rectangular waveguide) is given by v p c ( f c f ) 2 Where c velocity of propagation in unbounded media (free space) fc cut off frequency f Frequency of operation Say, for TE0 mode f > f c From the above equation. We find v p > c Phase velocity is the velocity with which wave propagates. Note that the velocity with which energy propagates in waveguide is less than phase velocity. Option (c) 5. The dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide is TE 0 because this mode has (a) No attenuation (b) No cut off (c) No magnetic field component (d) The highest cut off wavelength [GATE 200: Mark]

5 Soln. The dominant mode in rectangular waveguide is TE0. This mode has the lowest cutoff frequency (fc) and the highest cutoff wavelength λ C ( 2a) out off all the TEmn and TMmn modes. Option (d) 6. The phase velocity for the TE 0 mode in an air filled rectangular waveguide is (a) Less than c (c) Greater than c (b) Equal to c (d) None of the above [GATE 2002: Mark] Soln. This problem is similar to problem of GATE 200 (problem 4) Phase velocity (v p ) > c μ m/s Where c is velocity of plane waves in free space Option (c) 7. The phase velocity of an electrometric wave propagating in a hollow metallic rectangular waveguide in the TE 0 mode is (a) Equal to its group velocity (b) Less than velocity of light in free space (c) Equal to the velocity of light in free space (d) Greater than the velocity of light in free space [GATE 2004: Mark] Soln. This problem is also similar to problem No. 4 and 5 Phase velocity is greater than velocity of light in free space Option (d)

6 8. Refractive index of glass is.5 Find the wavelength of a beam of light with a frequency of 0 4 Hz in glass. Assume velocity of light m/s is vacuum. (a) 3 µm (b) 3 µm Soln. Given, Refractive index of glass n.5 Frequency of light beam f 0 4 Hz Velocity of light in Vacuum c m/s Refractive index of medium is given by (c) 2 µm (d) µm [GATE 2005: Mark] n c v Velocity of em wave in free space Velocity of light in medium or, v c n m/s v fλ or, λ v f Option (c) m 2 μm 9. Which of the following statement is true regarding the fundamental mode of the metallic waveguides shown P: Coaxial Q: Cylindrical R: Rectangular

7 (a) Only P has no cut off frequency (b) Only Q has no cut off frequency (c) Only R has no cut off frequency (d) All three have cut off frequency Soln. Transmission media such as (i) (ii) (iii) [GATE 2009: Mark] Two wire line Coaxial line Parallel plane waveguide (for TM modes) having two plates as conductor These media have no cut off frequency(f c 0).The wave propagated is called principal wave. This is also known as Transverse Electromagnetic wave (TEM) wave. Thus, Coaxial line shown in P has no cut off frequency i. e. f c 0 Cylindrical waveguide shown in figure Q and rectangular waveguide shown in R, are the single conductor system having cut off frequency, fc, which depends upon the dimensions of the cross section and characteristic of the medium in the wave guide. Option (a) 0. The modes of rectangular waveguide are denoted by TE mn / TM mn when m and n are Eigen numbers along the larger and smaller dimensions of the waveguide respectively. Which one of the following statement is true. (a) The TM 0 mode of waveguide does not exist. (b) The TE 0 mode of waveguide does not exist. (c) The TM 0 and TE 0 modes both exist and have same cut off frequency. (d) The TM 0 and TE 0 modes both exist and have same cut off frequency [GATE 20: Mark] Soln. In a rectangular waveguide the lowest value of m or n for TM mode is unity So the lowest TM mode is TM ( TM0 or TM0 modes do not exist.) For TE mode, TE0 and TE0 modes exist.

8 The lowest order TE mode is TE0. This mode has the lowest cut off frequency and is called the dominant mode. If we look to various options given we find Option (a). Consider an air filled rectangular waveguide with a cross section of 5 cm 3 cm. For this waveguide, the cut off frequency (in MHz) of TE 2 mode is [GATE 204: Mark] Soln. For air filled rectangular waveguide the cut off frequency is given by f c For TE2 mode [( mπ 2 2π μ 0 0 a ) + ( nπ 2 2] b ) m 2 and n, a 5cm, b 3cm f c for TE2 mode is given by f c f C2 780 MHz ( ) 2 + ( ) 2

9 Two Mark Questions. The cut off frequency of waveguide depends upon (a) The dimensions of the waveguide. (b) The dielectric property of the medium in the waveguide. (c) The characteristic impedance of the waveguide (d) The transverse and axial components of the fields [GATE 987: 2 Marks] Soln. Let us consider the expression for cut off frequency for rectangular waveguides. f c Thus, it depends on (i) (ii) 2π μ ( mπ 2 a ) + ( nπ 2 b ) Dimension a and b of the waveguide Dielectric constant of the medium Thus, option (a) and (b) 2. For normal mode EM wave propagation in a hollow rectangular waveguide (a) The phase velocity is greater than group velocity. (b) The phase velocity is greater than velocity of light in free space. (c) The phase velocity is less than the velocity of light in free space. (d) The phase velocity may be either greater than or less than group velocity. [GATE 988: 2 Marks] Soln. In a rectangular waveguide the phase velocity is (v p ) v p > velocity of light in free space and is given by c v p (f c /f) 2 Where fc is cut off frequency.

10 The group velocity v g in the guide is related to v p and c v p. v g c 2 v g c2 v p or v g c. (f c /f) 2 or Therefore v g < c v g < c < v p Thus, Options (a) and (d) 3. Choose the correct statements for a wave propagating in an air filled rectangular waveguide (a) Guided wavelength is never less than free space wavelength. (b) Wave impedance is never less than free space impedance. (c) Phase velocity is never less than the free space velocity. (d) TEM mode is possible if the dimensions of the waveguide are properly chosen. [GATE 990: 2 Marks] Soln. For the wave propagating in air filled rectangular waveguide Guide wavelength is given by λ g 2π β λ 0 (λ 0 /λ C ) 2 Where λ 0 free space wavelength Thus λ C > λ 0 λ 0 (f c /f) 2 Wave impedance for TE wave is given by η η TE (f c /f) 2

11 Where η is impedance in free space for TEM waves Thus, η TE > η For TM waves η TM η (f c /f) 2 η TM < η Phase velocity v p ω β μ (f c /f) 2 c μ r r (f c /f) 2 Where c is velocity in free space v p > c Options (a) and (c) 4. A rectangular waveguide has dimensionscm 0.5 cm. Its cut off frequency is (a) 5 GHz (c) 5 GHz (b) 0 GHz (d) 20 GHz [GATE 2000: 2 Marks] Soln. Dimensions of rectangular waveguide a cm 0 2 m b 0. 5 cm m The lowest possible mode is TE0 Cut off frequency (fc) for TE0 mode is f c c 2a Where c is velocity of light free space

12 3 00 f c Option (c) 5 GHz 5. A rectangular metal wave guide filled with a dielectric material of relative permittivity ε r 4 has the inside dimensions3.0 cm.2 cm. The cut off frequency for the dominant mode is (a) 2.5 GHz (b) 5.0 GHz Soln. Given, Waveguide dimensions (inner) a 3 cm m b. 2 cm m (c) 0.0 GHz (d) 2.5 GHz [GATE 2003: 2 Marks] Dominant mode is the mode having lowest cut off frequency and is denoted by TE0.Cut off frequency for Dominant mode is given by f c v 2a Where v is velocity in the medium f c v 2a. μ r r 2a. μ 0 0 r 2a f c 2. 5 GHz Option (a)

13 6. Which one of the following does represent the electric field lines for the TE 02 mode in the cross section of a hollow rectangular metallic waveguide? Y Y (a) (b) X X Y Y (c) (d) X X [GATE 2005: 2 Marks] Soln. This problem is to find E-field configuration in rectangular waveguide for TE02 mode. The first subscript m 0 indicates no variation of E in x direction. The second subscript n 2 indicates two half wave variations in y direction. This variation agrees with option (d) shown in figure Option (d) 7. A rectangular waveguide having TE 0 mode as dominant mode is having a cut off frequency of 8 GHz for the TE 30 mode. The inner broad wall dimension of the rectangular waveguide is (a) 5/3 cm (b) 5 cm Soln. Cut off frequency for TEmn mode is (c) 5/2 cm (d) 0 cm [GATE 2006: 2 Marks]

14 f c 2 μ ( m 2 a ) + ( n 2 b ) For waveguide with air medium f c c 2 ( m 2 a ) + ( n 2 b ) Here, for TE30 mode m 3, n 0 f c c 2. 3 a So, a c 2. 3 f c cm Option (c) An air filled rectangular waveguide has inner dimensions of 3 cm 2 cm. The wave impedance of the TE 20 mode of propagation in the waveguide at a frequency of 30 GHz is (free space impedance η Ω ). (a) 308 Ω (b) 355 Ω Soln. Given, Inner dimension of waveguide is 3 cm 2 cm Free space impedance η Ω (c) 400 Ω (d) 46 Ω [GATE 2007: 2 Marks]

15 Wave impedance η for TE20 mode at f 30 GHz is given by η 0 η (f c /f) 2 f c for TE 20 C 2 ( 2 3 )2 + 0 So, c c 3 f c 0GHz η η 0 (f c /f) 2 η Ω Option (c) 377 (0/30) 2 9. The E field in a rectangular waveguide of inner dimensions a b is given by ω μ E h 2 (π a ) H 0 sin ( 2πx ) sin(ωt βz) y, a Where H 0 is a constant, a and b are the dimensions along the x axis and the y axis respectively. The mode of propagation in the waveguide is (a) TE 20 (b) TM Soln. Given Wide dimensions of waveguide is Narrow dimensions of wave is Field is given by a b (c) TM 20 (d) TM 0 [GATE 2007: 2 Marks]

16 E ω μ h 2 (π a ) H 0 sin ( 2πx ) sin(ωt βz) y, a Wave is traveling in +z direction (factor βz) The component of electric field is in y direction i.e. E y component (as function of x) No component of field in the direction of propagation (a z ) So, the wave is transverse electric (TE) If we compare sin term in E with general expression sin ( mπ a ) x We find m 2 There is no function of in E i.e. n0 Thus the mode of propagation in waveguide is TE20 Option (a) 0. A rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions (a 4 cm and b 3 cm) is to be operated in TE mode. The minimum operating frequency is (a) 6.25 GHz (c) 5.0 GHz (b) 6.0 GHz (d) 3.75 GHz [GATE 2008: 2 Marks] Soln. Given, A rectangular waveguide with internal dimensions a 4 cm b 3 cm Mode of operation is TE.We have to find the minimum operating frequency. For any mode of operation the minimum frequency is the cut off frequency of that mode. So we have to find the cut off frequency of TE mode. f c c 2 ( 2 a ) + ( 2 b ) For TE Mode

17 Option (a) 3 08 ( ) + ( 2 3 ) Hz GHz. The magnetic field along the propagation direction inside a rectangular waveguide with the cross section shown in the figure is H z 3 cos( x) cos( y) cos( t β z) The phase velocity v P of the wave inside the waveguide satisfies Y.2 cm 3 cm X (a) v P > c (b) v P c Soln. For the rectangular waveguide as per the given figure a 3 cm, b.2 cm (c) 0 < v p < c (d) v P c [GATE 202: 2 Marks] H z 3 cos( x) cos( y) cos( t β z) From above equation ω rad/sec f ω 2π π 0 GHz

18 mπ a or, nπ b m a π /m n /m b π f c c 2 ( m 2 a ) + ( n 2 b ) GHz (66. 65) 2 + (83. 33) 2 The wave with frequency of 0 GHz will not propagate through the waveguide Thus phase velocity of wave inside the waveguide will be 0 v p 0 Option (d) 2. For a rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions a b(a > b), the cut off frequency for the TE mode is the arithmetic mean of the cut off frequencies for TE 0 mode and TE 20 mode. If a 5 cm. the value of b (in cm) is [GATE 204: 2 Marks] Soln. Cut off frequency is given by

19 f c c 2 2π [(mπ a ) + ( nπ /2 2] b ) For TE0 mode, m and n 0 f c 0 c /2 2π. [π2 a 2] c 2a f c 20 c 2π. ( 2π a ) 2 c a Where c μ 0 0 Given, a 5 cm Arithmetic mean 2 ( c 2a + c a ) 3c 4a f c c 2 2π [(π a ) + ( π /2 2] b ) 3c 4 5 or, c 2 [( 2 5 ) + ( /2 2] b ) 3c 4 5 or, [ 5 + b 2] / or, or, 5 + b b Or, b 2 cm

20 3. The longitudinal component of the magnetic field inside an air filled rectangular waveguide made of a perfect electric conductor is given by the following expression H z (x, y, z, t) 0. cos(25πx) cos(30.3 πy) cos(2π 0 9 t βz) (A/m) The cross sectional dimensions of the waveguide are given as a 0.08 m and b m. The mode of propagation inside the waveguide is (a) TM 2 (b) TM 2 (c) TE 2 (d) TE 2 [GATE 205: 2 Marks] Soln. In the problem longitudinal component of magnetic field is given, so the wave is transverse electric i.e. modes will be of TE type E z 0 and H z 0 So mode will be TEmn Given, a 0.08m, b 0.033m From the given field equation or, mπ x 25 πx a or, m 25a m 2 nπ y 30. 3y b n (30. 3) b or n So, the mode is TE2 Option (c)

21 4. An air filled rectangular waveguide of internal dimension a cm b cm (a > b) has a cut off frequency of 6 GHz for the dominant TE 0 mode. For the same waveguide, if the cutoff frequency of the TM mode is 5 GHz, the frequency of the TE 0 mode GHz is [GATE 205: 2 Marks] Soln. Dimensions of waveguide Wide dimension a cm Narrow dimension b cm Cut off frequency (f c ) 6 GHz for dominant mode For dominant mode cut off wavelength (λ C ) is by 2a i. e. λ C0 2a or, λ C0 c 3 00 fc λ C0 2a 5cm So a 2.5 cm fc for TM mode is 5 GHz 5cm i. e. c 2 a b or, b Now fc for TE0 mode is f c c b GHz Answer 3.75 GHz

22 5. Consider an air filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a cm and b.06 cm. At 0 GHz operating frequency, the value of the propagation constant (per meter) of the corresponding propagation mode is [GATE 206: Marks] Soln. Given, Air filled rectangular waveguide a cm b.06 f 0 GHz Assume dominant mode of propagation in the waveguide i.e. TE0 mode cut off frequency for TE0 mode is given by (for m and n 0) f c c 2 ( m 2 a ) + ( m 2 b ) c 2. a f c GHz Since cut off frequency is 6.56 GHz, the frequency of 0 GHz will propagate in the waveguide Propagation constant γ a + jβ If α 0 β is phase constant β 2π λ g 2π λ 0 ( λ 2 0 λc ) 2π ( λ 2 0 λ λc ) 0

23 2π c/f (fc f ) 2π. f c ( fc 2 f ) 2π ( 0 ) 2π π β 58 m 6. Consider an air filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a cm and b.06 cm. The increasing order of the cut off frequency for different modes is (a) TE 0 < TE 0 < TE < TE 20 (b) TE 20 < TE < TE 0 < TE 0 Soln. Waveguide dimensions are a cm b.06 cm waveguide is air filled (c) TE 0 < TE 20 < TE 0 < TE (d) TE 0 < TE < TE 20 < TE 0 [GATE 206: 2 Marks] cut off frequency (f c ) C 2 ( m a )2 + ( m b )2 fc for TE mode c 2 a b GHz (2. 26) 2 + (. 06) 2 f c for TE 0 mode c GHz 2b 2. 06

24 f c for TE 20 mode c GHz a f c for TE 0 mode Thus we find Cut off frequency is given by TE 0 < TE 20 < TE 0 < TE Thus, Option (c) c GHz 2a

Photograph of the rectangular waveguide components

Waveguides Photograph of the rectangular waveguide components BACKGROUND A transmission line can be used to guide EM energy from one point (generator) to another (load). A transmission line can support