The European XFEL: a great opportunity for science, a challenge for detectors!

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1 The European XFEL: a great opportunity for science, a challenge for detectors! Guillaume Potdevin Photon Science Detector Systems DESY- Hamburg; Germany

2 Outlook The European XFEL Introduction General informations The specificity of XFELs Some scientific applications Detectors for XFEL Challenges Some examples of technical solutions 2 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Where is the challenge?

3 The European XFEL: The project Contributions to European XFEL (total 1,060 MEUR) 1,0% 1,1% 1,7% 1,0% 23,6% 2,0% 3,8% 1,0% 0,4% 3,3% 3,4% 1,9% 1,0% 54,7% CH CN DE DK ES FR GB GR HU IT PL RU SE SK 3 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

4 The European XFEL: The project The environment of the European XFEL: 4 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

5 The European XFEL: What is it? High Coherence + Ultra short pulses + High intensity SASE effect e - γ x Nikhef, 23 April 2009

6 The European XFEL: Instruments SASE 3 SASE 2 U 1 U 2 SASE 2 6 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

7 Outlook The European XFEL Introduction Some scientific applications Coherent Diffraction imaging (CDI) Xray Photocorrelation spectroscopy (XPCS) Detectors for XFEL Challenges Some examples of technical solutions 7 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Where is the challenge?

$Diffraction$ Imaging (CDI)

8 The European XFEL: For What? Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI) Solve the well known Phase Problem 8 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

$Applications of Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI) Membrane$ Proteins are difficult to crystallize, because of their intrinsic

9 The European XFEL: For What? Applications of Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI) Membrane Proteins are difficult to crystallize, because of their intrinsic structure DNA complexes are often very large and therefore difficult to crystallize 9 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

$Demonstration of Coherent Diffraction$ Imaging (CDI) Sample 2 nd shot at full

$Reconstructed Image Diffraction limited$ This already works with UV light

10 The European XFEL: For What? Demonstration of Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI) Sample 2 nd shot at full power shows sample destroyed Reconstructed Image Diffraction limited resolution achieved Wavelength = 32 nm This already works with UV light Courtesy: H,Chapman, CFEL-Desy 10 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Edge of window also reconstructed

11 The European XFEL: For What? Xray Photocorrelation Spectroscopy (XPCS) in time Learn about the dynamics of samples 11 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Courtesy: G.Gruebel, DESY

12 The European XFEL: For What? Xray Photocorrelation Spectroscopy (XPCS) in (reciprocal) space Various Symmetries in the speckle pattern can give an indication on the actual symmetry C Q (Δ) C Q (Δ) Courtesy: C.Gutt, DESY 12 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

13 Outlook The European XFEL Introduction Some scientific applications Detectors for XFEL Challenges Noise requirements / Dynamic range / charge explosion The European XFEL time structure Some examples of technical solutions 13 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Where is the challenge?

14 Problem of signal: Low number of photons So where is the Challenge for detectors? Need for: Very low noise: each photon carries a lot of information 14 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Where is the challenge for detectors?

15 So where is the Challenge for detectors? Problem of signal: Case of a small cluster : : a 5x5x5 units Ferritin crystal Log 10 ( hv ) 100 hv hv 10 4 hv 1 hv Need for: Large dynamics: from 1photon to 10 4 photons (or more) 15 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Where is the challenge for detectors?

16 So where is the Challenge for detectors? Problem of instantaneous energy deposition : *10 *10μm γ 16 3 = electrons / cm 12 bulk Doping O 10 electrons / cm ( 3 ) - + Drifting time increases dramatically: ~several 10ns electron hole charge carrier drift path? electric field line Courtesy: J.Becker, Uni. Hamburg 16 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

17 Study of Charge explosion So where is the Challenge for detectors? Scope - + optics 1 kev γ at some XFEL experiments soft X-rays are used - + high intensity sub-ns laser XFEL photons can be replaced by light with identical attenuation length 1 kev => 3µm => 660nm 12 kev => 250 µm => 1015nm Courtesy: J.Becker, Uni. Hamburg 17 Nikhef, 23 April kev γ main XFEL X-ray energy electron hole charge carrier drift path electric field line

$diffraction imaging Strong signal at center 18$

18 So where is the Challenge for detectors? Problem of Dose Accumulation of photons in certain zones Liquid scattering Rings Coherent diffraction imaging Strong signal at center 18 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

Radiation damages studies 1,2 Storage Cell Voltage drop Chip

5V 1 Chip II linear Vstore=2V Chip II linear Vstore=0.

Vstore=2V Chip I ELT Vstore=0.5V Chip II ELT Vstore=0.

5,00E+07 6,00E+07 7,00E+07 8,00E+07 9,00E+07 1,00E+08 Dose

19 Radiation damages studies 1,2 Storage Cell Voltage drop Chip I linear Vstore=2V Chip I linear Vstore=0.5V 1 Chip II linear Vstore=2V Chip II linear Vstore=0.5V Delta U [V] 0,8 0,6 0,4 Chip I ELT Vstore=2V Chip II ELT Vstore=2V Chip I ELT Vstore=0.5V Chip II ELT Vstore=0.5V 0,2 0 0,00E+00 1,00E+07 2,00E+07 3,00E+07 4,00E+07 5,00E+07 6,00E+07 7,00E+07 8,00E+07 9,00E+07 1,00E+08 Dose [Gy] Courtesy: H.Perrey/R.Klanner, Uni. Hamburg U.Trunk, Desy 19 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Image reconstruction

20 Where is the challenge for detectors? Problem of time structure of the signal The machine was first optimized for HEP 100 ms 100 ms 0.6 ms 99.4 ms 200 ns X-ray photons FEL process <100 fs Challenges: up to 30,000 bunches per second very high intensities (up to γ/bunch) Integrated dose, Dynamic Range very high repetition rates (up to 5 MHz) Pattern variability 20 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 The AGIPD project

21 Summury of Requirements/Challenges Many contradicting requirements Dynamic range: >10 4 Low noise Single photon sensitivity 5MHz Radiation Hardness 21 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

22 Outlook The European XFEL Introduction Some scientific applications Detectors for XFEL Challenges Three projects for the E-XFEL The Large Pixel Detector LPD The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector AGIPD The Depmos Sensor with Signal Compression DSSC An adding problem: the DAQ system Simulation of XFEL detectors (if time permits) 22 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 AGIPD

design, interface and control electronics, mechanics, cooling; overall coordination Some Facts 5 years development ~ 20 people Some

23 The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector The AGIPD consortium: PSI/SLS -Villingen: chip design; interconnect and module assembly Universität Bonn: chip design Universität Hamburg: radiation damage tests, charge explosion studies; and sensor design DESY: chip design, interface and control electronics, mechanics, cooling; overall coordination Some Facts 5 years development ~ 20 people Some Milestones First 16x16 pixels prototype Mid 2009 Definition of final design Mid 2010 Production, assembly and test Nikhef, 23 April 2009 AGIPD

24 The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector Basic parameters 1 Megapixel detector (1k 1k) 200mm 200mm pixels Flat detector Sensor: Silicon 128 x 512 pixel tiles 64 x 64 pixels Single shot 2D-imaging 5MHz frame rate photons dynamic range Adaptive gain switching Single photon sensitivity at 12keV Noise 200e ( keV) Storage depth 200 images Analogue readout between bunch-trains ~ 2mm ~220 mm bump bond chip sensor wire bond 1k x 1k (2k x 2k) Connector to interface HDI Base plate 24 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 AGIPD

25 The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector C3 C2 C1 Leakage comp. High dynamic range: Dynamically gain switching system Extremely fast readout (200ns): Control logic Discr. Analogue encoding 3 levels Normal Charge 1,2 V thr V ADCmax Trim DAC Analogue pipeline sensitive amplifier Output Voltage [V] 1,8 Analogue pipeline storage 1,6 1,4 1,0 0,8 0,6 Readout amp. Filter/write amp. Filter/write amp. C1 0,4 0,2 Cn Cf=100fF Cf=1500fF Cf=4800fF 0, Number of 12.4 KeV - Photons 25 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 AGIPD

26 Readout Electronics and Mechanics In Vacuum Variable hole size at the center Cools to -15 o C Consumption: ~1kW 26 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 LPD

27 The Large Pixel Detector Multi-Gain Concept Dynamic Range Compression required Relaxes ADC requirements Fits with CMOS complexity Threefold analogue pipeline On-chip ADC x1 C1 Cn C1 x5 C1 Cn x20 C1 Cn (M. French, STFC) 27 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 STFC/RAL University of Glasgow LPD

The Large Pixel Detector Sensor tile detail (exploded view) Hidden wire bonds permit edge-to-edge sensors Sensor bias communicated via ASC and interposer 128 x 32 pixels of 500

28 The Large Pixel Detector Sensor tile detail (exploded view) Hidden wire bonds permit edge-to-edge sensors Sensor bias communicated via ASC and interposer 128 x 32 pixels of 500 x 500 μm Sensor tile Area bump bonds Silicon interposer Hidden wire bonds ASIC Die Moly Metal Mount Door step ceramic and connector (M. French, STFC) 28 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 LPD

29 The Large Pixel Detector Super modules: 8 x 2 tiles (256 x 256 pixels) (M. French, STFC) 29 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 DSSC

DEPMOS Sensor with Signal Compression DEPFET per pixel Very low noise (good for soft X-rays) non linear gain (good for DR) In pixel ADC Digital storage pipeline MPI-HLL, Munich University

30 DEPMOS Sensor with Signal Compression DEPFET per pixel Very low noise (good for soft X-rays) non linear gain (good for DR) In pixel ADC Digital storage pipeline MPI-HLL, Munich University Bonn University Heidelberg University Siegen Politecnico di Milano University Bergamo 200μm x 200μm pixel combines DEPFET with small area drift detector (scaleable) 30 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 DSSC

drain Storage well Fully depleted silicon e - Output voltage as

31 DEPMOS Sensor with Signal Compression DEPFET: Electrons are collected in a storage well Trigger current from source to drain source gate drain Storage well Fully depleted silicon e - Output voltage as function of charge injected charge 31 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 DSSC injected charge

DEPMOS Sensor with Signal Compression DEPFET Axtive Pixel Sensor Detector Auxiliary ASIC and passive components r/o ASICs Flex hybrid Optional heat spreader Bump and wire bonds

32 DEPMOS Sensor with Signal Compression DEPFET Axtive Pixel Sensor Detector Auxiliary ASIC and passive components r/o ASICs Flex hybrid Optional heat spreader Bump and wire bonds sensitive DEPFET array 200mm connect detector units to ladder 1 ladder = 128x 512 pixels 8 ladders = 1 quadrant 4 quadrants = 1k x 1k detector 32 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Another challenge: DAQ

33 Another challenge: DAQ DATA Rate: Hz = 10GB/s per 1Mpxl camera There is no easy triggering system 2D pixel FEE 1D FEE camera custom.... FEI.... FEI custom or 10 GE UDP FEI 10 GE TCP Train builder net. switch Train builder? net. switch PC layer TCP, FC, Infiniband switch Data cache PC layer switch Data cache Courtesy: C.Youngman, DESY DESY IT standard PCs Archive silos PCs PCs 33 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Data Storage Issues

34 Data Storage Issues (C. Youngman-WP76) Assume: 3 x 1 Megapixel 2D Detector Systems 2 Byte/pixel 500 frames per train are read taken and read out 10 trains per second Running year: 200 days = 4800 hours Running efficiency: 10% Good-frame efficiency/compression: 25% (is this realistic?) ~13 Pbyte/year (1 Petabyte = 10 6 Gigabyte =10 15 Byte) Problem: No easy Veto system Each experiment is specific Need to keep the data to refine analysis 34 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 DESY Storage Capacity

35 DESY Storage Capacity Planning w/o XFEL 9000 Storage Requirements DESY Amount Terabyte Petra 3 Disk Tier II Atlas Tier II CMS HERA Disk Petra 3 Tape HERA Tape V.Gülzow et al. Years XFEL ~13 Pbyte/year = Tbyte/year 35 Nikhef, 23 April 2009

36 Outlook The European XFEL Introduction Some scientific applications Detectors for XFEL Challenges Three projects for the E-XFEL Simulation of XFEL detectors (if time permits) 36 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Detector simulation program

collection Amplification Electron storage

Switching ADC Implementation: IDL #pixels

37 Detector simulation program HORUS: a simulation program for HPADs Detector Geometry Photon Absorption Electron creation Electron Drift Electron collection Amplification Electron storage Readout Module Tiling Thickness Material Fano Factor Charge spreading Charge sharing Amplificator noise Leakage Special pixels at asics border Parallax Charge Explosion Dark current Gain Switching ADC Implementation: IDL #pixels 37 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Response spectrum of AGIPD to 40 photons intensities ADU

Broadening for response as f(i) 0 I 5photons Perfect detector Standard case:

38 4 photons 5 photons 3 photons 4 photons 5 photons Response analysis 0 photon 1 photon 2 photons 3 photons Ex. Broadening for response as f(i) 0 I 5photons Perfect detector Standard case: 12keV photons 200µm pixels 500µm thick sensor 38 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Image reconstruction 0 photon 1 photon 2 photons

Response analysis Evaluate the impact of each effect on the detector s response With Charge sharing (only) With amplifiers noise (only) Q 2 n = exp 8 ( 2) 4kT 2 + + 2 2eI i τ + ( 4kTR + e ) d

39 Response analysis Evaluate the impact of each effect on the detector s response With Charge sharing (only) With amplifiers noise (only) Q 2 n = exp 8 ( 2) 4kT eI i τ + ( 4kTR + e ) d R p na s na 2 C τ + 4 A C f 2 0 photon 1 photon 2 photons 3 photons 4 photons 5 photons 0 photon 1 photon 2 photons 3 photons 4 photons 5 photons 39 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Image reconstruction

3 photons 4 photons 5 photons Strong Charge Sharing!

40 Response analysis Study the detector s response outside of its target parameters 0 photon 1 photon 2 photons Limit of the noise performance! 3 photons 4 photons 5 photons Strong Charge Sharing! Statistics Standard case: 6keV photons 200µm pixels 500µm thick sensor 40 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Other case: 12keV photons 80µm pixels 500µm thick sensor

41 Summury The European XFEL offers unprecedented opportunities Coherent diffraction imaging Xray photocorrelation spectroscopy Warm dense matter Ultrafast timeresolved studies It is also a challenge for detectors Intensities / dynamic range Noise requirements Speed Radiation hardness Three large 2D detector projects have started The AGIPD (Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector) The LPD (Large Pixel Detector) The DSSC (Depmos Sensor with Signal Compression) 41 Nikhef, 23 April 2009 Where is the challenge?

The 2D X-ray detector development program for the European XFEL

The 2D X-ray detector development program for the European DESY-Photon Science Detector Group WorkPackage Detectors for Where is the challenge? 100 ms 100 ms 0.6 ms 200 ns 99.4 ms X-ray photons