Mechanical Engineering Drawing
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1 Mechanical Engineering Drawing MECH 211 LECTURE 3
2 Contents of the lecture Shape description Shape generation Sectional views Auxiliary views
3 Shape description Geometric shapes are seen according to view they are regarded Set of primitives used to conceptualize the complex shapes by adding/subtracting the primitive shapes Primitive shapes: Boxes Prisms Pyramids/truncated pyramids Cylinders Cones Spheres
4 Primitives
5 Primitives shape generation
6 Boolean operations Given two shapes, they could be intersected or reunited to obtain a new shape
7 Boolean union The common part is removed once
8 Boolean difference The initial shape minus the common portion will be yielded notice the difference A-B versus B-A
9 Boolean intersection The intersection means the common portion of the two intersecting bodies
10 Another example
11 Conceptual generation of a complex shape
12 Conceptual generation of a complex shape
13 Shape generation Two different aspects of shape generation: Conceptual shape generation when the geometry does not exist and when a functional do-able shape is created Physical shape generation when the geometric object is physically created/generated by machining Physical generation involves material selection, machine tool and tools selections
14 Conceptual shape generation The concept is created by the human judgment The concept can be translated in codes create models
15 Physical shape generation Planes: flat surfaces Polyhedrons: inclined flat surfaces Cylindrical/conical surfaces: round surfaces, holes Ruled surfaces/non-ruled surfaces: complex kinematics cutting or forming in complex shape dies
16 Physical shape generation Two basic principle methods are used to generate surfaces: Forming create shape form a shapeable material: ex» Casting» Deformation (forging, bending, squeezing, etc.)» Growing (nature s way ex: stereo-lithography) Cutting create shape through removal out of a larger piece of material» Turning, milling, drilling, grinding, lapping, etc. Multiple types of operations are used to generate the same class of shapes various surface qualities are obtained for various materials
17 Shape generation of primitives Boxes flat surface Cylinders round surfaces Prisms flat surface Cones round surfaces Spherical double curved As a general principle, the cutting tool and work piece move one with respect to the other; the cutting tool will remove the undesired volume of material from the work
18 Machining procedures Shaping and planing Turning Milling Drilling Sawing Broaching Grinding FORMING PROCESS Hot working Cold working CASTING PROCESS JOINING PROCESS NON-CONVENTIONAL PROCESSES
19 Generation of Flat surfaces Shaping and planing
20 Turning
21 Turning
22 Milling
23 Milling
24 Milling
25 Drilling
26 Sawing
27 Sawing
28 Broaching
29 Grinding
30 SECTION VIEWS
31 Purpose of sectioning Provide the details of the features that are invisible in a normal view A cutting plane is assumed to pass through the conveniently selected features If the plane passes through the object, the view is called a FULL SECTION Cutting plane is indicated on the adjacent view
32
33 SECTIONAL VIEW Why do we use sectional views?
34 SECTIONAL VIEW TYPES Full Sections Half Sections Offset Sections Broken Sections Revolved Sections Conventional Breaks Partial Views
35 ELEMENTS IN SECTIONAL VIEWS Cutting Plane An assumed plane passes through the part to expose the interior construction. Different cutting planes make different types of sectional views
36 A B A B Section AA Section BB
37 A B A B Section AA Section BB
38 The cutting plane
39 Is the section view really needed?
40 ELEMENTS IN SECTIONAL VIEWS Cutting-Plane Line Location Line Type Arrowheads Capital Letters
41 Indicate the cutting plane
42 Basic representation rules
43 Section lines (lining)
44 Section lines
45 Common mistakes
46 Common mistakes
47 Difficult cases
48 HALF SECTIONS If a cutting plane passes halfway through an object, the result is a half section. Expose the interior and retain the exterior. It is often used for symmetrical objects, not for detail drawings.
49 Half sections Convenient way to show the view and section in symmetric parts
50 BROKEN-OUT SECTIONS If only a partial section of a view is needed to expose interior shapes, a break line is used for the section. The section is limited.
51 Broken out sections
52 REVOLVED SECTIONS To show the shape of cross section of bars, arms, spokes, a plane perpendicular to the center line of the part cuts through. Then rotate the plane by 90 around a line at right angle to the center line.
53 Revolved sections Assume a section plane perpendicular to the front axis of the component; revolve the plane to see the section as a true shape
54 Removed section
55 Aligned sections
56 Aligned sections
57 Offset section Necessary when features to show are located in different planes
58 Sections through assemblies
59 Pay attention to lining
60 Pay attention to representation
61 Pay attention to representation
62 Pay attention to representation
63 Section in a flange
64 AUXILIARY VIEWS
65 Definitions Any view obtained by a projection on a plane other than the horizontal (H), frontal (F) and profile (P) is an auxiliary view. Primary auxiliary is projected to a plane that is perpendicular to one of the principal planes Secondary auxiliary is projected from a primary auxiliary to a plane that is inclined to all three principal views
66 Auxiliary view
67 Candidates for auxiliary views
68 Principal planes
69 Auxiliary plane
70 Primary auxiliary view Plane True Dim. F Width, Height H Width, Depth P Depth, Height
71 Primary auxiliary view
72 DEPTH AUXILIARY VIEWS A projection plane is perpendicular to the frontal view, and oblique to the top (or side ) view. The auxiliary view is based on the frontal view. Depth in Auxiliary View = Depth in Top (Side) View
73 HEIGHT AUXILIARY VIEWS A projection plane is perpendicular to the top view, and oblique to the frontal (side) view. The auxiliary view is based on the top view. Height in Auxiliary View = Height in Frontal (Side) View
74 WIDTH AUXILIARY VIEWS A projection plane is perpendicular to the side view, and oblique to the frontal (or top) view. The auxiliary view is based on the side view. Width in Auxiliary View = Width in Frontal (Top) View
75 The features in auxiliary planes are seen deformed in the principal views
76 The features in auxiliary planes are seen deformed in the principal views
77 The features in auxiliary planes are seen deformed in the principal views
78 How to represent a full auxiliary view? Folding-Line Method
79 How to represent a full auxiliary view?
80 How to represent a full auxiliary view?
81 How to represent a full auxiliary view?
82 DIHEDRAL ANGLES Definition: An angle between two intersection planes Figure (a) shows a dihedral angle between surface A and B. To find the angle for the case in Figure (b), auxiliary view is used.
83 A practical problem Find the angle of the V-cut
84 SOLUTION: TURE SIZE OF AN OBLIQUE SURFACE 1. Find the edge view of the plane in a primary auxiliary view 2. Find the true size of the plane in a secondary auxiliary view
85 Another practical problem Find the true shape of the section (triangle)
86 1. Select fold line 2. Draw perp. To F/L 3. Transfer the dist. From the previous F/L 4. Check the visibility
87 1. Select fold line 2. Draw perp. To F/L 3. Transfer the dist. From the previous F/L 4. Check the visibility
88 1. Select fold line 2. Draw perp. To F/L 3. Transfer the dist. From the previous F/L 4. Check the visibility
89 1. Select fold line 2. Draw perp. To F/L 3. Transfer the dist. From the previous F/L 4. Check the visibility
90 1. Select fold line 2. Draw perp. To F/L 3. Transfer the dist. From the previous F/L 4. Check the visibility
91 DIHEDRAL ANGLES Definition: An angle between two intersection planes Figure (a) shows a dihedral angle between surface A and B. To find the angle for the case in Figure (b), auxiliary view is used.
92 A practical problem Find the angle of the V-cut
93 SOLUTION: TURE SIZE OF AN OBLIQUE SURFACE 1. Find the edge view of the plane in a primary auxiliary view 2. Find the true size of the plane in a secondary auxiliary view
94 Another practical problem Find the true shape of the section (triangle)
95 Example of auxiliary view problem Find the true shape of the distorted features
96 Example of auxiliary view problem One feature is seen in P view as a line one auxiliary view needed
97 Example of auxiliary view problem Another feature is seen in F view as a line one auxiliary view needed
98 Auxiliary Views: To draw TL of line, point view of line, Edge view of the plane and true size of plane. To View TL : Draw Aux.View parallel to any view To view point view: Draw Aux.View perp. To TL To view Edge View : Draw Aux.View perp. To TL of any edge/line To view full surface : Draw Aux.View perp. Edge view
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