A supercapacitor based enhancement technique for stand-alone surge protection circuits

Transcription

1 A uercaacitor baed enhancement technique for tand-alone urge rotection circuit Jayathu Fernando 1,Nihal Kularatna 2 School of Engineering, The Unierity of Waikato Hamilton, New Zealand lhdkf1@waikato.ac.nz 1 nihalkul@waikato.ac.nz 2 Abtract With the International Technology Roadma for Semiconductor redicting below-25nm feature-ize VLSI, owered by DC ower ulie of le than 1V, rotection againt tranient ha become mandatory for modern electronic ytem. Surge rotection circuit are uually deigned uing non-linear deice uch a metal oxide aritor and emiconductor deice and thee deice are rated for hort-term energy abortion, baed on tranient waeform defined by tandard uch a IEEE C Deite their ery low oltage DC rating, uercaacitor are characterized by large time contant and ignificant continuou energy abortion rating. Thi aer reent detail of a atent-ending technique where multi-winding magnetic core with a uercaacitor baed energy aborber tage can be combined with the commonly ued non-linear deice, for enhanced rotection. Comarion of the uercaacitor-enhanced circuit together with a commercial urge rotection circuit i roided Keyword uercaacitor, urge rotection; metal oxide aritor, TVSS I. INTRODUCTION During the at decade uercaacitor technology matured quite raidly with low-oltage DC-rated deice introduced by many comanie worldwide. Few examle of uch manufacturer are Maxwell-USA, Ca-XX-Autralia and Neca-Korea. Common alication of uercaacitor(sc) are hort term energy torage [1-3], battery-uercaacitor hybrid combination [4-6] and hort term backu for DC ower ource and ulie [7-9] and catering for hort duration ower eak in ortable roduct uch a cellular hone tranmit ule and high brightne flah. Thin rofile Ca-XX [10] uercaacitor family i uitable for conumer alication uch a cellular hone and camera [11-13]. Seeral recent ublication [14-17] hae highlighted the oibilitie of uing uercaacitor in noel and unique alication uch a (i) efficiency enhancement in DC-DC conerter (ii) urge reitant UPS deign [18,19] (iii) tranient urge abortion. Thi aer roide a new aroach to deelo uercaacitor baed urge abortion tage uitable for ower conerion circuit uch a AC-DC conerter, UPS front end and imilar circuit. II. POWER QUAILTY ISSUES AND SURGE PROTECTION CIRCUITS A. Power Quailty Iue Ideally a commercial AC ower line hould be free of oltage ag and urge, blackout and brownout, harmonic and any tranient or high frequency noie. Howeer a ractical utility AC line carrie many of thee undeired element, and out of thee, mot damaging element i the tranient high oltage urge due to act-of-god uch a lightning and inductie ower dum. Tranient come in two form; common-mode tranient, which occur between the earth terminal and any one of the lie or neutral line; differentialmode tranient occur between the lie line and the neutral conductor. Out of thee two, common-mode tranient are difficult to rotect againt ince it i harder to identify and minimize the urge-current circulation ath. A er indication in Fig.1(a) thee tranient duration are in the order of few 10 of µ to few 100 µ. Commercial urge rotection circuit are deeloed uing ariation of nonlinear tranient energy abortion deice uch a metal oxide aritor (MOV) and emiconductor deice uch a bidirectional break oer deice (BBD) combined with caacitor-inductor filter in tyical configuration uch a in Fig.1. Thee are caable of aborbing ery hort duration tranient urge uerimoed on the AC main oltage. In a tyical urge rotection cenario, the deigner aim at minimizing the roagation of both common-mode and differential mode tranient. When the tranient are not adequately aborbed by the nonlinear deice in Fig. 1(a) they could caue comonent failure, comonent degradation and oftware reliability iue. B. Comarion of non-linear deice and uercaacitor a urge aborbing deice Tyical tranient abortion deice uch a MOV or BBD are characterized by non-linear oltage-current relationhi. A tyical MOV ha a non-linear oltage-current relationhi uch a, where, I i the intantaneou current, K i a material baed contant and n i a oltage

2 (a) Fig.1. Tranient uerimoed on AC main and a tyical urge rotection circuit (a) hort duration tranient uerimoed on an AC waeform tyical urge rotection circuit baed on MOV, LC filter and bidirectional break oer deice (BBD) deendant arameter. A BBD i a zener diode or thyritorbaed tructure, where the deice reent a near oen circuit condition before exceeding a articular threhold oltage, and, once you exceed thi breakdown oltage it conduct heaily. Tyically MOV can aborb larger amount of tranient urge energy than BBD, but the BBD are eed-wie fater. More detail on urge rotection deice and technique are roided in [20]. Analying urge rotection circuit and nonlinear deice characteriation are dicued in [21-23] with the neceary exerimental teting baed on a lightning urge imulator (LSS). For thee nonlinear deice, data heet indicate tranient energy rating (or the Joule rating) ecified for a ingle imule waeform uch a 10 x 1000μ current waeform (24, 25). It i imortant to areciate that both deice familie are not deigned to aborb urge energy on a continuou bai and if uch an incident occur deice could fail ermanently. Comared to the aboe ummary of non-linear deice caabilitie baed on a hort duration tranient withtand caability, a caacitor i uually characterized by the 1 2 continuou energy rating, CV, deice maximum DC 2 oltage rating and the equialent erie reitance (ESR), auming a imlified model for a tyical deice. A TABLE 1:A SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS APPLICABLE TO THE THREE SUPERCAPACITOR FAMILIES USED IN THE EXPERIMENT [SOURCE: [21]] Caacitor data Ca-xx 0.18F, 2.3V Maxwell 230F, 2.5V NeCa 90F, 2.7V LSS outut eak oltage Precharge Voltage (mv) Number of urge to detroy the deice 6.6kV to oer Oer Oer Oer kV 0 Did not fail after Did not fail after 600; Charge accumulation wa not obered 1000 Did not fail after 600; Oer the eriod of 700 reeated urge 0.1V dicharge wa obered 2500 Did not fail after 600; Oer the eriod of 700urge a dicharge of 0.2V wa obered 6.6kV 0 Did not fail after Did not fail after 600; No charge accumulation obered 1000 Did not fail after 600; Slight dicharge of 0.15V obered during 700 urge 2000 Did not fail after 600; Dicahrge of arox 350mV wa obered oer 700 urge. uercaacitor, alo known a an electrical double-layer caacitor (EDLC) i a comlex deice in which charge i tored in a double layer formed at the interface between a large urface area material uch a actiated carbon and a liquid electrolyte. Ref [26] roide ueful background on the uercaacitor technology. In literature there are many model and equialent circuit rooed for thi deice [27,28]. Two of the common and ueful model are deicted in Fig.2. The claical equialent circuit hown in Fig 2(a) i the mot ueful in circuit deign enironment, and rereent the dataheet arameter in a ery alicable manner. The ladder circuit model hown in Fig.2 i ueful in analyzing low dicharge and ule load alication.

3 (a) Fig.2. Suercaacitor equialent circuit (a) Claical equialent circuit Ladder circuit In recent ublication [29,30], urge withtand caability of SC are detailed with the baic theoretical aect and the tet reult for three commercial SC familie. A reorted in thi work, uercaacitor were ubjected to IEEE C62.41 baed urge oltage waeform from a lighting urge imulator (LSS). Baed on teting amle of each tye, the reult demontrate the fact that a limited number of high oltage tranient, u to 100 microecond duration, do not detroy mot commercial uercaacitor familie. Thi ueful oberation, confirm that a limited number of reeated high oltage urge can be afely tolerated by mot tye of commercial uercaacitor familie. A er the finding, eeral uercaacitor familie hae adequate urge withtand caabilitie and the quantified tet data ummarie are aailable, baed on the tet reult of ubjecting them u to 6.6kV-eak IEEE tandard waeform. A ummary i hown in Table 1. A er information in Table 1, we can ee that the larger uercaacitor familie were not affected by reeated urge, deite mall alue thin rofile deice failed after reeated urge, while the number of urge to fail deended on the re-charge oltage on the caacitor. Een thee re-charged thin rofile deice could withtand reeated urge u to about 180 hit, een though uch a reetition i ery rare in the real world ituation of urge. For more information ref [26] i uggeted. C. New toologie baed on uercaacitor aited urge abortion technique Suercaacitor aited urge aborber (SCASA) technique i baed on the ability of a uercaacitor to aborb hort duration tranient energy a er ummary roided here, couled with a uitable magnetic comonent uch a a two winding magnetic comonent which act a a tranformerinductor combination. Thi aroach wa deeloed tarting form the cae hown in Fig. 3(a). A non-linear deice uch a a MOV or a BBD i connected between the earth (or neutral) and the load ide end of one of the winding of the coil. AC inut end of the two coil are common and one coil far end i connected to the critical load. The turn ratio of the two winding are uitably elected in uch a way that the load end and the NLD end of the two coil do not exerience any ignificant differential AC main oltage comonent under normal oeration. Once a uerimoed high oltage (HV) tranient trael along the main inut, non-linear deice fire and enter into conduction tage, deeloing a oltage acro the connected winding. When the HV tranient exceed the firing oltage of the non-linear deice (NLD), it conduct heaily creating a urge current through the rimary coil and the NLD. Due to induction, econdary coil alo deelo a oltage and the two winding are config.d to create thi induced econdary oltage higher than that of the rimary and to ooe the tranient o that the critical load end ee the difference between thee two oltage a hown in Fig. 3. Grah in Fig. 3 i for a cae of a aritor (tye 20V275) which i haing a maximum Voltage (V) NLD Load (a) Time ( m Sec) Fig.3: Ue of econdary oltage to block the urge at the critical load end (a) Tranformer ued to hel reducing the imact of the urge at the load end Ocillograh indicating oltage ariation at the load and nonlinear deice when 6kVurge alied to the circuit in Fig3(a )

4 claming oltage of 710V ued a the NLD. Fig. 4(a) indicate the oerall technique uing a uercaacitor baed ub-circuit added to the bae configuration in Fig 3(a), with oible ariation a hown in Figure 4. SC baed ub-circuit now receie the oltage difference between the two coil. Gien thi cenario, when the NLD fire we can deelo the following relationhi. urge (1) NLD di di L M (2) dt dt load (3) urge di di L M (4) dt dt i ( ) / Z (5) ub ub i * Z load (6) NLD L and L are the elf-inductance of the rimary and econdary coil and M i the mutual inductance between the two winding., and load are the intantaneou oltage at the tranformer rimary, econdary, and at the load reectiely when the uerimoed urge, urge alied to the circuit. NLD and i ub are the oltage acro the NLD and the tranient related current flowing through the SC baed ub-circuit. Z ub i the oerall imedance of the SC baed ub-circuit. (a) Fig.4: Suercaacitor aited urge aborber (a) Baic circuit toology Poible ub circuit ub ub Outut of urge aborber (V) Commercial urge rotector with SC ub circuit with SC-reitor ub circuit Surge uerimoed on 110V AC (kv) Fig. 5: Comarion of urge abortion caabilitie of commercial and urge aborber with different ub circuit Matlab baed imulation and uitable mathematical technique can be ued to redict the oerall effect with aociated time delay occurring at each oint. Howeer a dicuion of thi ubject i beyond the coe of the aer. With a higher number of turn in the econdary winding it i oible to make ( ) 0. Therefore during the urge, Voltage (V) current through the ub circuit, i ub will generate a tranient comonent of the oltage which make the outut tranient oltage ( load ) lower than the oltage acro the nonlinear deice ( NLD ). Thi ub circuit act a a filter a well and it minimize the oible ringing at the outut. Fig. 5 how the comarion of urge abortion caability of a tyical commercial urge aborber with and without the new SCASA technique. Uer (blue) grah indicate remaining urge comonent (eak alue) at the critical load end the with no SCASA enhancement. Middle (red) grah how the ituation when a SC of 25F i ued in the ub-circuit. Bottom grah (black) indicate the eak alue of the remaining Varitor Voltage Load Voltage Time (msec) Fig. 6: Voltage ariation on load and aritor when 6kV urge alied to SCASA with SC and reitor ub circuit

5 outut tranient when a 1 reitor and a 25F uercaacitor baed erie ub-circuit i ued. Different configuration of ub circuit will affect the maximum tranient eak oltage occurring at the load end of the urge aborber during the occurrence of urge. A Fig. 5 indicate, the SCASA technique redict better oerall erformance than a commercial urge aborber. A the alied tranient urge oltage kee increaing, SC baed enhancement clearly ait reducing the tranient related urge oltage at the critical load. Fig. 6 deict the erformance of the SCASA technique, baed on a 25F uercaacitor in erie with a 1 reitor. It i clear that the load end receie a lower oltage than the claming oltage occurring at the aritor ued. There are many different combination oible for the ub circuit and thee are beyond the coe of thi aer. VI CONCLUSION The aer indicate a unique aroach to utilize a uercaacitor ub-circuit combined with a multi-winding tranformer-inductor to minimize the occurrence of a high tranient urge eak at a critical load, and thi technique can alo hel minimizing the additional LC filter requirement in a commercial urge aborber unit. Limited detail are releaed in the aer related to thi atent ending technique, due to intellectual roerty iue. REFERENCES [1] W. Maranda, M. 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