In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European civilization after 1000?

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Bryan Reeves
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1 The Renaissance

2 Learning Targets What changes in society and it cities stimulated the beginning of the Renaissance? What ideas formed the foundation of the Italian Renaissance? What contributions did artists make to the Renaissance?

3 Why Should We Care? In comparison to Byzantium, China, India, and the Islamic world, Europe s political authorities were weaker, its cities were smaller, its economy was less commercialized, and its technology was inferior to more established civilizations. Europeans were seen as barbarians. Thoughtful Europeans who encountered other peoples often acknowledged their own comparative backwardness. Therefore, the European case of renewal has received deep scrutiny, not so much because of its special significance at the time, but because of its later role as a globally dominant region.

4 In what ways did borrowing from abroad shape European civilization after 1000?

5 Catching Up Accelerating growth in Europe spurred reintegration into the larger Afro-Eurasian network of exchange and communication. European elites sought spices, porcelain, sugar, and various technological, intellectual, and cultural innovations. Europeans would seek further trade on the oceans in the 15 th and 16 th century. Europeans were also willing to engage with and borrow from more advanced civilizations. Borrowed items included: medical knowledge, mathematics, chess, gunpowder, horse collar, stirrup, poetry, and music.

6 Catching Up Technological borrowing was accompanied by adaptation as Europeans sought to adapt their borrowed technologies to the unique conditions of Europe. Innovations occur in agriculture. Innovations such as the three field system and the heavy wheeled plow help to sustain a growing population. Europeans also sought to exploit non-animal sources of energy, such as the windmill, waterdriven mill, complex gearing, gunpowder and cannons, as well as perpetual motion machines, the magnetic compass, and the lateen sail.

7 Pluralism in Politics Western European civilization never regained the unity it had achieved under the Roman empire. Political life consisted of a system of competing kingdoms, that included France, Spain, England, Sweden, etc. Geographic barriers, as well as ethnic and linguistic diversity, added to this atmosphere. Western Europe was comprised of shifting balances of power and war. Military men gained status. This atmosphere of rivalry would later drive the gunpowder revolution.

8 Pluralism in Politics However, warfare did not halt European economic growth. Interstate rivalry between the ruling class instead created a willingness to borrow technological developments. Capital, labor, and goods found their way around political barriers. There is enough competition to stimulate development, however the common Christian culture and the use of Latin and French by a literate elite create a level of unity and communication across political barriers. This unity allows endeavors to prosper.

9 Pluralism in Politics The rulers of Western Europe are weaker than in the East. The Roman Catholic Church maintains a level of independence. Vassals had rights in return for their loyalty, and by the 13 th century highranking nobles, in the form of a council, had the right to advise rulers and approve taxes. A three way struggle for power exists between kings, warrior aristocrats, and church leaders (all of whom are nobility)

10 Pluralism in Politics This three way struggle for power enabled urban-based merchants to achieve a level of independence from political authority that is not found in other civilizations. Man cities where local merchants exercised power, won the right to make and enforce their own laws and appoint their own officials. Kings granted charters to allow cities to have their own courts, laws, and government, as long as they paid their dues. Some, like Venice and Genoa, were able to achieve complete independence.

11 Pluralism in Politics The weaker European monarchs did not limit merchants or control industry to the same extent as could be found in the east. As a result, urban merchants had more leeway. Such leeway would lead the way for the later development of capitalism. Attempts to strengthen royal authority by consulting with major social groups of the nation (clergy, landowning nobility, urban merchants, or the three estates of the realm ), will also lead the way for the development of more advanced representative institutions, such as parliament.

12 Overview of the Causes of the Renaissance Demand leads to specialization. Specialization leads to trade. Secular hunger for discovering texts leads to the develop of new libraries. The printing press leads to the mass production of forgotten texts. Writing in the vernacular increases access to forgotten teachings and entertainment. Political changes in the ruling class of Italy leads to New Men without political history. They legitimize themselves with forms of art and creativity. Demand for Humanist educated officials. Humanism challenged previous schools of thought, scholasticism, and the church.

13 Humanism Triggers the Renaissance Video

14 Notes on Renaissance Notes: Renaissance l Social l Political l Religious l Intellectual l Technological l Economic

15 The Renaissance An age of rebirth and classical antiquity It is described as ending the medieval era, or Dark Ages, and a heralding in of the modern age. Light is therefore associated with antiquity. The dark of the Dark Ages is linked with an ignorance of the classics It can also be described as a sustained period of renewed interest and remarkable developments in art, literature, science, and learning.

16 Rebirth of Classical Antiquity l The world of the Greeks and Romans Urbanization of society l Cities the center of Renaissance Europe Individualism l The glory of God is reflected through human potential and achievement l Man becomes more of the center and measure of all things l A well-rounded individual is the ideal Secularism l Decreased singular importance of religion Renaissance in a Nutshell

17 Social Urbanization fueled major social changes Growth of the merchants/bourgeoisie Importance of Guilds in Renaissance Persecution of Jews

18 Urbanization Europe remained predominantly rural, but cities rapidly l Strong relationship between trade, manufacturing and urbanzation l Northern Italian cities and Flanders Growth in Bourgeoisie and Petit Bourgeoisie l Bourgeoisie- Owners of capitalistic enterprises l Served as patrons of culture l Petit Bourgeoisie- Shopkeepers, artisans, guildmaster who provided goods and services for local consumption

19 Guilds Trade associations that regulated the practice and access to trades l Served to limit competition and perpetuate male dominance in trade/business l Resulted in continued inequalities l Discriminated against Jews

20 Persecution of Jews Most Jews resided in Europe s cities Urban-oriented because of focus on trade and business (money-lending) l Jews often excluded from other professions Persecuted Jews in times of crisis Expelled from Spain in 1492 after many years of persecution

21 Political End of Papal Supremacy Rise of the New Monarchies (France, England, Spain) Political Fragmentation in Italy and Holy Roman Empire Varying Power of Nobility Advent of Machiavellian Politics

22 End of Papal Supremacy End of papal supremacy epitomized by Pope Bonaface VIII (Pope is superior to every living creature) Pope arrested by King Phillip of France Establishment of alternative papal seat in Avignon, France Monarchical power over popes increased

23 Rise of New Monarchies France- Enmity towards England during Hundred Years War ( ) increased nationalistic feelings England- First Tudor King (Henry VII) established strong monarchy and reduced power of nobles by taking away armies Spain- Isabela (Castile) and Ferdinand (Aragon) marriage unified Spain

24 Political Fragmentation Holy Roman Empire (A Confederation of independent states in present-day Germany) Italy- Lack of centralized political authority with many city-states (Florence, Siena, Venice) l Ensuing competition between France and Spain for control of Italy

25 Varying Power of Nobility England- Nobility secured guarantee of hereditary rights through Magna Carta Other Locations- Weakened by new military technology that reduced impenetrability of fortesses

26 Advent of Machiavellian Politics Machiavelli ( ) Focus on how leaders could acquire, maintain, and expand political power l Contrasted with ruling according to Christian-based moral principles Ends justify the means Morality NOT a part of political activity

27 Religious End of Church s supremacy in national affairs Rise of Skepticism (Impact of Black Death) Advent of Christian Humanism and Scholasticism Increased Corruption of Papacy Fusion of Official Christianity and Nationalism in Spain

28 End of Church Supremacy in Nat l Affairs Major challenges to Church supremacy by France (political) Cultural supremacy challenged by Renaissance patrons of the arts (Medici) Scientific advancements directly contradicted Church doctrine

29 Forces for Change Rise of Skepticism l Result of the Black Death l A major questioning of religion and even the existence of God Worldly, Corrupt Nature of Renaissance Popes l Series of corruption scandals l Involvement in worldly affairs l Julius II ( ) led armies personally against Venice

30 Advent of Christian Humanism and Scholasticism Christian Humanism (Erasmus ): Believed that Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than a system of dogmatic beliefs Scholasticism- Effort to synthesize faith and reason with Aristotle l Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica)

31 Humanism The intellectual and artistic creativity of northern Italy, was more than a rebirth, although it was characterized by a renewed interest in the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. Humanism, or the interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals, grew from Greek culture, but during the Italian Renaissance, it was reflected through portrait painting, autobiography, and philosophies that challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

32 Intellectual Development of secular, individualist literature by writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio l Revived interest in classical writing and secular subjects (such as love and pride) l In opposition to the emphasis on theology and spiritual topics of the Middle Ages

33 Popularization of the Intellectual Printing press led to the popularization of literary works l million books printed in 238 towns in W. Europe Led to greater focus on secular literature

34 Development of secular, individualist literature Written in Italian vernacular to reach broad audiences, rather than Latin of medieval monks and scholars Religion declined as a central focus of interest in almost all areas of life Focus on the individual and individual attitudes Often quite secular l Dante: Divine Comedy l Chaucer: Canterbury Tales

35 Artistic (Big Three) Focused on persuading audiences of the reality of the event/person they were painting/sculpting l Da Vinci- Focused on realism l Mona Lisa and Last Supper l Raphael- Best known for frescoes l Michelangelo- Focused on ideal human with perfect proportions l Sistine Chapel and the David

36 Technological Advent of Water Wheels Major changes in military technology Invention of the movable metal-type printing press Significant architectural achievements (Gothic churches) Key maritime invention and improvements

37 Technological Advancements Water Wheels>>>>>> Advances in ironrelated industries Improved Crossbow (NOT humble arrow )>>>>> Reduced power of knights and manorism Firearm and Gunpowder>>> Could penetrate fortesses. Led to reduced power of manorism

38 Technological Advancements Great improvements on Chinese carved wood blocks: movable pieces of type, new ink, printing press Johann Gutenberg ( ) Led to tremendous proliferation of books in Europe l Expansion of unorthodox ideas

39 Economic Tremendous economic improvement in Europe during Renaissance Rapid development of trade (Venice, Genoa, Flanders and Hanseatic League) Increased European self-sufficiency

40 Medieval & Renaissance Art Art is reflective of the historical setting Characteristics of Medieval Art PDifferent Mediums PByzantine Icons Characteristics of Renaissance Art PEarly Italian Renaissance PNorthern Renaissance PHigh Renaissance

41 Characteristics of Medieval Art Lacks depth or perspective Figures are stiff and elongated Facial expressions lack emotions Background frequently a solid color with tempra

43 Bayeaux Tapestry 11 th Century-Halley s Comet

44 Bayeaux Tapestry 1066AD Battle of Hastings

45 Byzantine Icon 9 th Century

46 Characteristics of Renaissance Art Individualism-Emphasized the uniqueness of each face and figure with emotions. Balance and Proportion-More realistic, tried to make art imitate life. Perspective- The impression of depth and distance. New Materials- Developed oil painting technique, create new colors and textures.

Giotto 1267-1337 St Francis Fresco Cycle

47 Giotto St Francis Fresco Cycle First use of Chiarascuro(light and shadow)

48 Masaccio s The Tribute Money 1427 First use of linear perspective.

49 Donatello s David 1440 First large cast bronze

50 Botticelli s Birth of Venus 1480 Neoplatonism, return to mythology

51 Michelangelo Buonarrati

52 Pieta

53 David

54 Sistine Chapel Ceiling Four years working on his back

55 Creation of Adam from Sistine Chapel

56 Temptation and Fall from Paradise from Sistine Chapel

57 Raphael s School of Athens 1510 Master of design and perspective

60 School of Athens-detail

61 Leonardo da Vinci Ideal Renaissance Man

62 Studies from his notebook

63 First work with Verrocchio 1472

64 Mona Lisa(La Gioconda)1503 First use of sfumato

65 Northern Renaissance Renaissance spirit catching on in the Northern European cities. Renaissance ideas spread through trade and development of Guttenberg s moveable type. New innovations in artistic style arise.

66 Jan Van Eyke s Arnolfini Wedding1430 First use of oil based paints

67 Rembrandt s Abraham and Isaac 1634 Dutch artist famous for use of light and shadow.

68 Pietre Brueghel s Peasant Wedding Famous for scenes of everyday life

69 Brueghel s The Fall of Icarus 1558

70 Albrecht Durer s Four Horsemen 1498 First Artist to sign his work. Woodcut

71 Hans Holbein s Portraits German Born, Most famous portrait painter

72 Brunelleschi s Dome in Florence,

The Renaissance It had long since come to my attention that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them.

The Renaissance It had long since come to my attention that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them. The Renaissance 1350-1600 It had long since come to my attention that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them. They went out and happened to things Leonardo da Vinci A Return