EUROPE IN THE 16th CENTURY

Transcription

1 EUROPE IN THE 16th CENTURY

2 By the same authot EUROPE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

3 Europe in the Sixteenth Century DAVID MALAND M.A. High Master, Manchester Grammar School SECOND EDITION M MACMILLAN

4 David Maland 1973, 1982 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written pennission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written pennission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the tenns of any!icence pennitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be!iable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First pub!ished 1973 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LID Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS andlondon Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. First edition reprinted four times Second edition 1982 Ninth reprint 1993

5 Contents List 0/ Plates Acknowledgements List 0/ Maps V111 V111 lx I THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF THESIXTEENTH CENTURY (to 1520) Introduction The Mediterranean South Germany The Baltic and the N etherlands The Portuguese Discoveries The Spanish Discoveries II THE CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY (to 1520) The Urban Environment of the Italian Renaissance The Studia Humanitatis and Renaissance Optimism Patrons and Patronage in Renaissance Italy Renaissance Art in Italy Northern Humanism Art and Music in Northern Europe The Eve of the Reformation Martin Luther's Spiritual Crisis III INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT France and Burgundy Europe and Islam The Italian Wars Warfare and Diplomacy

6 IV THE WESTERN MONARCHIES BY 15z0 Royal Authority in France to 1515 The Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon to 15 I 6 The Papacy, the Empire and the Habsburgs V THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY AND OVERSEAS TRADE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Inflation and Population Growth The Social Consequences of Inflation Mediterranean Trade Northern and Atlantic Trade Portugal, the Estado da India and Brazil Spain and America Capital and Capitalism VI CHARLES V The Burgundian Inheritance The Kingdoms of Castile anq Aragon Habsburg-Valois Rivalry Suleyman the Magnificent 15z0-66 The Holy Roman Empire The German Response to Lutheranism z ZOI Z07 ZI3 ZZI zz6 Z34 z47 VII PROTESTANTISM AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION The Swiss Reformers The Foundations of the Catholic Reformation The Papacy and the Counter-reformation Z55 z6 Z7... VIIIEASTERN EUROPE AND THE BALTIC Poland and Lithuania Russia 146z Gustav Vasa and Swedish Independence Sweden and the Vasas Z79 z

7 IX FRANCE The Reigns of Francis I and Henry II The Wars of Religion to 1572 The Later Wars and the Accession of Henry IV X THE HABSBURGS IN EUROPE The Government of Philip II of Spain 343 The Revolt of the Netherlands The Revolt of the Netherlands Philip II and International Conftict 376 The Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire 384 XI ART, MUSIC AND THE SCIENCES Mannerism in Italian Art The Art of Venice and Northern Europe Music and the Beginnings of Opera and Ballet The Prelude to the Scientific Revolution Bibliography Index II

8 List of Plates Piale I The Foundling Hospital by Brunelleschi 2 Detail from The Tribute Money by Masaccio 3 The Rucellai Palace, Florence, by Alberti 4 David by Donatello 5 The Birth 9/ Venus by Botticelli 6 The Creation 0/ Adam from the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo 7 Detail from The Vt"rgin 0/ the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci 8 The Madonna dei Granduca by Raphael 9 Detail from the altarpiece at Isenheim by Grünewald 10 The Nativity by Dürer I I The Chateau of Chambord in the Loire Valley 12 The Pesaro Madonna by Titian i 3 The Rondanini Pieta by Michelangelo 14 The Madonna 0/ the Swan Neck by Parmigianino 15 The Last Supper by Tintoretto 16 The Villa Rotunda, Vicenza, by Palladio Acknowledgements The author and publishers wish to thank the following for permission to reproduce the photographs in this book: The French Government Tourist Office: Plate 11; The Mansell Collection: Plates I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; The Radio Times Hulton Picture Library: Plate 6. viii

9 List of Maps Centres of trade and industry in the Mediterranean region 6 2 Centres of trade and industry in Central and Northern Europe 16 3 Portuguese and Spanish discovefies by The Burgundian lands in the fifteenth century 94 5 The Empire of the Osmanli Turks I taly at the end of the fifteenth century I 17 7 Spain in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella The Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg lands Centres of commerce in Northern Europe Portuguese bases in the Far East 184 II Central America and the Caribbean South America Europe in the reign of Charles V The Netherlands in the reign of Charles V Germany in the reign of Charles V Poland-Lithuania and Muscovy Sweden under the Vasas France during the Wars of Religion The Netherlands in the reign of Philip List of Graphs The movement of wheat prices The depreciation of monies of account 3 The value of bullion imports into Seville The House of Vasa The House of Valois The House of Guise The House of Bourbon The House of Montmorency The House of Habsburg Genealogical Tables IX