How did we get a Renaissance?

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Della Shepherd
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2 How did we get a Renaissance? The late Middle Ages Black Death Left 2/5ths of the population dead France vs. England Hundred Years War English king Edward III asserted claim to French throne after French King Charles IV 68 years of peace, and 44 of war Papacy moved from Rome to Avignon, France The Great Schism 2 Popes Eventually restored back to Rome as a city state: Papal States

3 RENAISSANCE The Renaissance was a time of renewal Renaissance means rebirth and Europe was recovering from the Dark ages and the plague. People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings.

4 How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance? Increased demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of credit and banking Church rule against usury and the banks practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.

5 Why Italy?

6 Why Italy? Geographically, Italy s location opened it up to trade between Europe and Eurasia Easy trading gave rise to merchant wealth and rulers

7 Why in Italy at this Time? Revival of Commerce and Town Building was more intense in Italy Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy Italy didn t unite Presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe

8 Major Italian States Florence Oligarchy Medici family Milan Condottiere - mercenaries Spanish empire Venice Great Council Doge - leader Monopoly on spice and luxury trade Papal States Renaissance Popes (Italian) Borgias (Spain) 1492 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Poor land Spanish empire

9 Grandi Popolo Grosso Middle-Burgher Popolo Minuto 1/3 rd of Population

10 Northern cities had free men who competed with the Nobles (Political and economic) Merchant guilds and communes (Oligarchies) Political rivals created an unstable government The common people (popolo) were heavily taxed and excluded from government Frequent uprisings because society made life unbearable Ciompi Revolt (1378) 4-years of chaos established by lower Florentine classes The wealthy and nobles would gain back control by using the Condottieri (military leaders) The wealthy acted like nobles and created courts

Renaissance Society Northern Italy: Very urban Southern Italy: Rural land for farming and villages Very family-oriented society Marriages were frequently arranged to strengthen business ties

11 Renaissance Society Northern Italy: Very urban Southern Italy: Rural land for farming and villages Very family-oriented society Marriages were frequently arranged to strengthen business ties Father s authority over his family Some wealthy women played an important role in Italian city-states --Isabella d Este of Mantua Concentration of wealth among great families -- popolo grosso

12 Renaissance Politics Same pattern and problems as those of the Greek citystates Shift from republicanism (1300s) to despotism (1400s) Despotism: absolute rule podesta hired by their city to maintain LAW AND ORDER De Medici Family (Florence) Visconti (1278) and Sforza (1450) Inter-city warfare led to new advances in diplomacy balance of power Signoria 8 members Condottieri Mercenary armies aided despot s rule

Political Ideas of the Renaissance Niccolò Machiavelli Machiavelli believed: One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are

14 Political Ideas of the Renaissance Niccolò Machiavelli Machiavelli believed: One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule. He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.

15 Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making Ruler keeps power by any means necessary The end justifies the means Be good when possible, and evil when necessary

16 How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the Italian Renaissance? Humanism Celebrated the individual Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture Was supported by wealthy patrons

17 Renaissance Education and Philosophy Humanistic age Various types of humanism Great fervor displayed in finding and collecting old documents Leads to critical examination of documents --Lorenzo Valla Education produces moral uplift CIVIC HUMANISM

Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont) A true liberal education Humanist education for women Love for the study of history most of all A Greek

18 Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont) A true liberal education Humanist education for women Love for the study of history most of all A Greek language fad after 1454 wrote in vernacular Petrarch ( ): the Father of Italian Renaissance humanism Focus on the individual and his dignity

19 Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont) First influenced secondary education Extreme vanity of Renaissance scholars The importance of law and rhetoric in Renaissance education Classical political ideals were cultivated Knowledge needed to be useful

20 Renaissance Philosophy (cont) Renaissance philosophy flourishes during Greek revival after 1450 Marsilio Ficino ( ) The teachings of Hermeticism Giovanni Pico Mirandola ( ) --Oration on the Dignity of Man

21 Northern Renaissance Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas. Northern Renaissance writers Erasmus The Praise of Folly (1511) Sir Thomas More Utopia (1516) Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects

22 Northern Renaissance The Kings and Queens of Europe brought in the great artists and scholars Trade and travel to Italy people were educated in Italy - exploration

23 Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries Printing press w/ moveable type Johannes Gutenberg the Bible Rapid spread of knowledge

24 Christian Humanism Unite classical learning w/ Christian faith Church encouraged Bible study This is different from the Italian Renaissance/ Humanism

25 Flemish Painting Jan and Hubert van Eyck First to use oil paints The Adoration of the Lamb Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

26 Peter Brueghel Earthly and lively activities of peasants Peasant Wedding Children s Games

27 German Painting Albrecht Durer Mastery of expression Woodcuts Self-Portrait

28 Hans Holbein the Younger Portraits Henry VIII Erasmus Thomas More The Ambassadors

29 Elizabethan Literature Edmund Spenser Leading poet Christopher Marlowe playwright Brief career Doctor Faustus William Shakespeare Most famous playwright Thomas More Utopia beneficent government

30 Spanish Renaissance Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote El Escorial King s Palace El Greco

Mannerism (1520-1600) The artists did not focus on nature,

31 Mannerism ( ) The artists did not focus on nature, more on style El Greco, Resurrection Tintoretto, The Last Supper

32 France Black Death and 100 years war left France depopulated Charles VII revived the monarchy, expelled the English, strengthened finances thru salt and land taxes. Charles VII created the first permanent royal army Concordant of Bologna (1516) Frances I and Pope Leo X agreed to allow French kings to appoint bishops set church policies

33 England Decline in Population? Tudors restored royal prestige, crush power of nobility, and establish local order Tudors, except Henry VIII, stayed away from expensive wars The royal council was filled with common lawyers, not nobles The Star Chamber When Henry VII dies (1509), England is at peace, wealthy from trade, and the royals are well respected

34 Spain Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unite the royal houses, but not the two peoples Spain not united They weaken the power of the aristocracy excluded from royal council They secured the power to appoint biships in colonies Anti-Semitic pogroms 40% of jews killed or forced to convert (conversos)- purity of blood

35 Spain Inquisition Expel all Jews Hapsburg dynasty continues with Charles V and Philip II Charles V inherits the Netherlands and Holy Roman Empire Philip II Unites Spain in 1580

36 Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe The significance of Gutenberg s printing press Explosion of printed materials --By 1500, 40,000 titles printed and between 8-10 million copies The impact of movabletype printing presses: research and literacy

37 Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont) Popular publications in the early days of the printing press Thomas More --Utopia --Executed by Henry VIII in 1535 Erasmus Dutch Christian Humanist

38 Sir Thomas More English Humanist Wrote: Utopia A book about a perfect society. Believed men and women live in harmony. No private property, no one is lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals.

Erasmus Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by

39 Erasmus Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated... As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it The Praise of Folly Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.

Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont) William Shakespeare (1564-1616) --Globe Theater Shakespeare returns to classical subjects and

40 Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont) William Shakespeare ( ) --Globe Theater Shakespeare returns to classical subjects and genres His history plays were the most popular at the time Macbeth: ambition Hamlet: individualism Keen sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words

Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation VS.

41 Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation VS. Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.

42 Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion New Techniques also emerged Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form Architecture reached new heights of design

43 Italian Renaissance Art Religious scenes focused on expressions Holy as human - Humanism God s beauty in world Nude body Uniqueness - self-portraits

44 Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived

45 Michelangelo Buonarotti Sistine Chapel Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood The Last Judgment David Moses Pieta Dying Slave Night

46 Sistine Chapel About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

47 Creation of Eve Creation of Adam Separation of Light and Darkness The Last Judgment

48 Michelangelo Buonarotti

49 La Pieta 1499 Marble Sculpture

50 Moses

51 Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer Genius!

52 Leonardo da Vinci First Italian artist to use oil paints Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Virgin of the Rocks Religious matter in secular and humanized fashion

53 The Last Supper

54 Leonardo da Vinci Studying fossils Anatomy from dissections First accurate description of human skeleton Remained on paper

55 Notebooks

56 Raphael Painter

57 Raphael Santi Humanized Madonna paintings Sistine Madonna School of Athens

58 The School of Athens

59 Pythagoras Plato and Aristotle Socrates

60 Euclid Raphael (back) Zoroaster & Ptolemy

61 Jan Van Eyck Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) Northern Renaissance

62 Van Eyck Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)

63 Sandro Botticelli Vivid colors Classical mythology The Adoration of the Magi The Birth of Venus Primavera

64 Using these two paintings, comment on the similarities and differences between Italian and Northern humanism.

66 Renaissance Ideas That Influenced Exploration Most educated men believed that the world was round There were certainly stories of other lands, but they were not focused on the Western Hemisphere 66

67 Portugal: Africa, South America, Indian Ocean, SE Asia [ da Gama, Cabral, Henry Nav., Dias ] Spain: Americas, Cape of Good Hope [Magellan, Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro ] France: Canada England: Hudson Bay, North America Netherlands: Northeast North America

68 Age of Exploration It was an expansion of trade (Asia & Africa) AND Colonization (Americas) 15 th -18 th centuries Spain and Portugal started the exploration, starting with Prince Henry the Navigator

69 Why? Exotic goods (silk, spices, minerals, etc.) were expensive Trade routes were already dominated by other empires LAND ROUTE: Ottomans MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE: Italians 1453 Fall of Constantinople Spain and Portugal can get around the middle man Europe wanted to trade in Asia, but hated and was afraid of Muslims in between them.

70 But really, why? GOD GLORY GOLD

71 The 3 G s God: spread Christianity to the Americas and Asia Glory: Sailors and conquistadors sought to discover new lands and build empires Gold: European monarchs sought to gain wealth from finding gold & importing exotic goods

72 How? New innovations Mercator projection and Cartography Mapmaking Magnetic Compass Caravel Small, sturdy ships Firearms

73 Social Classes & the Spanish Spanis h Creoles Mestizos Native Americans

74 Consequences Increase in global trade & European dominance Columbian Exchange Permanent trade relationship established between Europe and the Americas More available goods at a cheaper price because of competition

75 The Columbian Exchange Disease Plants, animals, and foodstuffs Migrations and population shifts

76 Columbian Exchange: Plants and Animals Potatoes Coffee Cocoa Peanuts Pineapple Chicle Quinine Alpaca From the Americas: Pumpkin Maize Squash Hominy Tomatoes Sorghum Avocados Llamas 76

77 Columbian Exchange: Plants and Animals Wheat Cauliflower Chickens Radishes Peas Cabbage Clover From Europe: Pigs Cattle Horse Sheep 77

78 Columbian Exchange: European diseases Smallpox, measles, influenza, and whooping cough European Diseases Smallpox victim

79 Population and Migration Population changes Migration and colonization Forced migration Slaves arriving in America

80 Development of Global Trade World connected by trade Silver, bullionism, and mercantilism Mining in the colonies

81 Triangular Trade How it worked European supremacy French seaport at the height of mercantilism 81

82 Triangle Trade Atlantic trading -- Triangular Trade Europeans traded weapons and manufactured goods with Africans in exchange for slaves. African slaves were then forcibly transported across the Atlantic Ocean to work in mines and on plantations. The natural resources produced in the Americas were then shipped back to Europe, for trade

How did the Pope keep Spain and Portugal from fighting over newly discovered lands?

Pope divides non- Christian world between Portugal and Spain so they don t fight.

conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15thcentury

83 How did the Pope keep Spain and Portugal from fighting over newly discovered lands? Line of Demarcation: Spain tells Pope about discovery. Pope divides non- Christian world between Portugal and Spain so they don t fight. Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494) agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15thcentury voyagers. The end result of the Treaty of Tordesillas was that Portugal was given free rein in Africa and Asia, as well as in Brazil. Spain was given control over the rest of the Americas.

84 Rise of Monarchy New monarchies increased royal power/ authority and decreased power of the church and nobility Wealth incurred from the Age of Exploration enriched monarchs and allowed them to centralize their power to strengthen their country.

What was the Renaissance?

The Renaissance What was the Renaissance? What was the Renaissance, and where did it begin? Began mostly in Italy, and spread to Northern Europe Why Italy? Urban Societies Major Trading Centers Centrally