9/15/2017. Warfare is the Agent of Historic Change. Understanding Historical Periods Of History
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1 Understanding Historical Periods Of History Honors Modern European History Mr. Rauer / K-213 Warfare is the Agent of Historic Change Recorded history begins at approximately 3,500 B.C. Prior to that everything is called Pre- Historic 3,500 BC 2017 AD (5,517 Years) Approximately 200 years of peace Technology improves the quality of weapons People become more aggressive 2 Ancient History The most violent century in the history of the world? The Twentieth Century! 1
2 Renaissance Soldiers The Nine Principles of War The Modern Warrior of the 21 st Century Chapter Twelve (12) Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Honors Modern European History Mr. Rauer / K-213 2
3 Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth The work and legacy of Jacob Burkhardt - Historian The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) Major Features Urban society Age of recovery Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture Emphasis on individual ability 3
4 The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Expansion of trade Italian cities lose economic supremacy Hanseatic League The Year 1000 Venetian Trading Empire The Year 1500 The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Industries old and new Textiles Printing Mining metallurgy Banking and the Medici Florence Symbol for the Florin = FL Hungary = Forint 4
5 Medici Family Bankers to the Pope Branches in: Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon, Bruges, London, Lyons Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility (2 3 percent of population) Ideals: Baldassare Castiglione ( ) The Book of the Courtier (1528) How people should act ideals and expectations for your station in life Peasants and Townspeople (85 90 percent of population) Decline of manorialism and serfdom Urban hierarchy Patricians, petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guild-masters, guildsmen, workers, and unemployed 5
6 The Family in Renaissance Italy Marriage Arranged, to strengthen business or family ties The importance of the dowry Father-husband: head of family Wife managed household Children The dangers of childbirth and childhood Sexual Norms Disparity in ages of spouses Extramarital sexual relationships The Italian States in the Renaissance The Five Major States The duchy of Milan The republic of Venice The republic of Florence The Medici The Papal States The Kingdom of Naples Will Seek to Develop a Balance of Power Among the Major States Warfare in Italy Fragmentation and the balance of power France and Spain fight over the peninsula Valois Family vs. Habsburg Family 6
7 The Birth of Modern Diplomacy Resident Agents Ambassadors ferret out useful information Protect their state Interests of the state super-cede all other considerations Hans Holbein The Ambassadors Niccolo Machiavelli ( ) and the New Statecraft The Prince Goals: acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power. Is it better for a prince to be loved or to be feared? Power & Human Nature Made numerous diplomatic missions Wrote the Prince With knowledge of the history of Rome and current Italian political affairs Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy The emergence of humanism The studia humanitatis (Study of Humanity), based on Greco-Roman literature The importance of Petrarch ( ) (Father of Italian Humanism) Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy Civic Humanism Florence Cicero as model Leonardo Bruni ( ) Growing interest in Greek civilization Humanist consciousness Lorenzo Valla ( ) 7
8 Education in the Renaissance The subjects and goals liberal studies The Classics History, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music The School of Athens Raphael Apostolic Palace - Vatican Alexander the Great? Plato or DaVinci? Michelangelo? The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg / Mainz, Germany Movable type and Gutenberg s Bible (1455 or 1456) Books Cheaper Affordable Literacy Increases 8
9 The Artistic Renaissance Art in the Early Renaissance A new realism Perspective and organization Movement and anatomical structure Invention at the Medici court: Sandra Botticelli ( ) Donato di Donatello ( ) David Filippo Brunelleschi ( ) Church of San Lorenzo Assertion of human individuality: portraits Da Vinci the inventor Leonardo Da Vinci Lives (& Dies) in France Patronage of Francis I 9
10 The Artistic Renaissance The Artistic High Renaissance Raphael ( ) School of Athens Michelangelo ( ) The Sistine Chapel Donato Bramante ( ) The Artist and Social Status The economic rewards of artistic genius Marble of Carrara, Italy 10
11 The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (c ) Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Albrecht Dürer ( ) Adoration of the Magi Music in the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay (c ) The madrigal A madrigal is a secular vocal music composition of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. Traditionally, polyphonic madrigals are unaccompanied; the number of voices varies from two to eight, and most frequently from three to six. The European State in the Renaissance The Growth of the French Monarchy Louis XI, the Spider ( ) Territorial expansion and royal control 11
12 The War of the Roses ( ) Fought over the Succession to the English Crown Henry VI Unstable Edward IV (York ) Comes to Power ( 1483) Final Phase Richard III -- House of York (White Rose) Brother Murders Edwards two Sons? Vs. Henry Tudor -- House of Lancaster (Red Rose) Gains Support of Many Nobles Battle of Bosworth Field 1485 (Next Slide) Richard III Killed Henry Tudor Becomes Henry VII Established the Tudor Dynasty Marries Elizabeth of York Result: English Monarchy is Strengthened Battle of Bosworth Field August 1485 Decides the Kingship of England! The European State in the Renaissance The Growth of the French Monarchy Louis XI, the Spider ( ) Territorial expansion and royal control England: Civil War and a New Monarchy The Wars of the Roses The administrative and financial reforms of Henry VII ( ) Unification of Spain Fernand and Isabella Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs Vienna 12
13 Spanish Re-conquest of Spain ( Reconquista ) 37 Portugal / Castile / Aragon 1469 = Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Castile Establish a Christian Kingdom 1492 Last Islamic State is Conquered (Granada) All Spain Must be Catholic Muslims / Jews Converted or Left Spain Inquisition = Heretics 38 The European State in the Renaissance The Growth of the French Monarchy Louis XI, the Spider ( ) Territorial expansion and royal control England: Civil War and a New Monarchy The Wars of the Roses The administrative and financial reforms of Henry VII ( ) Unification of Spain Fernand and Isabella Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs Vienna 13
14 Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV Decrees Monarch will be Elected Holy Roman Emperor Issues the Golden Bull of 1356 Seven Prince Electors Established Archbishops: Trier; Cologne; Mainz Princes: King of Bohemia; Duke of Saxony; Count of the Palatine; Margrave of Brandenburg 40 Prince - Electors Meet Throughout Germany for Elections Hapsburg Family of Austria is Elected Repeatedly Hapsburg Family Makes a Series of Dynastic Marriages with the Royal Houses of Europe Holy Roman Empire; Low Countries; Spain; Italy Capital = Vienna, Austria 41 The European State in the Renaissance The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Russia Ivan III ( ): overthrow of the Mongols The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire The spread of the Ottoman Turks Fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453) 14
15 The Church in the Renaissance The Problem of Heresy and Reform John Wyclif (c ) and Lollardy The push for a vernacular Bible Attack on practices not mentioned in Scripture John Hus ( ) and the Hussites Criticism of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415) Reform of the Church Church councils Sacrosancta and Frequens The Renaissance Papacy Julius II ( ), warrior-pope Nepotism Sixtus IV ( ) and his nephews Alexander VI ( ) and the Borgias Degrades the Office of the Papacy Assassinations Mistresses (4) Illegitimate Children (9) Cesare Lucrezia Marries three times for political gain Alexander VI 15
16 16
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