Engineering Design Graphics

Transcription

1 James HL Earle Texas A&M University Engineering Design Graphics AutoCAD Release 11 SEVENTH EDITION Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusetts * Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario * Wokingham, England Amsterdam * Bonn Sydney Singapore * Tokyo Madrid * San Juan Milan Paris

2 Brief Contents i mm 4 o 7 s f 10 ii VI i A 13 Introduction to Engineering and Technology i The Design Process i6 Problem Identification 26 Preliminary Ideas 34 Design Refinement 42 Design Analysis 51 Decision 67 Implementation 79 Design Problems 93 The Computer in Design and Drafting 112 Drawing Instruments 120 Lettering 139 Geometrie Construction If - 1 M jp Ar %r Multiview Sketching 175 Multiview Drawing with Instruments 189 Auxiliary Views 218 Sections 234 Screws, Fasteners, and Springs 253 Gears and Cams 283 Materials and Processes 298 Dimensioning 312 Tolerances 340 Welding 376 Working Drawings 385 Reproduction Methods and Drawing Shortcuts 432 Pictorials 439

3 XII Ä mm i Points, Lines, and Planes 469 Primary Auxiliary Views in Descriptive Geometry 482 Successive Auxiliary Views 509 V Revolution 522 Vector Graphics Intersections and Developments 551 J4f Nomography Empirical Equations and Calcuius AutoCAD Computer Graphics 621 J / Introduction to Solid Modeling 726 Appendixes A-I Index i-i Graphs 577

4 ( 1 1 Contents Introduction to Engineering and Technology i 1.1 Introduction I 1.2 Engineering Graphics I 1.3 The Technological Team Engineering Fields Technologists and Technicians Drafters 14 Problems 14 «II, Problem Identification Introduction The Problem Identification Process Automobile Design Problem Identification Design Worksheets Hunting Seat Problem Identification Organization of Effort Planning Design Activities 31 Problems 32 The Design Process Introduction Types of Design Problems The Design Process Application of the Design Process to a Simple Problem 20 Problems 25 Preliminary Ideas Introduction Individual Versus Team Plan of Action Brainstorming Sketching and Notes Research Methods 38 xiii

5 XVI Contents Helixes 168 Problems Fillets and Rounds Left-Hand and Right-Hand Views First-Angle Projections 209 Problems 209 Multiview Sketching The Purpose of Sketching Shape Description Six-View Drawings Sketching Techniques Three-View Sketching Circular Features Isometric Sketching 182 Problems 185 Multiview Drawing with Instruments Introduction Orthographie Projection Alphabet of Lines Six-View Drawings Three-View Drawings Arrangement of Views Selection of Views Line Techniques Point Numbering Line and Planes Alternate Arrangement of Views Laying Out Three-View Drawings Two-View Drawings One-View Drawings Incomplete and Removed Views Curve Plotting Partial Views Conventional Revolutions 203 Intersections Auxiliary Views 218 Introduction 218 Folding-Line Approach 218 Auxiliaries Projected From the Top View 219 Auxiliaries From the Top View Folding- Line Method 220 Auxiliaries From the Top View Reference- Line Method 220 Auxiliaries From the Front view Folding- Line Method 222 Auxiliaries From the Front View Reference-Plane Method 223 Auxiliaries From the Profile View Folding- Line Method 223 Auxiliaries From the Profile View Reference-Plane Method 225 Auxiliaries of Curved Shapes 225 Partial Views 227 Auxiliary Sections 227 Secondary Auxiliary Views 227 Elliptical Features 228 Problems 228 Sections 234 Introduction 234 Sectioning Symbols 235 Sectioning Assemblies 237 Füll Sections 237 Parts Not Section-Lined 239 Ribs in Section 239

6 Contents XVÜ HalfSections 240 Partial Views 241 Offset Sections 241 Revolved Sections 242 Removed Sections 242 Broken-Out Sections 244 Phantom (Ghost) Sections 245 Conventional Breaks 245 Conventional Revolutions 246 Auxiliary Sections 248 Problems 249 Screws, Fasteners, and Springs 253 Threaded Fasteners 253 Definitions of Thread Terminology 253 Thread Specifications (English System) 254 Using Thread Tables 256 Metrie Thread Specifications (ISO) 257 Thread Representation 260 Detailed UN/UNR Threads 260 Detailed Square Threads 261 Detailed Acme Threads 263 Schematic Threads 263 Simplified Threads 264 Drawing Small Threads 264 Nuts and Bolts 265 Drawing Square Bolt Heads 267 Drawing Hexagon Bolt Heads 267 Drawing Nuts 269 Drawing Nuts and Bolts in Combination 270 Cap Screws 270 Machine Screws 271 Set Screws 271 Miscellaneous Screws 272 Wood Screws Tapping a Hole Washers, Lock Washers, and Pins Pipe Threads Keys Rivets Springs Drawing Springs 278 : "?;<. Problems 279 Gears and Cams 283 Introduction to Gears 283 Spur Gear Terminology 283 Tooth Forms 284 Gear Ratios 284 Spur Gear Calculations 285 Drawing Spur Gears 286 Bevel Gear Terminology 286 Bevel Gear Calculations 288 Drawing Bevel Gears 289 Worm Gears 290 Worm Gear Calculations 291 Drawing Worm Gears 292 Introduction to Cams 292 Cam Motion 292 Construction of a Plate Cam 293 Construction of a Cam with an Offset Follower 293 Problems 296 Materials and Processes Introduction Iron Steel Copper 300

7 xviii Contents 20.5 Aluminum Magnesium Properties of Materials Heat Treatment of Metals Castings Forgmgs Stamping Plastics and Miscellaneous Materials Machimng Operations Surface Finishing Location of Holes 329 Objects with Rounded Ends 331 Machined Holes 332 Chamfers 334 Keyseats 335 Knurling 335 Necks and Undercuts 335 Tapers 336 Dimensioning Sections 336 Miscellaneous Notes 337 Problems 337 Dimensioning Introduction Dimensioning Terminology Units of Measurement English/Metric Conversions Dual Dimensioning Metrie Designation Aligned and Unidirectional Numbers Placement of Dimensions Dimensioning in Limited Spaces Dimensioning Symbology Computer Dimensioning Dimensioning Prisms Dimensioning Angles Dimensioning Cylinders Measuring Cylindrical Parts Cylindrical Holes Pyramids, Cones, and Spheres Leaders Dimensioning Ares Fillets and Rounds and TYP Curved Surfaces Symmetrical Objects Finished Surfaces Location Dimensions 329 Tolerances Introduction Tolerance Dimensions Mating Parts Terminology of Tolerancing Basic Hole System Basic Shaft System Metrie Limits and Fits Preferred Sizes and Fits Example Problems Metrie System Preferred Metrie Fits Nonpreferred Sizes Standard Fits English Units Chain Dimensions Origin Selection Conical Tapers Tolerance Notes General Tolerances Metrie Geometrie Tolerances Symbology of Geometrie Tolerances Limits ofsize Three Rules of Tolerances Three-Datum Plane Concept Cylindrical Datum Features 358

8 Contents xix Datum Features at RFS Datum Targets Tolerances of Location Tolerances of Form Tolerances of Profile Tolerances of Orientation Tolerances of Runout Surface Texture 368 Problems Checking a Drawing Drafter's Log Assembly Drawings Freehand Working Drawings Castings and Forged Parts Sheet Metal Drawings 401 Problems 401 ;;^ 's*!; Welding 376 Introduction 376 Weldjoints 378 Welding Symbols 378 Types of Welds 379 Application of Symbols 380 Groove Welds 381 Surface Contoured Welds 382 Seam Welds 382 Built-Up Welds 383 Brazing 383 Soft Soldering Reproduction Methods and Drawing Shortcuts Introduction Reproduction of Working Drawings Assembling the Drawings Overlay Drafting Techniques Paste-on Photos Stick-on Materials Photo Drafting 437 Pictorials 439 Working Drawings Introduction Working Drawings Inch System Working Drawings Metrie System Working Drawings Dual Dimensions Laying Out a Working Drawing Title Blocks and Parts Lists Scale Specification Tolerances Part Names and Numbers Introduction Types of Pictorials Oblique Pictorials Oblique Drawings Constructing Obliques Angles in Oblique Cylinders in Oblique Circles in Oblique Curves in Oblique Oblique Sketching Dimensioned Obliques Isometric Pictorials Angles in Isometric 448

9 XX Contents Circles in Isometric Cylinders in Isometric Partial Circular Features Measuring Angles Curves in Isometric Ellipses on Nonisometric Planes Machine Parts in Isometric Isometric Sections Dimensioned Isometrics Fillets and Rounds Isometric Assemblics Axonometrie Pictorials Perspective Pictorials One-point Perspectives Two-point Perspectives Axonometrie Pictorials by Computer D Computer Software 462 Problems 467 Points, Lines, and Planes Introduction Orthographie Projection of a Point Lines Location of a Point on a Line Intersecting and Nonintersecting Lines Visibility of Crossing Lines Visibility of a Line and a Plane Planes A Line on a Plane A Point on a Plane Principal Lines on a Plane Parallelism of Lines Parallelism of a Line and a Plane Parallelism of Planes Perpendicularity of Lines A Line Perpendicular to a Principal Line A Line Perpendicular to an Oblique Line Perpendicularity Involving Planes A Line Perpendicular to a Plane Problems 479 Primary Auxiliary Views in Descriptive Geometry 482 Introduction 482 Descriptive Geometry by Computer 482 Primary Auxiliary View of a Line 484 True Length by Analytical Geometry 485 The True-Length Diagram 486 Angles Between Lines and Principal Planes 486 Slope of a Line 486 Compass Bearing of a Line 488 Contour Maps and Profiles 491 Vertical Sections 491 Plan-profiles 493 Edge View of a Plane 493 Dihedral Angles 494 Piercing Points by Projection 494 Piercing Points by Auxiliary Views 495 Perpendicular to a Plane 495 Intersections by Auxiliary View 496 Slope of a Plane 497 Cut and Fill 498 Design of a Dam 499 Strike and Dip 499 Distances from a Point to a Plane 500 Outcrop 501 Intersection between Planes Cutting Plane Method 503 Intersection between Planes Auxiliary Method 503 Problems 503

10 Contents XXI Successive Auxiliary Views Introduction Point View of a Line Angle Between Planes True Size of a Plane Shortest Distance from a Point to a Line Shortest Distance Between Skewed Lines Line Method Shortest Distance Between Skewed Lines Plane Method Shortest Distance Between Skewed Lines Shortest Grade Distance Between Skewed Lines Angular Distance to a Line Angle Between a Line and a Plane Plane Method 518 Problems 518 Revolution Introduction True Length of a Line in the Front View True Length of a Line in the Top View True Length of a Line in the Profile View Angles with a Line and Principal Planes True Size of a Plane True Size of a Plane by Double Revolution Angle Between Planes Location of Directions Revolution of a Point About an Axis Revolution of a Right Prism About Its Axis A Line at a Specified Angle With Two Principal Planes 531 Problems Vector Graphics 536 Introduction 536 Basic Definitions 536 Coplanar, Concurrent Force Systems 537 Resultant of a Coplanar, Concurrent System Parallelogram Method 538 Resultant of a Coplanar, Concurrent System Polygon Method 538 Resultant of Noncoplanar, Concurrent Forces Parallelogram Method 539 Resultant of Noncoplanar, Concurrent Forces Polygon Method 539 Forces in Equilibrium 539 Truss Analysis 540 Noncoplanar Structural Analysis Special Case 543 Noncoplanar Structural Analysis General Case 544 Resultant of Parallel, Nonconcurrent Forces 546 Resultant of Parallel, Nonconcurrent Forces on a Beam 546 Problems 547 Intersections and Developments 551 Introduction 551 Intersections of Lines and Planes 551 Intersections Between Prisms 553 Intersection of a Plane and Cylinder 555 Intersections Between Cylinders and Prisms 556 Intersections Between Two Cylinders 557 Intersections Between Planes and Cones 557 Intersections Between Cones and Prisms 559 Intersections Between Pyramids and Prisms 561

11 xxii Contents Intersections Between Spheres and Planes Intersections Between Spheres and Prisms Principles of Developments Development of Prisms Development of Oblique Prisms Development of Cylinders Development of Oblique Cylinders Development of Pyramids Development of Cones Development of Transition Pieces Development of Spheres Zone Method Development of Spheres Gore Method Development of Straps Problems 574 Graphs 577 Introduction 577 Size Proportions of Graphs 578 Pie Graphs 579 Bar Graphs 579 Linear Coordinate Graphs 579 Semilogarithmic Coordinate Graphs 587 Polar Graphs 589 Schematics 589 Problems 590. Nomography Nomography Alignment-Graph Scales Concurrent Scales Construction of Ahgnment Graphs with Three Variables Parallel-Scale Nomographs N- or Z-Graphs # Problems 604 Empirical Equations and Calculus 607 Empirical Data 607 Selection of Points on a Curve 607 The Linear Equation: Y = MX + B 608 The Power Equation: Y = BX M 609 The Exponential Equation: Y = BM X 610 Applications of Empirical Graphs 61 I Introduction to Graphical Calculus 612 Graphical Differentiation 612 Applications of Graphical Differentiation 613 Graphical Integration 615 Applications of Graphical Integration 616 Problems 618 AutoCAD Computer Graphics 621 Introduction 621 Starting Up 622 Experimcnting 622 Introduction to Plotting 623 Shutting Down 623 Drawing Layers 624 Setting Scrcen Parameters 626 Utility Commands 630 Custom-Designcd Lines 631 Making a Drawing Lines 632 Selection of Entities 634 Erasing and Breaking Lines 635

12 Contents xxi UNDO Command TRACE Command POINT Command Drawing Circles Tangent Options of the CIRCLE Command Drawing Ares FILLET Command CHAMFER Command POLYGON Command Enlarging, Reducing, and Panning Drawings CHANCE Command CHPROP Command POLYLINE (PLINE) Command PEDIT Command HATCH Command Text and Numerais The STYLE Command Moving and Copying Drawings Mirroring Drawings Mirrored Text (MIRRTEXT) OSNAP (Object Snap) ARRAY Command DONUT Command SCALE Command STRETCH Command ROTATE Command TRIM Command EXTEND Command DIVIDE Command MEASURE Command OFFSET Command BLOCKS External References Transparent Commands VIEW Command Inquiry Commands Dimensioning Principles Dimensioning Variables Introduction Ordinate Dimensions Dimensioning Circles and Ares Dimensioning Angles Dimensioning Variables Associate Dimensioning Special Arrowheads Toleranced Dimensions Oblique Pictonals Isometric Pictorials ELLIPSE Command Introduction to 3D Extrusions Fundamentals of 3D Drawing The Coordinate Systems The DVIEW Command Basic 3D Forms D Polygon Meshes The RULESURF Command The TABSURF Command The REVSURF Command The EDGESURF Command The PFACE Command LINE, PLINE, and 3DPOLY Commands DFACE Command XYZ Filters New Drawing m 3D Object with an Inclined Surface Model Space and Paper Space Drawing with Tilcmode= Drawing with Tilcmode = () Drawing with Meshes Plotting a Drawing Attributes Attribute Extract (ATTEXT) Grid Rotation Digitizing with the Tablet SKETCH Command Slide Shows SETVAR Command 716 Problems 717

13 xxiv Contents Introduction to Solid Modeling Introduction Primitives: Box (SOLBOX) Primitives: Cone (SOLCONE) Primitives: Cylinder (SOLCYL) Primitives: Spherc (SOLSPHERE) Primitives: Toms (SOLTORUS) Primitives: Wedgc (SOLWEDGE) Extrusions (SOLEXT) Solid Revolution (SOLREV) Solidify Command (SOLIDIFY) Subtracting Solids (SOLSUB) Adding Solids (SOLUNION) Scparating Solids (SOLSEP) Chamfer (SOLCHAM) Fillet (SOLFILL) Change Solid (SOLCHP) Solid Move (SOLMOVE) Sections (SOLHPAT and SOLSECT) Solid Inquiry Commands Solid Representations 732 Appendixes A-l Index l-l