DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES and OPTICAL FIBERS
|
|
- Brent Craig
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES and OPTICAL FIBERS Light Light Light n 2 n 2 Light n 1 > n 2 A planar dielectric waveguide has a central rectangular region of higher refractive index n 1 than the surrounding region which has a refractive index n 2. It is assumed that the waveguide is infinitely wide and the central region is of thickness 2 a. It is illuminated at one end by a monochromatic light source. Figure 2.1
2 B n 2 λ Light y κ θ E k 1 A β θ θ n 1 d = 2a x z C n 2 A light ray travelling in the guide must interfere constructively with itself to propagate successfully. Otherwise destructive interference will destroy the wave. Figure 2.2
3 1 E n 2 A B y θ θ π 2θ 2θ π/2 2a k 1 A C x θ 2 1 n 1 z n 2 B Two arbitrary waves 1 and 2 that are initially in phase must remain in phase after reflections. Otherwise the two will interfere destructively and cancel each other. Figure 2.3
4 A n 2 1 E 2 Guide center θ k θ A C a y y π 2θ a x y z Interference of waves such as 1 and 2 leads to a standing wave pattern along the y- direction which propagates along z. Figure 2.4
5 Field of evanescent wave (exponential decay) y n 2 Field of guided wave E(y) m = 0 E(y,z,t) = E(y)cos(ωt β 0 z) Light n 1 n 2 The electric field pattern of the lowest mode traveling wave along the guide. This mode has m = 0 and the lowest θ. It is often referred to as the glazing incidence ray. It has the highest phase velocity along the guide. Figure 2.5
6 y n 2 Cladding E(y) m = 0 m = 1 m = 2 Core 2a n 1 n 2 Cladding The electric field patterns of the first three modes (m = 0, 1, 2) traveling wave along the guide. Notice different extents of field penetration into the cladding. Figure 2.6
7 High order mode Low order mode Intensity Light pulse Cladding Core Broadened light pulse Intensity Axial Spread, τ 0 t t Schematic illustration of light propagation in a slab dielectric waveguide. Light pulse entering the waveguide breaks up into various modes which then propagate at different group velocities down the guide. At the end of the guide, the modes combine to constitute the output light pulse which is broader than the input light pulse. Figure 2.7
8 (a) TE mode (b) TM mode y B // B y θ θ E // E y θ θ B z E E z B O z x (into paper) Possible modes can be classified in terms of (a) transelectric field (TE) and (b) transmagnetic field (TM). Plane of incidence is the paper. Figure 2.8
9 tan(ak 1 cosθ m mπ/2) m = 1, odd m = 0, even f(θ m ) θ c θ m Modes in a planar dielectric waveguide can be determined by plotting the LHS and the RHS of eq. (11). Figure 2.9
10 ω Slope = c/n 2 Slope = c/n 1 TE 2 TE 1 ω cut-off TE 0 β m Schematic dispersion diagram, ω vs. β for the slab waveguide for various TE m. modes. ω cut off corresponds to V = π/2. The group velocity v g at any ω is the slope of the ω vs. β curve at that frequency. Figure 2.10
11 y y Cladding λ 1 > λ c λ 2 > λ 1 v g1 Core v g2 > v g1 ω 1 < ω cut-off ω 2 < ω 1 E(y) Cladding The electric field of TE 0 mode extends more into the cladding as the wavelength increases. As more of the field is carried by the cladding, the group velocity increases. Figure 2.11
12 y y Cladding Core φ r z Fiber axis n 2 n 1 n The step index optical fiber. The central region, the core, has greater refractive index than the outer region, the cladding. The fiber has cylindrical symmetry. We use the coordinates r, φ, z to represent any point in the fiber. Cladding is normally much thicker than shown. Figure 2.12
13 Along the fiber 1 Meridional ray Fiber axis 3 1, 3 (a) A meridional ray always crosses the fiber axis Fiber axis 3 Skew ray (b) A skew ray does not have to cross the fiber axis. It zigzags around the fiber axis. Ray path along the fiber Ray path projected on to a plane normal to fiber axis Illustration of the difference between a meridional ray and a skew ray. Numbers represent reflections of the ray. Figure 2.13
14 (a) The electric field of the fundamental mode (b) The intensity in the fundamental mode LP 01 (c) The intensity in LP 11 (d) The intensity in LP 21 Core Cladding E E 01 r The electric field distribution of the fundamental mode in the transverse plane to the fiber axis z. The light intensity is greatest at the center of the fiber. Intensity patterns in LP 01, LP 11 and LP 21 modes. Figure 2.14
15 b LP 01 LP 11 LP 21 LP V Normalized propagation constant b vs. V-number for a step index fiber for various LP modes. Figure 2.15
16 α < α max A B α > α max n 2 n 0 n 1 Lost B θ < θ c θ > θ c Fiber axis Cladding Propagates A Core Maximum acceptance angle α max is that which just gives total internal reflection at the core-cladding interface, i.e. when α = α max then θ = θ c. Rays with α > α max (e.g. ray B) become refracted and penetrate the cladding and are eventually lost. Figure 2.16
17 Input Emitter Very short light pulse Cladding v g (λ 1 ) Core v g (λ 2 ) Output Intensity Intensity Intensity Spectrum, ² λ Spread, ² τ λ λ λ 1 o 2 λ 0 t τ t All excitation sources are inherently non-monochromatic and emit within a spectrum, ² λ, of wavelengths. Waves in the guide with different free space wavelengths travel at different group velocities due to the wavelength dependence of n 1. The waves arrive at the end of the fiber at different times and hence result in a broadened output pulse. Figure 2.17
18 Dispersion coefficient (ps km -1 nm -1 ) Dm Dm + Dw λ 0 D w λ (µm) Material dispersion coefficient (D m ) for the core material (taken as SiO 2 ), waveguide dispersion coefficient (D w ) (a = 4.2 µm) and the total or chromatic dispersion coefficient D ch (= D m + D w ) as a function of free space wavelength, λ. Figure 2.18
19 Intensity Output light pulse z τ t n 1 y // y Core E x n 1 x // x E y E x E y τ = Pulse spread t E Input light pulse Suppose that the core refractive index has different values along two orthogonal directions corresponding to electric field oscillation direction (polarizations). We can take x and y axes along these directions. An input light will travel along the fiber with E x and E y polarizations having different group velocities and hence arrive at the output at different times Figure 2.19
20 Dispersion coefficient (ps km -1 nm -1 ) 30 n D m r 0-10 λ 1 λ 2 D ch = D m + D w D w λ (µm) Thin layer of cladding with a depressed index Dispersion flattened fiber example. The material dispersion coefficient (D m ) for the core material and waveguide dispersion coefficient (D w ) for the doubly clad fiber result in a flattened small chromatic dispersion between λ 1 and λ 2. Figure 2.20
21 Dispersion coefficient (ps km -1 nm -1 ) 20 D m 10 SiO %GeO λ (µm) D w a (µm) Material and waveguide dispersion coefficients in an optical fiber with a core SiO %GeO 2 for a = 2.5 to 4 µm. Figure
22 Fiber Information Digital signal Emitter t Input Photodetector Information Output Input Intensity Output Intensity? τ 1/2 Very short light pulses 0 T t 0 t ~2? τ 1/2 An optical fiber link for transmitting digital information and the effect of dispersion in the fiber on the output pulses. Figure 2.22
23 Output optical power 1 T = 4σ σ 0.5 τ 1/2 A Gaussian output light pulse and some tolerable intersymbol interference between two consecutive output light pulses (y-axis in relative units). At time t = σ from the pulse center, the relative magnitude is e-1/2 = and full width root mean square (rms) spread is τ rms = 2σ. Figure 2.23 t
24 Electrical signal (photocurrent) Fiber Sinusoidal signal Emitter t f = Modulation frequency Optical Input Optical Output Photodetector 1 khz 1 MHz 1 GHz f el Sinusoidal electrical signal f P i = Input light power 0 t P o = Output light power 0 t P o / P i khz 1 MHz 1 GHz f op An optical fiber link for transmitting analog signals and the effect of dispersion in the fiber on the bandwidth, f op. Figure 2.24 f
25 n 2 O n 1 n (a) Multimode step index fiber. Ray paths are different so that rays arrive at different times. O O' O'' n 2 n 1 n (b) Graded index fiber. Ray paths are different but so are the velocities along the paths so that all the rays arrive at the same time. n 2 Figure 2.25
26 (a) TIR (b) TIR n decreases step by step from one layer to next upper layer; very thin layers. Continuous decrease in n gives a ray path changing continuously. (a) A ray in thinly stratifed medium becomes refracted as it passes from one layer to the next upper layer with lower n and eventually its angle satisfies TIR. (b) In a medium where n decreases continuously the path of the ray bends continuously. Figure 2.26
27 E Medium k z Attenuation of light in the direction of propagation. Figure 2.27
28 O 2 1 B θ B θ B' c/n a c/n b B' θ B' Ray 2 A θ A M Ray 1 B'' n c n b n a c b a O' We can visualize a graded index fiber by imagining a stratified medium with the layers of refractive indices n a > n b > n c... Consider two close rays 1 and 2 launched from O at the same time but with slightly different launching angles. Ray 1 just suffers total internal reflection. Ray 2 becomes refracted at B and reflected at B'. Figure 2.28
29 A solid with ions E x Light direction k z Lattice absorption through a crystal. The field in the wave oscillates the ions which consequently generate "mechanical" waves in the crystal; energy is thereby transferred from the wave to lattice vibrations. Figure 2.29
30 A dielectric particle smaller than wavelength Incident wave Through wave Scattered waves Rayleigh scattering involves the polarization of a small dielectric particle or a region that is much smaller than the light wavelength. The field forces dipole oscillations in the particle (by polarizing it) which leads to the emission of EM waves in "many" directions so that a portion of the light energy is directed away from the incident beam. Figure 2.30
31 10 5 OH - absorption peaks Rayleigh scattering 1310 nm 1550 nm Lattice absorption Wavelength (µm) Illustration of a typical attenuation vs. wavelength characteristics of a silica based optical fiber. There are two communications channels at 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Figure 2.31
32 Field distribution θ θ Cladding Core θ θ > θ c θ Microbending θ < θ Escaping wave R Sharp bends change the local waveguide geometry that can lead to waves escaping. The zigzagging ray suddenly finds itself with an incidence angle θ that gives rise to either a transmitted wave, or to a greater cladding penetration; the field reaches the outside medium and some light energy is lost. Figure 2.32
33 α B (m -1 ) for 10 cm of bend λ = 633 nm V 2.08 λ = 790 nm V Radius of curvature (mm) Measured microbending loss for a 10 cm fiber bent by different amounts of radius of curvature R. Single mode fiber with a core diameter of 3.9 µm, cladding radius 48 µm, = 0.004, NA = 0.11, V 1.67 and 2.08 (Data extracted and replotted with correction from, A.J. Harris and P.F. Castle, IEEE J. Light Wave Technology, Vol. LT14, pp , 1986; see original article for discussion of peaks in α B vs. R at 790 nm). Figure 2.33
34 Preform feed Thickness monitoring gauge Furnace 2000 C Polymer coater Ultraviolet light or furnace for curing Take-up drum Capstan Schematic illustration of a fiber drawing tower. Figure 2.34
35 r Buffer tube: d = 1mm n n 1 n 2 Protective polymerinc coating Cladding: d = µm Core: d = 8-10 µm The cross section of a typical single-mode fiber with a tight buffer tube. (d = diameter) Figure 2.35
36 Drying gases Vapors: SiCl 4 + GeCl 4 + O 2 Fuel: H 2 Burner Deposited soot Porous soot preform with hole Furnace Preform Furnace Target rod Deposited Ge doped SiO 2 Rotate mandrel (a) (b) Clear solid glass preform (c) Drawn fiber Schematic illustration of OVD and the preform preparation for fiber drawing. (a) Reaction of gases in the burner flame produces glass soot that deposits on to the outside surface of the mandrel. (b) The mandrel is removed and the hollow porous soot preform is consolidated; the soot particles are sintered, fused, together to form a clear glass rod. (c) The consolidated glass rod is used as a preform in fiber drawing. Figure 2.36
37 v g (m/s) c/n TE 0 TE 1 TE c/n ω (1/s) ω cut-off = Group velocity vs. angular frequency for three modes for a planar dielectric waveguide which has n 1 = 1.455, n 2 = 1.44, a = 10 µm (Results from Mathview, Waterloo Maple math-software application). TE 0 is for m = 0 etc. Figure 2.37
38 1.5 V[d 2 (Vb)/dV 2 ] V - number [d 2 (Vb)/dV2] vs. V-number for a step index fiber (after W.A. Gambling et al., The Radio and Electronics Engineer, 51, 313, 1981) Figure 2.38
39 n 3 Medium 3 δ y = 5δ/2 B' y = 3δ/2 n 2 B θ B' θ B θ B' θ B' Medium 2 A Ray B θ A θ A Ray A O n Medium 1 1 θ B' B'' θ B δ y = δ/2 δ/2 y = 0 O' Step-graded-index dielectric waveguide. Two rays are launched from the center of the waveguide at O at angles θ A and θ B such that ray A suffers TIR at A and ray B suffers TIR at B'. Both TIRs are at critical angles. Figure 2.39
40 0.5P 0.25P 0.23P O O' O O (a) (b) (c) Graded index (GRIN) rod lenses of different pitches. (a) Point O is on the rod face center and the lens focuses the rays onto O' on to the center of the opposite face. (b) The rays from O on the rod face center are collimated out. (c) O is slightly away from the rod face and the rays are collimated out. Figure 2.40
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber. Xavier Fernando Ryerson University
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber Xavier Fernando Ryerson University The Nature of Light Quantum Theory Light consists of small particles (photons) Wave Theory Light travels as a transverse electromagnetic
More informationGuided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber. Xavier Fernando Ryerson Comm. Lab
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber Xavier Fernando Ryerson Comm. Lab The Nature of Light Quantum Theory Light consists of small particles (photons) Wave Theory Light travels as a transverse electromagnetic
More informationWaveguides and Optical Fibers
Waveguides and Optical Fibers Dielectric Waveguides Light Light Light n n Light n > n A planar dielectric waveguide has a central rectangular region of higher refractive index n than the surrounding region
More informationGuided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber
Guided Propagation Along the Optical Fiber The Nature of Light Quantum Theory Light consists of small particles (photons) Wave Theory Light travels as a transverse electromagnetic wave Ray Theory Light
More informationLecture 10. Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers
Lecture 10 Dielectric Waveguides and Optical Fibers Slab Waveguide, Modes, V-Number Modal, Material, and Waveguide Dispersions Step-Index Fiber, Multimode and Single Mode Fibers Numerical Aperture, Coupling
More informationFiber Optic Communication Systems. Unit-05: Types of Fibers. https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/abdullatif
Unit-05: Types of Fibers https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/abdullatif Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 1 Optical Fiber Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro
More informationChapter 3 Signal Degradation in Optical Fibers
What about the loss in optical fiber? Why and to what degree do optical signals gets distorted as they propagate along a fiber? Fiber links are limited by in path length by attenuation and pulse distortion.
More informationUNIT-II : SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS
UNIT-II : SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS The Signal Transmitting through the fiber is degraded by two mechanisms. i) Attenuation ii) Dispersion Both are important to determine the transmission characteristics
More information1. Evolution Of Fiber Optic Systems
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION UNIT-I : OPTICAL FIBERS STRUCTURE: 1. Evolution Of Fiber Optic Systems The operating range of optical fiber system term and the characteristics of the four key components of
More informationSIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS
Volume Issue January 04, ISSN 348 8050 SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS Gyan Prakash Pal, Manishankar Gupta,,, Assistant Professor, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, Shanti Institute
More informationOptical Fiber Technology. Photonic Network By Dr. M H Zaidi
Optical Fiber Technology Numerical Aperture (NA) What is numerical aperture (NA)? Numerical aperture is the measure of the light gathering ability of optical fiber The higher the NA, the larger the core
More informationPhotonics and Optical Communication
Photonics and Optical Communication (Course Number 300352) Spring 2007 Dr. Dietmar Knipp Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering http://www.faculty.iu-bremen.de/dknipp/ 1 Photonics and Optical Communication
More informationEE 233. LIGHTWAVE. Chapter 2. Optical Fibers. Instructor: Ivan P. Kaminow
EE 233. LIGHTWAVE SYSTEMS Chapter 2. Optical Fibers Instructor: Ivan P. Kaminow PLANAR WAVEGUIDE (RAY PICTURE) Agrawal (2004) Kogelnik PLANAR WAVEGUIDE a = (n s 2 - n c2 )/ (n f 2 - n s2 ) = asymmetry;
More informationFiber Optic Communications Communication Systems
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system in many respects. The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to transmit information down
More informationChapter 2: Fiber Optics as a communication medium
Chapter 2: Fiber Optics as a communication medium 2.1 Fiber Fabrication: Basically, fiber manufacturers use two methods to fabricate multimode and single mode glass fibers. One method is vapor phase oxidation,
More informationExamination Optoelectronic Communication Technology. April 11, Name: Student ID number: OCT1 1: OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade:
Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology April, 26 Name: Student ID number: OCT : OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade: Declaration of Consent I hereby agree to have my exam results published on
More informationSection B Lecture 5 FIBER CHARACTERISTICS
Section B Lecture 5 FIBER CHARACTERISTICS Material absorption Losses Material absorption is a loss mechanism related to material composition and fabrication process for the fiber. This results in dissipation
More informationFIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 4
FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 4 Modal Propagation of Light in an Optical Fiber Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar,
More informationChapter Ray and Wave Optics
109 Chapter Ray and Wave Optics 1. An astronomical telescope has a large aperture to [2002] reduce spherical aberration have high resolution increase span of observation have low dispersion. 2. If two
More informationThe electric field for the wave sketched in Fig. 3-1 can be written as
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Light consists of an electric field and a magnetic field that oscillate at very high rates, of the order of 10 14 Hz. These fields travel in wavelike fashion at very high speeds.
More informationFundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 7-1 (p. 339) Non-TEM mmode waveguide structures include (a) rectangular waveguide, (b) circular waveguide., (c) dielectric slab waveguide, and (d) fiber optic waveguide. Figure 7-2 (p. 340) Cross
More informationEE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam. Name:
EE119 Introduction to Optical Engineering Spring 2003 Final Exam Name: SID: CLOSED BOOK. THREE 8 1/2 X 11 SHEETS OF NOTES, AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR PERMITTED. TIME ALLOTTED: 180 MINUTES Fundamental
More information2. The Basic principle of optical fibre (Or) Working principle of optical fibre (or) Total internal reflection
Introduction Fibre optics deals with the light propagation through thin glass fibres. Fibre optics plays an important role in the field of communication to transmit voice, television and digital data signals
More informationFiber Optic Communication Systems. Unit-04: Theory of Light. https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/abdullatif
Unit-04: Theory of Light https://sites.google.com/a/faculty.muet.edu.pk/abdullatif Department of Telecommunication, MUET UET Jamshoro 1 Limitations of Ray theory Ray theory describes only the direction
More informationGeometrical Optics Fiber optics The eye
Phys 322 Lecture 16 Chapter 5 Geometrical Optics Fiber optics The eye First optical communication Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 1880: photophone 4 years after inventing a telephone! Fiberoptics: first
More informationDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.161/6637 Practice Quiz 2 Issued X:XXpm 4/XX/2004 Spring Term, 2004 Due X:XX+1:30pm 4/XX/2004 Please utilize
More informationUNIT List the requirements that be satisfied by materials used to manufacture optical fiber? ANS: Fiber Materials
UNIT- 2 1. List the requirements that be satisfied by materials used to manufacture optical fiber? ANS: Fiber Materials Most of the fibers are made up of glass consisting of either Silica (SiO 2 ) or.silicate.
More informationPhysics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: Signature:
Physics 431 Final Exam Examples (3:00-5:00 pm 12/16/2009) TIME ALLOTTED: 120 MINUTES Name: PID: Signature: CLOSED BOOK. TWO 8 1/2 X 11 SHEET OF NOTES (double sided is allowed), AND SCIENTIFIC POCKET CALCULATOR
More informationStudy of Optical Fiber Design Parameters in Fiber Optics Communications
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research (KJAR) Print-ISSN: 2411-7684 Electronic-ISSN: 2411-7706 kjar.spu.edu.iq Volume 2 Issue 3 August 2017 DOI: 10.24017/science.2017.3.52 Study of Optical Fiber Design
More informationOptical systems have carrier frequencies of ~100 THz. This corresponds to wavelengths from µm.
Introduction A communication system transmits information form one place to another. This could be from one building to another or across the ocean(s). Many systems use an EM carrier wave to transmit information.
More information6.014 Lecture 18: Optical Communications
6.014 Lecture 18: Optical Communications A. Overview Optical communications is as old as smoke signals, modulated campfires, and mirrors reflecting sunlight. Today it is even more important, particularly
More informationChapter 5 5.1 What are the factors that determine the thickness of a polystyrene waveguide formed by spinning a solution of dissolved polystyrene onto a substrate? density of polymer concentration of polymer
More informationτ mod = T modal = longest ray path shortest ray path n 1 L 1 = L n 2 1
S. Blair February 15, 2012 23 2.2. Pulse dispersion Pulse dispersion is the spreading of a pulse as it propagates down an optical fiber. Pulse spreading is an obvious detrimental effect that limits the
More informationOptical behavior. Reading assignment. Topic 10
Reading assignment Optical behavior Topic 10 Askeland and Phule, The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th Ed.,Ch. 0. Shackelford, Materials Science for Engineers, 6 th Ed., Ch. 16. Chung, Composite
More informationSingle-photon excitation of morphology dependent resonance
Single-photon excitation of morphology dependent resonance 3.1 Introduction The examination of morphology dependent resonance (MDR) has been of considerable importance to many fields in optical science.
More informationThe absorption of the light may be intrinsic or extrinsic
Attenuation Fiber Attenuation Types 1- Material Absorption losses 2- Intrinsic Absorption 3- Extrinsic Absorption 4- Scattering losses (Linear and nonlinear) 5- Bending Losses (Micro & Macro) Material
More informationTypes of losses in optical fiber cable are: Due to attenuation, the power of light wave decreases exponentially with distance.
UNIT-II TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBERS SIGNAL ATTENUATION: Signal attenuation in an optical fiber is defined as the decrease in light power during light propagation along an optical fiber.
More informationConfocal Imaging Through Scattering Media with a Volume Holographic Filter
Confocal Imaging Through Scattering Media with a Volume Holographic Filter Michal Balberg +, George Barbastathis*, Sergio Fantini % and David J. Brady University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
More informationGlass Processing. Younès Messaddeq Centre d optique, Photonique et laser,québec, Canada Spring 2015 JIRU
Glass Processing Lecture 19 # Introduction to Dielectric Waveguide Younès Messaddeq Centre d optique, Photonique et laser,québec, Canada (younes.messaddeq@copl.ulaval.ca) Spring 2015 Lectures available
More informationMultimode Optical Fiber
Multimode Optical Fiber 1 OBJECTIVE Determine the optical modes that exist for multimode step index fibers and investigate their performance on optical systems. 2 PRE-LAB The backbone of optical systems
More informationFiber Optic Communications
Fiber Optic Communications ( Chapter 2: Optics Review ) presented by Prof. Kwang-Chun Ho 1 Section 2.4: Numerical Aperture Consider an optical receiver: where the diameter of photodetector surface area
More informationOptical fibre. Principle and applications
Optical fibre Principle and applications Circa 2500 B.C. Earliest known glass Roman times-glass drawn into fibers Venice Decorative Flowers made of glass fibers 1609-Galileo uses optical telescope 1626-Snell
More informationAbsorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat.
Absorption: in an OF, the loss of Optical power, resulting from conversion of that power into heat. Scattering: The changes in direction of light confined within an OF, occurring due to imperfection in
More informationIndustrial Automation
OPTICAL FIBER. SINGLEMODE OR MULTIMODE It is important to understand the differences between singlemode and multimode fiber optics before selecting one or the other at the start of a project. Its different
More informationOptical Interconnect and Sensing
Topics Optical Interconnect and Sensing Dr. How T. Lin Endicott Interconnect Technologies Light Fundamentals Common Optical Components for Light Emission and Detection and Transmission Optical Interconnect
More informationLectureo5 FIBRE OPTICS. Unit-03
Lectureo5 FIBRE OPTICS Unit-03 INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS ABOUT OPTICAL FIBRE Multimode Fibres Multimode Step Index Fibres Multimode Graded Index Fibres INTRODUCTION In communication systems, there
More informationECE 6323 Ridge Waveguide Laser homework
ECE 633 Ridge Waveguide Laser homework Introduction This is a slide from a lecture we will study later on. It is about diode lasers. Although we haven t studied diode lasers, there is one aspect about
More informationSupplementary Information for. Surface Waves. Angelo Angelini, Elsie Barakat, Peter Munzert, Luca Boarino, Natascia De Leo,
Supplementary Information for Focusing and Extraction of Light mediated by Bloch Surface Waves Angelo Angelini, Elsie Barakat, Peter Munzert, Luca Boarino, Natascia De Leo, Emanuele Enrico, Fabrizio Giorgis,
More informationOptical Fiber. n 2. n 1. θ 2. θ 1. Critical Angle According to Snell s Law
ECE 271 Week 10 Critical Angle According to Snell s Law n 1 sin θ 1 = n 1 sin θ 2 θ 1 and θ 2 are angle of incidences The angle of incidence is measured with respect to the normal at the refractive boundary
More informationMAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI
MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 621213 DEPARTMENT : ECE SUBJECT NAME : OPTICAL COMMUNICATION & NETWORKS SUBJECT CODE : EC 2402 UNIT II: TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBERS PART
More informationIndex of refraction varies significantly for broadband pulses
Index of refraction varies significantly for broadband pulses Δt=10 fs Δλ =90nm index of refraction may vary by nearly 1% phase speed depends on n v φ (λ) = c n(λ) n phase relations will be lost as pulse
More informationMirrors and Lenses. Images can be formed by reflection from mirrors. Images can be formed by refraction through lenses.
Mirrors and Lenses Images can be formed by reflection from mirrors. Images can be formed by refraction through lenses. Notation for Mirrors and Lenses The object distance is the distance from the object
More informationProjects in microwave theory 2009
Electrical and information technology Projects in microwave theory 2009 Write a short report on the project that includes a short abstract, an introduction, a theory section, a section on the results and
More informationINDEX OF REFRACTION index of refraction n = c/v material index of refraction n
INDEX OF REFRACTION The index of refraction (n) of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuuo (c) to the speed of light in the material (v). n = c/v Indices of refraction for any materials
More informationSUBJECT: PHYSICS. Use and Succeed.
SUBJECT: PHYSICS I hope this collection of questions will help to test your preparation level and useful to recall the concepts in different areas of all the chapters. Use and Succeed. Navaneethakrishnan.V
More informationFiberoptic and Waveguide Sensors
Fiberoptic and Waveguide Sensors Wei-Chih Wang Department of Mecahnical Engineering University of Washington Optical sensors Advantages: -immune from electromagnetic field interference (EMI) - extreme
More informationGIST OF THE UNIT BASED ON DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN THE UNIT (BRIEFLY AS POINT WISE). RAY OPTICS
209 GIST OF THE UNIT BASED ON DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN THE UNIT (BRIEFLY AS POINT WISE). RAY OPTICS Reflection of light: - The bouncing of light back into the same medium from a surface is called reflection
More informationFiber-Optic Technology
Definition Fiber-Optic Technology Fiber-optic communications is based on the principle that light in a glass medium can carry more information over longer distances than electrical signals can carry in
More informationarxiv:physics/ v1 [physics.optics] 28 Sep 2005
Near-field enhancement and imaging in double cylindrical polariton-resonant structures: Enlarging perfect lens Pekka Alitalo, Stanislav Maslovski, and Sergei Tretyakov arxiv:physics/0509232v1 [physics.optics]
More informationFINAL EXAM 12/12/03 EECS FALL 2003
EECS 412 - FALL 2003 FINAL EXAM 12/12/03 NAME: CWRUnet e-mail address: IMPORTANT INFORMATION: 1. All questions are worth the same. 2. Exam is due December 12 th at 12 noon in Glennan 518. Possible 1. 10
More informationTransmitting Light: Fiber-optic and Free-space Communications Holography
1 Lecture 9 Transmitting Light: Fiber-optic and Free-space Communications Holography 2 Wireless Phone Calls http://havilandtelconews.com/2011/10/the-reality-behind-wireless-networks/ 3 Undersea Cable and
More informationChapter 9 GUIDED WAVE OPTICS
[Reading Assignment, Hecht 5.6] Chapter 9 GUIDED WAVE OPTICS Optical fibers The step index circular waveguide is the most common fiber design for optical communications plastic coating (sheath) core cladding
More informationTHz Filter Using the Transverse-electric (TE 1 ) Mode of the Parallel-plate Waveguide
Journal of the Optical Society of Korea ol. 13 No. December 9 pp. 3-7 DOI: 1.387/JOSK.9.13..3 THz Filter Using the Transverse-electric (TE 1 ) Mode of the Parallel-plate Waveguide Eui Su Lee and Tae-In
More informationECSE 352: Electromagnetic Waves
December 2008 Final Examination ECSE 352: Electromagnetic Waves 09:00 12:00, December 15, 2008 Examiner: Zetian Mi Associate Examiner: Andrew Kirk Student Name: McGill ID: Instructions: This is a CLOSED
More informationOptical Components for Laser Applications. Günter Toesko - Laserseminar BLZ im Dezember
Günter Toesko - Laserseminar BLZ im Dezember 2009 1 Aberrations An optical aberration is a distortion in the image formed by an optical system compared to the original. It can arise for a number of reasons
More informationLight sources can be natural or artificial (man-made)
Light The Sun is our major source of light Light sources can be natural or artificial (man-made) People and insects do not see the same type of light - people see visible light - insects see ultraviolet
More informationJFOC-BSG2D MODEL:JFOC-BSG2D. optic.com. For detailed inquiry please contact our sales team at:
JFOC-BSG2D MODEL:JFOC-BSG2D For detailed inquiry please contact our sales team at: market@jfiber optic.com Description : JFOC-BSG2D dispersion unshifted singlemode fiber is designed specially for optical
More informationMirrors, Lenses &Imaging Systems
Mirrors, Lenses &Imaging Systems We describe the path of light as straight-line rays And light rays from a very distant point arrive parallel 145 Phys 24.1 Mirrors Standing away from a plane mirror shows
More informationExperimental Competition
37 th International Physics Olympiad Singapore 8 17 July 2006 Experimental Competition Wed 12 July 2006 Experimental Competition Page 2 List of apparatus and materials Label Component Quantity Label Component
More informationChapter 18: Fiber Optic and Laser Technology
Chapter 18: Fiber Optic and Laser Technology Chapter 18 Objectives At the conclusion of this chapter, the reader will be able to: Describe the construction of fiber optic cable. Describe the propagation
More informationDesign of a double clad optical fiber with particular consideration of leakage losses
Vol. (4), pp. 7-62 October, 23 DOI.897/JEEER23.467 ISSN 993 822 23 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/jeeer Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research Full Length Research
More informationSPECIFICATION. FOR SINGLE-MODE OPTICAL FIBER (FutureGuide -SR15E)
Fujikura DATE Aug. 18, 2008 NO. JFS-00052A Supersedes JFS-00052 Messrs. SPECIFICATION FOR SINGLE-MODE OPTICAL FIBER (FutureGuide -SR15E) Prepared by H. KIKUCHI Manager Optical Fiber and Cable Dept. Global
More informationFIBER OPTICS. Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam
FIBER OPTICS Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam General Objective To understand the propagation of light through optical
More informationUNIT Write notes on broadening of pulse in the fiber dispersion?
UNIT 3 1. Write notes on broadening of pulse in the fiber dispersion? Ans: The dispersion of the transmitted optical signal causes distortion for both digital and analog transmission along optical fibers.
More informationFiber Optic Technology by IEC
Fiber Optic Technology by IEC http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/fiber_optic/ Copyright 2005 International Engineering Consortium Table of Contents Definition... 3 Overview... 3 From Theory to Practical
More informationPHY 431 Homework Set #5 Due Nov. 20 at the start of class
PHY 431 Homework Set #5 Due Nov. 0 at the start of class 1) Newton s rings (10%) The radius of curvature of the convex surface of a plano-convex lens is 30 cm. The lens is placed with its convex side down
More informationPhys214 Fall 2004 Midterm Form A
1. A clear sheet of polaroid is placed on top of a similar sheet so that their polarizing axes make an angle of 30 with each other. The ratio of the intensity of emerging light to incident unpolarized
More informationAntennas and Propagation. Chapter 4: Antenna Types
Antennas and Propagation : Antenna Types 4.4 Aperture Antennas High microwave frequencies Thin wires and dielectrics cause loss Coaxial lines: may have 10dB per meter Waveguides often used instead Aperture
More informationClass 4 ((Communication and Computer Networks))
Class 4 ((Communication and Computer Networks)) Lesson 3... Transmission Media, Part 1 Abstract The successful transmission of data depends principally on two factors: the quality of the signal being transmitted
More informationBragg and fiber gratings. Mikko Saarinen
Bragg and fiber gratings Mikko Saarinen 27.10.2009 Bragg grating - Bragg gratings are periodic perturbations in the propagating medium, usually periodic variation of the refractive index - like diffraction
More informationDispersion and Ultrashort Pulses II
Dispersion and Ultrashort Pulses II Generating negative groupdelay dispersion angular dispersion Pulse compression Prisms Gratings Chirped mirrors Chirped vs. transform-limited A transform-limited pulse:
More informationSKP Engineering College
SKP Engineering College Tiruvannamalai 606611 A Course Material on Optical Communication and Networks By M.Mageshbabu Assistant Professor Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Electronics
More informationOPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION Subject Code: IA Marks: 25 No. of Lecture Hrs/Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total no. of Lecture Hrs. 52 Exam Marks: 100 PART - A UNIT - 1 OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION:
More informationChapter 18 Optical Elements
Chapter 18 Optical Elements GOALS When you have mastered the content of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Definitions Define each of the following terms and use it in an operational
More information2 in the multipath dispersion of the optical fibre. (b) Discuss the merits and drawbacks of cut bouls method of measurement of alternation.
B.TECH IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November 2012 1 (a) Derive an expression for multiple time difference tt 2 in the multipath dispersion of the optical fibre. (b) Discuss the merits
More informationEUV Plasma Source with IR Power Recycling
1 EUV Plasma Source with IR Power Recycling Kenneth C. Johnson kjinnovation@earthlink.net 1/6/2016 (first revision) Abstract Laser power requirements for an EUV laser-produced plasma source can be reduced
More informationFabrication of Probes for High Resolution Optical Microscopy
Fabrication of Probes for High Resolution Optical Microscopy Physics 564 Applied Optics Professor Andrès La Rosa David Logan May 27, 2010 Abstract Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) is a technique
More informationHow to Speak Fiber Geek Article 2 Critical Optical Parameters Attenuation
Article 2 Critical Optical Parameters Attenuation Welcome back, Fiber Geeks! Article 1 in this series highlighted some bandwidth demand drivers and introductory standards information. The article also
More informationWaveguides GATE Problems
Waveguides GATE Problems One Mark Questions. The interior of a 20 20 cm cm rectangular waveguide is completely 3 4 filled with a dielectric of r 4. Waves of free space wave length shorter than..can be
More information(A) 2f (B) 2 f (C) f ( D) 2 (E) 2
1. A small vibrating object S moves across the surface of a ripple tank producing the wave fronts shown above. The wave fronts move with speed v. The object is traveling in what direction and with what
More informationFIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 37
FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 37 Introduction to Raman Amplifiers Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept.
More informationEXPRIMENT 3 COUPLING FIBERS TO SEMICONDUCTOR SOURCES
EXPRIMENT 3 COUPLING FIBERS TO SEMICONDUCTOR SOURCES OBJECTIVES In this lab, firstly you will learn to couple semiconductor sources, i.e., lightemitting diodes (LED's), to optical fibers. The coupling
More informationCHAPTER 5 FINE-TUNING OF AN ECDL WITH AN INTRACAVITY LIQUID CRYSTAL ELEMENT
CHAPTER 5 FINE-TUNING OF AN ECDL WITH AN INTRACAVITY LIQUID CRYSTAL ELEMENT In this chapter, the experimental results for fine-tuning of the laser wavelength with an intracavity liquid crystal element
More informationCOM 46: ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS jfm 07 FIBER OPTICS
FIBER OPTICS Fiber optics is a unique transmission medium. It has some unique advantages over conventional communication media, such as copper wire, microwave or coaxial cables. The major advantage is
More informationFabrication Techniques of Optical ICs
Fabrication Techniques of Optical ICs Processing Techniques Lift off Process Etching Process Patterning Techniques Photo Lithography Electron Beam Lithography Photo Resist ( Microposit MP1300) Electron
More informationPhotonics and Optical Communication Spring 2005
Photonics and Optical Communication Spring 2005 Final Exam Instructor: Dr. Dietmar Knipp, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering Name: Mat. -Nr.: Guidelines: Duration of the Final Exam: 2 hour You
More informationOPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS S-108.3110 1 Course program 1. Introduction and Optical Fibers 2. Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 3. Fiber-Optic Components 4. Transmitters and Receivers 5. Fiber-Optic Measurements
More informationThe 34th International Physics Olympiad
The 34th International Physics Olympiad Taipei, Taiwan Experimental Competition Wednesday, August 6, 2003 Time Available : 5 hours Please Read This First: 1. Use only the pen provided. 2. Use only the
More informationSilicon Photonic Device Based on Bragg Grating Waveguide
Silicon Photonic Device Based on Bragg Grating Waveguide Hwee-Gee Teo, 1 Ming-Bin Yu, 1 Guo-Qiang Lo, 1 Kazuhiro Goi, 2 Ken Sakuma, 2 Kensuke Ogawa, 2 Ning Guan, 2 and Yong-Tsong Tan 2 Silicon photonics
More informationOptical Amplifiers Photonics and Integrated Optics (ELEC-E3240) Zhipei Sun Photonics Group Department of Micro- and Nanosciences Aalto University
Photonics Group Department of Micro- and Nanosciences Aalto University Optical Amplifiers Photonics and Integrated Optics (ELEC-E3240) Zhipei Sun Last Lecture Topics Course introduction Ray optics & optical
More information