While a more modern assessment views this period as a gradual but significant change in cultural and intellectual ideas and trends

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Letitia Weaver
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1 Renaissance was it truly a Rebirth? Some have see it as the dawn of modern European history. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. While a more modern assessment views this period as a gradual but significant change in cultural and intellectual ideas and trends

3 Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? 6 reasons. Possible TEST QUESTION!

4 But what is Italy?

5 Italy was the site of the Old Roman Empire 1

6 2. Rome was the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, a unifier in Europe

7 3. Italians had contact with Byzantine civilization where Greek and Roman ideas were preserved by scholars These scholars fled to Italy once the Ottomans took Constantinople

8 4. Italian scholars developed an interest in classic Greek and Roman literature - looked to classical literature as a guide for living; saw Greek polis and republican Rome as models for their lifestyle Renaissance Italians saw the Middle Ages as a period mired in ignorance

9 Italy was the departure site for the Crusades and was closest to African and Asian markets, exposing Italians to new ideas and advances in medicine and science Trade dominates its economy 5.

10 6. Italian cities were home to many wealthy, educated merchants who became patrons of artists

11 Review the video

12 Causes of the Renaissance

13 G o t h i c Architecture

14 Originally a disparaging term applied by later neoclassical (18th century) artists who regarded this architectural style as heavy, dark and grotesque. Walls seemed to disappear, replaced by tall, seemingly weightless, stained glass windows ( light as divine substance in medieval philosophy). The Gothic cathedral: a metaphor for the synthesis of faith and reason.

15 H e I g h t 2 main characteristics of Gothic Architecture?

16 Roman Basilica design of most cathedrals

17 Characteristics of Gothic Architecture Flying Buttresses In order to reach the heights they desired their construction techniques had to be modified Supports designed to relieve the stress of all the weight of the tall cathedrals

20 Ribbed Vault Supports designed to relieve the stress of all the weight of the tall cathedrals

24 Here s s some famous gothic churches

29 What is this famous Cathedral?

30 4 aspects of artistic values of the Renaissance

31 1. Celebration of the individual INDIVIDUALISM; each has unique value, work at self-improvement 2. Movement towards secular themes 3. Love for classical learning 4. Enjoyment of worldly pleasures Art serves as a reflection of the time and also as an agent of social commentary

32 Medieval vs. Renaissance Art Medieval Religious themes only Use of flat, 2 dimensions Heavenly backgrounds Renaissance Religious and Human themes Use of perspective and 3 dimensions Earthly backgrounds Praises the human form

33 Medieval Example...

35 The 3 Graces Classical Renaissance Medieval

36 What figures are included? What about their size and placement? How realistic are they? What is the setting and background? What values do you think the artists was trying to convey?

37 What figures are included? What about their size and placement? How realistic are they? What is the setting and background? What values do you think the artists was trying to convey?

40 Now, lets look at an example from the Renaissance: Do you notice a difference? Birth of the Virgin Fra Carnevale 1467

41 Renaissance Art Can you name 4 Renaissance artists? *Leonardo *Raphael *Donatello *Michelangelo

42 Leonardo, Raphael, Donatello, Michelangelo

44 School of Athens - Raphael This is considered one of the best examples of Renaissance art. In 1508 Pope Julius II commissioned Raphael to paint a series of frescoes in the Vatican papal chambers. He painted this at the same time that Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel. The piece shows a gathering of leading ancient Greek philosophers. Plato & Aristotle appear in the center. Art historians believe that Michelangelo is portrayed in the foreground as the man write on a stone block. How are the values of the Renaissance reflected in this?

45 Like a kid in a candy store!

The School of Athens This portrays a collection of thinkers from across an historical spectrum, each represented in an animated scene of discussion.

47 The School of Athens This portrays a collection of thinkers from across an historical spectrum, each represented in an animated scene of discussion. The perspective of the piece and its use of both Greek and Roman principles of art mark it as an important piece of Renaissance art. At the center of the work, Raphael frames Plato and Aristotle beneath a Roman arch. Plato, points upward, gesturing toward one of two important themes of the Renaissance, Faith. Aristotle's hand motions downward with an open palm, making reference to Reason, the second theme of the Renaissance On Plato's side, there was a statue of Apollo, the god of poetry. On Aristotle's side there was one of Athena, goddess of reason. Spreading outward on either side were groups corresponding to the separate schools of thought within the two major divisions

48 Causes of the Renaissance

49 Lets break it down and look at the types of Renaissances experienced

50 Economic Renaissance

51 Economic Renaissance All linked to the urban revival of the Latin West cities had the ability to determine their own economic future 1. Revival of trade & commerce 2. Wealthy Italian city-states 3. Banking 4. Hanseatic League Possibly #1: Primary motivating factor which cause men to act - Self interest GREED

52 Banking

53 Hanseatic League An alliance of trading cities that established and maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period (ie between the 13th and 17th century).

54 Political Renaissance

55 Political Renaissance 1. Re-conquest of Iberia and Byzantine collapse 2. Rise of nations & monarchs 3. Nationalism years war 5. Longbow & cannon

56 Comparison from Medieval to Renaissance Nation states formed from formerly independent locales divine right of kings empowers royals nobility loses power growing middle class of merchants, doctors, lawyers, clergy, etc.

57 The Hundred Years War Conflict between England and France over title to French throne

58 The English army was much smaller than the French, but was better organized and better led. The English won most major battles England was too small to exploit its advantage; French kings would recover after defeats The Course of the War French nobles played off one side against the other, trying to come out on top

59 The Outcome of the War By 1453, French had driven English out of France French monarchy was strengthened by long conflict English monarchy also powerful, but Parliament continued to exercise influence over taxation Long war exacerbated famine and plague in France

60 The Hundred Years War led to... The end of Feudalism because... New weapons made armored knights on horseback useless Longbow Cannon Nationalism People began to feel a sense of pride to a country instead of a feudal lord

61 Henry V Started nationalistic pride in the English.

62 Joan of Arc Woman who united the French by attempting to remove the English from French lands. She heard voices while tending her father s s sheep which told her to drive the English out. Began the feeling of nationalism in France.

63 Spain Two Powerful Monarchs Isabella Ferdinand

64 The Reconquista Ferdinand and Isabella married and combined two major kingdoms. They were both Catholic and wanted to end Muslim influence in Spain. The Reconquista or re-conquest was a push to drive the Muslims out of Spain This recapturing of formerly Muslim lands allowed much lost info to return to Europe

66 Intellectual Renaissance

67 Intellectual / Artistic Renaissance 1. Printing Press 2. Aristotle s ideas 3. Mechanical Devices 4. Universities 5. Dante & Humanism 6. Patronage of Medicis

Humanism Literary movement which studied and appreciated the classical periods Stress on potential good of humanity, as contrasted with medieval outlook that saw humans as

68 Humanism Literary movement which studied and appreciated the classical periods Stress on potential good of humanity, as contrasted with medieval outlook that saw humans as inherently sinful Renaissance artists saw the human body as beautiful and good, rather than sinful and evil Italian humanists saw the intellect as a way of improving civic life and society

69 Mechanical Devices Mills The Mechanical Clock (early 14 th Century) Time was no longer the province of God or the church. It was now controlled by man for his profit Printing Press Longbow & Cannon Gunpowder

70 Printing Press Moveable type!

1450 Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg brought together many contemporary technologies to produce books printed from moveable type In early printing, type was set by hand; locked into frames from

71 1450 Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg brought together many contemporary technologies to produce books printed from moveable type In early printing, type was set by hand; locked into frames from printing Printing made possible a great increase in the number of books and information available to people With increased access to literacy... Knowledge could spread beyond the Church Complex ideas of the Renaissance & Reformation thinkers could be written and widely disseminated

72 Literary Differences Medieval literary forms epic poetry ballads, poems, songs romances--courtly love tales religious drama saints lives More literate than ancient world Renaissance - New literary forms sonnet letter secular drama political, reformatory. theological tracts nonfiction prose novel fictional prose More literate than medieval world

73 Vernacular using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured i.e. LATIN Dante s Divine Comedy (1321) Using Roman poet Virgil as a guide through the after world Chaucer s Canterbury Tales ( ) Vernacular Translations of the Bible Here are some of the major Renaissance writers

Thomas More Became one of Henry VIII s most trusted diplomats but crossed the king on the Act of Supremacy (King making himself Head of the Church in England then divorces his wife More s protests

75 Thomas More Became one of Henry VIII s most trusted diplomats but crossed the king on the Act of Supremacy (King making himself Head of the Church in England then divorces his wife More s protests lead to his execution soon after Wrote Utopia in 1516 In it he criticized English society. He depicted an imaginary society based on reason and tolerance that overcame social and political injustice by holding all property and goods in common and requiring everyone to earn their bread by their own work. Utopia was meant to be a perfect place in Latin Utoia means NOWHERE

people actually behave, as opposed to how they ought to behave.

76 Nicolo Machiavelli The Prince * It is better to be feared than loved * The ends justify the means These were the centerpieces of this handbook called Machiavelli was the key figure in realist political theory Began observation of how people actually behave, as opposed to how they ought to behave. His two most famous books, Discources and the Prince were written in the hopes of improving the conditions of the Northern Italian city-states, but became general handbooks for a new style in politics.

77 Papers only $8.95 per page plus a free bibliography!!!

78 Artistic Renaissance

80 Piero della Francesca, The Flagellation of Christ, 15 th c.

81 City of Florence

De Medicis Powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century The family first achieved power through banking Instrumental

83 De Medicis Powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century The family first achieved power through banking Instrumental in the development of Florence as the epicenter of 15th century Renaissance Europe Patrons of many of the Florentine art & architecture projects

86 Donatello s s David st free standing nude since 1 st the Roman Empire

87 Donatello s David

88 Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance man. Master of many qualities; art, science, war, etc.

89 Mona Lisa

90 The last supper

92 Michelangelo

93 First really characteristic, un- mistakably personalized work of Michelangelo energy in reserve action in repose Michelangelo s s David

94 David

96 High Renaissance con t Italy 1500 s- Sculpture MICHELANGELO Pieta, Florence Mannerist Pieta, St Peter High

97 the hearts image

98 It is necessary to keep one s compass in ones eyes and not in the hand, for the hands execute, but the eye judges.

100 Creation of Adam

101 St. Peter s Basilica

102 I regret that I have not done enough for the salvation of my soul and that I am dying just as I am beginning to learn the alphabet of my profession Michelangelo Deathbed statement

103 Van Eyck begins in Flanders

104 Pieter Bruegel

105 Peasant wedding

106 Social Renaissance

107 Social Renaissance 1. Black Death 2. Decline of Serfdom 3. Vernacular 4. Rise of cities & towns 5. Guilds 6. Lives of women improved

108 Guilds

A New Ethos (guiding belief) Status based on wealth, not birth Helped Italian merchants find a way to fit in Renaissance society very competitive:

109 A New Ethos (guiding belief) Status based on wealth, not birth Helped Italian merchants find a way to fit in Renaissance society very competitive: everyone tried to display their status Conspicuous consumption Everybody tried to flaunt their learning More mobility between places between social classes

110 Decline of Serfdom The Harvesters

111 Black Death the Plague Disease named the Bubonic plague which spread rapidly through Europe. Death was quick and gruesome. Named after the black swellings on neck and joints 25 million people died that about 1/3 the population!

112 What caused the plague? A bacteria which attacks the lymph nodes (in neck, armpits, and groin). It was unknown how it spread in the Middle Ages but it was their unsanitary habits which gave rise to lots of rats. But rats didn t bite people...

113 The Flea!!! The bacteria was in the fleas blood but would not kill the flea. The flea would feed from a rat. The rat would feed from the garbage of people. The flea would jump onto people and bite them.

114 Bubonic Plague Or Black Death

115 Social result of Black Death Demand of laborers for higher pay End of serfdom Peasant revolutions

116 Religious Renaissance

117 Religious Renaissance 1. Scholasticism & Aquinas 2. Great Schism 3. Gothic Architecture

The Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) Clement V elected pope Moves to Avignon, France and the Papacy too Pluralism and absenteeism Bishops (et al.

118 The Babylonian Captivity ( ) Clement V elected pope Moves to Avignon, France and the Papacy too Pluralism and absenteeism Bishops (et al.) try to hold as many offices as possible to collect revenues from them These clerics cannot do multiple jobs and so get lower-paid subordinates to take over the jobs they do not have time for Criticism of papacy increased So those in Rome chose to do something about it a Schism ensues Clement V

119 2 Popes Avignon Rome

The Great Schism 1378-1417 1377 Pope moved back to Rome and died 1378 Italian elected Urban VI

120 The Great Schism Pope moved back to Rome and died 1378 Italian elected Urban VI at Rome; Frenchman elected Clement VII at Avignon Church now had two popes St. Peter and St. Paul

121

122 The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism damaged the spiritual authority of the papacy, which weakened the political influence of the popes Royal power increased as spiritual authority of pope decreased Popes needed royal support and could not stand up to kings Kings and nobles throughout Europe began to reassert control over church

123 Critics of the Church

124 This leads to a theological question which won t be addressed for another 300 years Where was the true religious power? The Church or the Bible?

125 Decline in Church prestige Losses in the Crusades Babylonian captivity & Great Schism Corruption of the church Increase in secularism Questioning attitude that challenged previously accepted knowledge and authority

What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance? Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential?

What changed during the Middle Ages that gave rise to the Renaissance? Trade & Cities? Government? Religion? Human Potential? Western I. Europe The emerged Renaissance from the Middle Ages during an era known as the Renaissance From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe experienced a rebirth in trade, learning, & Greco-Roman ideas During