Unit4 31. UnitS 39. Unit 6 47

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1 Preface xi About the Author xiii Acknowledgments... xiv Unit 1 1 Bases for Interpreting Drawings I Visible Lines Lettering on Drawings... 3 Sketching... 3 Third-Angle Projection ISO Projection Symbol Title Block A-I....Sketching Missing Views... 9 A Sketching Three Views A-3... Sketching Pictorial Views Unit2 12 Working Drawings Dimensioning Linear Units of Measurement SI (Metric) Units of Measurements Choice of Dimensions Basic Rules for Dimensioning Information Shown on Drawings.17 Reference l 7 A-4M... Corner Block A-5....Step Bracket A Counter Clamp Bar A-7... Dimensioning Unit3 22 The Drafting Office Drawing Reproduction Abbreviations Used on Drawings Hidden Lines A-8... Matching Drawings-! A-9... Matching Drawings A Feed Hopper A-ll... Sketching Three Views Unit4 31 Inclined Surfaces Measurement of Angles A Sketching Three Views A Sketching Missing Views A Adapter A-15M.. Guide Block A Base Plate UnitS 39 Circular Features Center Lines Dimensioning of Cylindrical Features Dimensioning of Cylindrical Holes Repetitive Features and Dimensions Drilling, Reaming, and Boring Identifying Similarly Sized Features Rounds and Fillets A Sketching Circular Features.. 43 A Coupling A Sketching Missing Views Unit 6 47 Drawing to Scale Inch and Foot Scales... 49

2 ~ I' ~%.it%'1f J" vi Interpreting Engineering Drawings '-~t ::~,., SI (Metric Scales) Machine Slots Symmetrical Outlines Reference Dimensions A Reading Scales A Measuring with Scales A Compound Rest Slide Unit 7 56 Machining Symbols Not-to-Scale Dimensions Drawing Revisions Break Lines Reference A-23M.. Offset Bracket Unit8 62 Sectional Views Types of Sections Countersinks, Counterbores, and Spotfaces.. 66 Intersection of Unfinished Surfaces A Sketching Full Sections A Slide Bracket A-26M.. Base Plate A Sketching Half Sections Unit 9 75 Chamfers Undercuts Tapers Knurls Reference A Handle A-29M.. Indicator Rod Unit Selection of Views One- and Two-View Drawings Multiple-Detail Drawings A Centering Connector Details.83 A-31M.. Link Unit Surface Texture Surface Texture Symbol Surface Texture Ratings Control Requirements Reference A Sketch Missing Views A Hanger Details Unit Tolerances and Allowances Definitions Tolerancing Methods Reference A Inch Tolerances and Allowances A-35M... Millimeter Tolerances and Allowances Unit Inch Fits Description of Fits Standard Inch Fits References... los A Inch Fits Basic Hole System.109 Unit Metric Fits llo Reference A-37M... Metric Fits Basic Hole System.ll5 A-38M.. Bracket... ll7 A-39M.. Swivel lls Unit Threaded Fasteners ll9 Threaded Assemblies... ll9 Threaded Holes Inch Threads Right- and Left-Handed Threads Metric Threads Reference A Shaft Intermediate Support A-41M.. Drive Support Details

3 [i; ~ k-!i '1~ "' CONTENTS vii A Housing Details Unit A-43M.. V-Block Assembly Unit Arrangement of Views A Index Pedestal Revolved and Removed Sections A Mounting Plate Reference A-58M.. Contact Arm A Terminal Block A Shaft Supports Unit Unit Piping Piping Drawings... l 72 Pipe Drawing Symbols Keys Reference... l 77 Setscrews Flats A Engine Starting Air System Bosses and Pads A Boiler Room Dimensioning Origin Symbol Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning Without Dimension Lines Unit Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning in Bearings Tabular Form Plain Bearings References ?remounted Bearings References A-46M.. Terminal Stud A Rack Details A-61M.. Adjustable Shaft Support A Support Bracket A Corner Bracket Unit Unit Primary Auxiliary Views Manufacturing Materials Reference Steel Plastics A Inclined Stop Rubber A Gear Box Unit A-63M.. Crossbar A Oil Chute A-65M.. Parallel Clamp Details Secondary Auxiliary Views A-66M.. Caster Assembly Reference A Identifying Oblique Surfaces Unit A Hexagon Bar Support Castings A Completing Oblique Surfaces.156 Cast Irons Unit Casting Design Cored Castings Machining Lugs Development Drawings Surface Coatings joints, Seams, and Edges References Sheet Metal Sizes Straight Line Development A Offset Bracket Stampings A Trip Box A Auxiliary Pump Base A Letter Box A-70M.. Slide Valve A-55M.. Bracket

4 "A*'-r& viii Interpreting Engineering Drawings ;.-~:.;, Unit Unit Chain Dimensioning Base Line Dimensioning Reference A Interlock Base A-72M.. Contactor Unit Alignment of Parts and Holes Partial Views Naming of Views for Spark Adjuster Drill Sizes Reference A Spark Adjuster A Control Bracket Unit Broken-out and Partial Sections Webs in Section Ribs in Section Spokes in Section Reference A-75M.. Raise Block A Coil Frame Unit Pin Fasteners Section Through Shafts, Pins, and Keys Arrangement of Views of Drawing A-77M References A-77M.. Spider A Hood Unit Drawings for Numerical Control Dimensioning for Numerical Control Dimensioning for Two-Axis Coordinate System A Cover Plate A-80M.. Terminal Board Assembly Drawings Bill of Material (Items List) Swivels and Universal Joints Reference A Universal Trolley A-82M.. Parallel Clamp Assembly Unit Structural Steel Shapes Phantom Outlines Conical Washers Reference A Four-wheel Trolley Unit Welding Drawings Welding Symbols Fillet Welds References A Fillet Welds A Shaft Support Unit Groove Welds Supplementary Symbols References A Base Skid A Groove Welds Unit Other Basic Welds References A Base Assembly A Plug, Slot, and Spot Welds A Seam and Flange Welds Unit Gears Spur Gears Reference A Spur Gear A Spur Gear Calculations

5 ;:>;j:t''c n =,:/:. CONTENTS ix Unit Bevel Gears Reference A Miter Gear Unit Gear Trains A Motor Drive Assembly A Gear Train Calculations Unit Cams A Cylindrical Feeder Cam A Plate Cam Unit Antifriction Bearings Retaining Rings Ring Seals Clutches Belt Drives References A Power Drive Unit Ratchet Wheels A Winch Unit Modern Engineering Tolerancing Geometric Tolerancing Feature Control Frame Form Tolerances Straightness Straightness Controlling Surface Elements Reference A Straightness Tolerance Controlling Surface Elements.339 Unit Feature of Size Definitions Material Condition Symbols Examples Maximum Material Condition (MMC) Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) Least Material Condition (LMC) Straightness of a Feature of Size Reference A-101..Straightness of a Feature of Size.351 Unit Form Tolerances Flatness Circularity Cylindricity Reference A Form Tolerances Unit Datums and the Three-Plane Concept Datums for Geometric Tolerancing Three-Plane System Uneven Surfaces Datum Feature Symbol Reference A Datums A-104M.Axle Unit Orientation Tolerancing for Flat Surfaces.370 Orientation Tolerancing for Flat Surfaces.372 Reference A Stand A-106M.Cut-Off Stand Unit Orientation Tolerancing for Features of Size Internal Cylindrical Features External Cylindrical Features Reference A Orientation Tolerancing for Features of Size Straightness of a Feature of Size

6 X Interpreting Engineering Drawings " ;1 Unit Datum Targets Datum-Target Symbol Reference A Bearing Housing Unit Tolerancing of Features by Position Tolerancing Methods Coordinate Tolerancing Advantages of Coordinate Tolerancing Disadvantages of Coordinate Tolerancing.402 Positional Tolerancing Material Condition Basis Positional Tolerancing for Circular Features.404 Advantages of Positional Tolerancing Reference A Positional Tolerancing Unit Selection of Datum Features for Positional Tolerancing Long Holes Circular Datums Multiple Hole Datums Reference A-llO... Datum Selection for Positional Tolerancing Unit Profile Tolerances Profile of a Line Profile of a Surface Reference A-1ll... Profile Tolerancing Unit Runout Tolerances Circular Runout Total Runout Establishing Datums Reference A-ll2 Runout Tolerances A-113 Housing A-ll4M End Plate APPENDIX 439 Table 1 Chart for Converting Inch Dimensions to Millimeters Table 2 Abbreviations and Symbols Used on Technical Drawings Table 3 Number and Letter-Size Drills Table 4 Metric Twist Drill Sizes Table 5 Unified and American (Inch) Threads Table 6 Metric Threads Table 7 Common Cap Screws Table 8 Hexagon-Head Bolts and Cap Screws Table 9 Setscrews Table 10 Hexagon-Head Nuts Table ll Hex Flange Nuts Table l2 Common Washer Sizes Table 13 Square and Flat Stock Keys Table 14 Woodruff Keys Table 15 American Standard Wrought Steel Pipe Table 16 Sheet-Metal Gages and Thicknesses Table 17 Running and Sliding Fits an Inch) Table 18 Locational Clearance Fits an Inch) Table 19 Locational Transition Fits an Inch) Table 20 Locational Interference Fits Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 INDEX an Inch) Force and Shrink Fits an Inch) Preferred Hole Basis Metric Fits Description Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Fits Description Preferred Hole Basis Metric Fits (Dimensions in Millimeters) Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Fits (Values in Millimeters) Metric Conversion Tables