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1 Oman College of Management & Technology COURSE NAME: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN PROPOSED BY: DR.MOHAMED ALNEJEM SEMESTER: FIRST 2015/2016 CHAPTER (5): -The Renaissance in Italy -Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 1 CHAPTER 5 : The Renaissance in Italy Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 2 1

2 The Renaissance in Italy 3 What was the Renaissance? A period after the Middle Ages. The start of the modern world New interest in old stuff, like Greece & Rome Changes in thought about art, religion, literature, education Where did the renaissance Start? Began in Italy Later spread north to Germany and England 4 2

3 The term renaissance : The term renaissance means rebirth, and stems from ideas formulated by the Italian poet Petrarch. Petrarch believed that he and his contemporaries had revived Greek and Roman ideas and thought after a period of cultural stagnation in the Dark Ages following the collapse of the Roman Empire. The Italian city of Florence is often described as the cradle of the Renaissance. 5 The Renaissance in Italy: Renaissance ( ) o Means rebirth o Refers to the time period and the style of art o A renewed interest in Classical thinking, mythology, and art. Humanism o Philosophical approach that stressed the intellectual and physical potential of human beings. Religion o Reformation and Counter-Reformation o Catholic and Protestant beliefs were reflected in the art of the Italian Renaissance and the northern Renaissance. 6 3

4 The Renaissance period in Italy: The Early Renaissance. The High Renaissance. Late Renaissance and Mannerism. 7 The Early Renaissance in Italy Renewed interest in the Classical past - Study of mathematics and science encouraged the systematic understanding of the world. Art was a balance of the real and ideal - Realistic depictions of three-dimensional space and perspective - Idealistic portrayal of mythological or religious subjects, and the nude figure. The artist Giotto represents the transition between the art of the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance. 8 4

5 Florence Cathedral Building the cathedral began in 1296, but it was still incomplete more than 100 years later. No one had figured out how to build its enormous dome In 1419 a competition to design the dome was held, Italian sculptor and architect Filippo Brunelleschi won 9 Dome of Florence Cathedral The construction of Brunelleschi s dome began in It took 16 years to complete Dome was a great technological challenge feet in diameter, and 170 feet above ground at its top - Brunelleschi designed the system and equipment for building it - The dome structure was built layer by layer 10 5

6 Masaccio, Tribute Money Masaccio is a nickname, meaning Big Clumsy Tom Masaccio applied linear perspective (Brunelleschi s invention) in Tribute Money -All elements use the same scale -Vanishing point and focal point -Atmospheric perspective -Creates the believable illusion of three-dimensional space Chiaroscuro -Used to create realistic shading and modeling 11 The High Renaissance in Italy Beginning of the 16 th century Continued development of making art look believable -Rules of perspective -Ideal and real -Religious and mythological subject matter Three great Italian artists dominated this period: -Leonardo da Vinci -Michelangelo -Raphael 12 6

7 Late Renaissance and Mannerism c A time of historical upheaval Sack of Rome Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor Late Renaissance art -A reaction to the high Renaissance -Dissonance instead of harmony -Distortion rather than precision Mannerism -From the Italian di maniera, which means charm, grace -Exaggeration for emotional effect 13 Paintings Art based on heaven to being based on the natural world Inspired by humanism Appeared 3D to the human eyes 14 7

8 Architecture Mathematics gave an insight into Classical methods of proportion and structure Defined by flat surfaces and strong lines Important part symmetry Palazzi 15 Sculpture Early Renaissance sculptors took inspiration directly from Classical Roman and Greek sculptor. They imbued their free-standing figures with a range of emotions and filled them with energy and thought. 16 8

9 Baroque in Italy and Northern Europe 17 Baroque ( ) Introduction Refers to the time period and the style of art. Increase in trade, advancements in science. Permanent split between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Baroque art tends to be full of motion and emotion. 18 9

10 Baroque history: Early Baroque 1540 s to 1600 s High Baroque 1620 s onwards Reaction against the artificiality of the 16 th century Mannerism Realism was again in fashion, although appear in different ways Two most important groups of Early Baroque were the Naturalists and Classicists The term (Baroque) : The term Baroque once had a negative meaning. The name is derived from Baroque pearls pearls with unusual, odd shapes Compared to Renaissance art, it was considered to be overdramatic and the architecture, overly decorated

11 Baroque style: Italian Baroque Spanish Baroque French Baroque Dutch Baroque 22 11

12 Architecture: Characteristics Long narrow naves replaced by broader or circular forms. Dramatic use of light. Large-scale ceiling frescoes. External façade with dramatic central projection. Interior a shell for painting and sculpture. Illusory effects. Onion domes in Eastern Europe. 23 Sculpture Characteristics: The clients are the church and the nobility. It is the way of expression of different religious believes. It was used as a way of advertising power. Works are located in public places, such as courtyards and fountains. Creation of images that can be seen from different points of view. Tendency to open structures. Complicated lines, being the diagonal the most used. Interest for the effects of light: -different treatment of surfaces -Resource to breaking wall to get the ideal illumination 24 12

13 Painting Subjects: religious and profane (mythological, allegorical, historical or portraits). Composition: complicated; taste for big groups, with different centres of attention. Portraits are just essential. Lines: dynamic and complicate. Diagonal is the most used or combinations of horizontal and vertical. Colour: rich, with great effects due to the use of oil and contrast depending on the areas. Strange elements: secondary plans, mirrors. 25 Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 26 13

14 Rococo French style for interior decoration It developped mainly at the end of 1720 It was used in other countries as a French Style Characteristics: Galante: luxurious things Contraste: asymmety Chinoiserie: exotic character imitating Chinese arts The Rococo style : Typical of Rococo style : o Pastel color scheme o Small scale works o Delicate rendering of objects and figures o Idyllic settings o Fête galante and leisure activity of French aristocracy 14

15 Rococo Architecture It caught the public taste Small and strange buildings Elegant parlours, dainty sitting-rooms. Walls, ceiling, furniture and works of metal as decoration Ensemble of sportive, fantastic and sculptured forms Horizontal lines almost completely supressed Shell-like curves Walls covered by stucco White and bright colours. Rococo Sculpture There is not a breaking with the former The tune was set by courts and it is decorative Staircases, columns with atlantes become common Gardens and parks were adorned more than ever before with statues. The social role of sculpture increased to show the power of dynasties and nobility, mainly when cities expanded 15

16 Rococo Painting Characteristics Theme was the pursuit of pleasure Romantic love was depicted as sensual. Pastels and muted colors Attention to finer details Public expressions of fashion. Rococo Furnishings Characteristics: Flowing curves and flourishes Freeform Gilded with precious metals References the feminine form Lots of color 16

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