"New monarchies" 1527 Sack of Rome. Albrecht Durer. Botticelli's Primavera. Bramante and Saint Peter's. Brunelleschi's Dome

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download ""New monarchies" 1527 Sack of Rome. Albrecht Durer. Botticelli's Primavera. Bramante and Saint Peter's. Brunelleschi's Dome"

Julianna Briggs
6 years ago
Views:

1 "New monarchies" End of fifteenth century, efforts were made to reestablish the centralized power of monarchical governments; also called "The Renaissance States" 1527 Sack of Rome Albrecht Durer Botticelli's Primavera Italy became battle grounds for French and Spanish, both countries competed to dominate Italy. This event by Spanish King Charles I brought a temporary end to the wars. Then on, the Spanish dominated Italy. ( ) Northern artist who was greatly effected by the Italians; from Nuremberg; made two trips to Italy; mastered perspective and the Renaissance theories of proportion One of Sandro Botticelli's most famous works, means "Spring"; relfects his interest in Greek and Roman mythology; a painting set in the garden of Venus (eternal spring); figures have otherworldly features unlike the realism of the time Bramante and Saint Peter's Brunelleschi's Dome Castiglione's Book of The Courtier Civic Humanism Donato Bramante, famous architect, moved to Rome and built a small temple (Tempietto) on the supposed site of Saint Peter's martyrdom; temple summarized the ideals of the High Renaissance; Pope Julius commissioned him to created new Rome basilica which became Saint Peter's a dome for the unfinished cathedral of Florence, spanned a 140-foot opening, Brunelleschi was a friend of Donatello Published in 1528, expressed ideals expected of aristocrats, three basic attributes of a perfect courtier humanist movement took new direction as it became tied to Florentine civic spirit and pride; humanists gave up leading a life of solitude Condottieri leaders of mercenary soldiers; sold services of their band to the highest bidder to protect their city-states; Francesco Sforza was a leading Condottieri of 1447 Constantinople and The Ottoman Turks slowly gained Byzantine territory and ended the thousand year reign with the fall of Constantinople; 80 thousand Turk troops against seven thousand defenders; attacked the city

2 Cosimo de' Medici took hold of Florence oligarchy in 1434; Medici's maintained a Republican form of government for appearance, but ran it from behind the scences. Was successful in ruling the city when it was the center of the cultural Renaissance. Donatello's David Donato di Donatello Ferdinand and Isabella Florentine Platonic Academy Francesco Guicciardini sculpture by Donatello, first known life-size freestanding bronze nude in European art since antiquity; severed head of the giant Goliath beneath David's feet, celebrated heroism of the Florentines over the Milanese in 1428 ( ) focused on sculptures in Rome, copied the statues of antiquity, created statue of David (Spain) Marriage in 1496 that helped unify the Iberian kingdoms of Spain; Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon; dynastic union of two dynasty; the two rulers worked to strengthen royal control of the government, monarchy now embodied the power of the state; encouraged people in Spain to convert to Christianity An informal discussion group that made evident the interest in the works of Plato; Cosimo de'medici became a patron and Marsilio Ficino was one of the academy's rulers ( ) a great historian, the high point of Renaissance historiography was achieved in the beginning of the sixteenth century because of his works; "History of Italy" and "History of Florence"; his purpose of writing history was to teach lessons Francesco Sforza leading Condottieri of 1447, turned on his Milanese employers, conquered Milan and became it's new duke. Worked to create a highly centralized territorial state, devised systems of taxation and generated enormous revenues for the government. Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists Henry VII High Renaissance brief biographies of the great artists during the Renaissance; artist said to be endowed by heaven, gifts (England) The first Tudor king, created the Tudor dynasty by defeating the last Yorkist king in the War of the Roses; ended the private wars of the nobility; created a strong monarchy end of the 15th century, the final stage of Renaissance art, realistic; dominated by the work of three artistic giants: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo

3 House of Medici Humanism greatest bank in Europe during Renaissance; cloth production, commerce, real estate and banking; principle bankers for papacy; collapsed in 1494 when French were expelled from Florence intellectual teachings, the spirit of learning; revived interest in Roman and Greek thought and turned away from medieval scholasticism Hundred Years War War from , between England and France; left France torn apart individualism Isabella d'este Ivan III Jan van Eyck the principle of being self dependent; one of the characteristics of Italian Renaissance Daughter of the duke of Ferrara, married ruler of Mantua Francesco Gonzago. Known for her intelligence and political wisdom, called the "first lady of the world". Amassed one of the finest libraries in Italy ( ) Prince of Russia; under his reign the new Russian state of Moscow was born; got rid of Mongols rule in Russia ( ) One of the first to use oil paint, helped create fine details; "Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride"; indicative of northern Renaissance painting Johannes Gutenberg played an important role in the development of printing, Gutenberg's Bible (1455 or 1456) was the first book in the west produced by moveable type John Hus John Wyclif called for reform in Bohemia when Lollard beliefs traveled through English-Bohemian royal marriages; attacked the excessive power of the Catholic Church, church was a landowner of Bohemia and was criticized largely already; was arrested and burned at stake in 1415, created wars An Oxford theologian; disgust with clerical corruption made him attack papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs and practices; claimed there was no basis in Scripture for papal claims of authority; believed the bible should be authority for Christians; his followers became known as Lollards; Lollard beliefs spread to Bohemia with England and Bohemian marriage of royal families

4 Leonardo Bruni's The New Cicero Leonardo da Vinci A book about the Cicero, A classical Roman statesman and intellectual who became intellectual's model during the Civic Humanism movement; served as the inspiration for the Renaissance ideal that an intellectual should live an active life for his state ( ) One of three artistic giants in the High Renaissance, represents a shift to High Renaissance principles, stressed the need to advance beyond realism and initiated the idea of portraying things in an ideal form; The Last Supper Liberal studies at the core of the academic training that Vittorino da Feltre offered in his most famous school; "we call those studies liberal which are worthy of a free man"; included history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music Lorenzo the Magnificent a Medici, a ruler of Florence Lorenzo Valla Louis XI The Spider Machiavelli's The Prince ( ) Born in Rome, taught Latin and Greek, became a Papal Secretary, wrote "The Elegances of the Latin Language" which was an effort to purify medieval Latin ( ) Ruled as king of France, known as a spider because of his wily and devious ways; retained the taille as a permanent tax and secured a sound source of income; was not successful in repressing the French nobility A book about politics, a prince's attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of self centered human natures Marcilio Ficino ( ) Was commissioned to translate Plato's dialogues by Cosimo de'medici, dedicated his life to the translation of Plato and Neoplatonism Masaccio Michelangelo ( ) has been regarded as the artist of the first masterpiece of Early Renaissance art; made frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel; Florence artist; birthed realistic style of painting; Tribute Money ( ) One of three artistic giants in the High Renaissance; painter, sculptor and architect; influenced by Neoplatonism; hired by Pope Julius II in 1508 to decorate ceilings of Sistine Chapel in Rome

5 Neoplatonism the exposition of Platonic philosophy Niccolo Machiavelli Northern Renaissance Pantheism Peace of Lodi Petrarch Pico della Mirandola's Oration Pius II's Execrabilis Pope Julius II Raphael entered Florence four years after Medici were expelled, made numerous diplomatic missions; exiled from Florence when Medici came back to city because Spanish victory in 1512, wrote "The Prince" different from Italy's view on art; at the end of the fifteenth century, though, artists from the north began studying in Italy and were influenced by Italian artists seeing divinity (God) in all aspects of nature, in the heavenly bodies and in earthly objects designed to prevent the increase of wealth and power of one state at the expense of another Italian states signed Peace of Lodi which ended half a century of war and created 40 years of peace amongst the Italian states. Milan-Florence-Naples versus Venice+Papacy then worked out. Italian poet, has been called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, important figure in rediscovery of Greek and Latin literature, father wanted him to become a lawyer; first to characterize the Middle Ages as a time of darkness, Francesco Petrarca The Oration on the Dignity of Man, searched for the common "nuggets of universal truth" in many philosophers works; Pico took a great interest in the study of Hermeticism like his friend Ficino decrees proved insufficient to reform church, many popes worked steadfastly to defeat the conciliar movement; the final blow of defeating the movement came with this, which did not allow appeals to a council over a pope the "warrior pope"; tempered; hired Michelangelo to paint ceiling of Sistine Chapel in Rome ( ) One of three artistic giants in the High Renaissance; at 25 y/o was regarded as one of Italy's best painters; known for his frescoes in the Vatican Palace; attempted to achieve an ideal of beauty surpassing human standards

6 Renaissance Renaissance hermeticism rebirth, after the Middle Ages, between 1350 and 1550; brought back classical culture and secularism; Italian a product of the Florentine intellectual environment; Ficino translated a Greek work called Corpus Hermeticum into Latin, two types of writing: astrology, alchemy and magic vs. theological and philosophical beliefs; exposed Pantheism Renaissance Popes Sandro Botticelli secularism primary concern was to serve as spiritual leader for church but popes often had temporal preoccupations; of all Renaissance Popes, Julius II was most involved with politics; relied on nepotism to promote their families interests, Sixtus IV made five of his nephews cardinals ( ) One of Lorenzo the Magnificent's Court's most prominent members; his interest in Greek and Roman mythology was well reflected in one of his most famous works, Primavera (Spring) worldly matter, not religious; one of the characteristics of Italian Renaissance Sistine Chapel's David an example of Michelangelo's search for ideal beauty; a sculpture; "I only take away the surplus, the statue is already there", the form of the statue already resided in the uncut piece of stone; portrays the beauty of the human body Spanish Inquisition Ferdinand and Isabella asked the pope to introduce the Inquisition to make sure all Jewish "converts" were actually converting to Catholicism; later the expelled all Jews from Spain... this was done to create unity in Spain; Muslims were also expelled from Spain The Habsburgs The Papal States Vittorino da Feltre 1438 The position of Holy Roman Emperor was left in the hands of this family; Holy Roman Empire had not established strong monarchy; this family became know as one of the wealthiest landholders in the empire; were successful not through war but through marriages lay in central Italy, mostly under the control of the popes but individual cities were enabled to be independent. Renaissance popes focused on their control over these states. ( ) founded most important secondary school in Mantua, stressed importance of liberal studies, geared primarily for education of the elite

7 War of the Roses a civil war in England in the 1450's, created domestic turmoil; house of Lancaster (red rose) vs House of York (white rose); in 1485 the duke of Richmond, Henry Tudor defeated the last Yorkist king, Richard III, and established the Tudor dynasty.

Silk Road. Used for trade between the Chinese and Romans from CE 1 to 200 CE

Silk Road. Used for trade between the Chinese and Romans from CE 1 to 200 CE Renaissance Silk Road Used for trade between the Chinese and Romans from CE 1 to 200 CE After fall of Rome and fall of Han Dynasty, Silk Road was dangerous to travel on 1200 s when Mongols gained control