PERSPECTIVAS DE LAS COMUNIDADES LATINAS

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1 Tobacco us in Minnsota: a quantitativ survy of mmbrs of minnsota s latino communitis A PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND ACTION PROJECT USO DEL TABACO EN Minnsota PERSPECTIVAS DE LAS COMUNIDADES LATINAS PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ACCIÓN PARTICIPATIVA SEPTEMBER 2008 SEPTIEMBRE DE 2008

2 s p t m b r s p t i m b r d Tobacco Us in Minnsota: A quantitativ survy of mmbrs of Minnsota s Latino communitis A participatory rsarch and action projct Rsults from th quantitativ rsarch componnt of th Divrs Racial Ethnic Groups and Nations (DREGAN) projct English vrsion pag 1 Uso dl Tabaco n Minnsota: Una Encusta Cuantitativa a Mimbros d las Comunidads Latinas d Minnsota Proycto d Invstigación Acción Participativa Rsultados d la invstigación cuantitativa dl proycto Divrsos Grupos Racials, Étnicos y Nacions (DREGAN) Vrsión n Español página 35

3 Suggstd citation: Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota SM, Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio. Tobacco Us in Minnsota: A quantitativ survy of mmbrs of Minnsota s Latino communitis. Sptmbr, 2008.

4 tabl of Contnts Part 1: DREGAN Projct History and Study Dsign T O B A C C O U S E I N M I N N E S O T A : A Q U A N T I T A T I V E S U R V E Y O F M E M B E R S O F M I N N E S O T A S L A T I N O C O M M U N I T Y A p a r t i c i p a t o r y r s a r c h a n d a c t i o n p r o j c t DREGAN is a community-basd participatory rsarch projct that addrsss tobacco us in Latino communitis. 1 Prior qualitativ rsarch with Latino community ladrs hlpd dvlop culturally appropriat quantitativ rsarch qustions. 1 DREGAN invstigators dsignd th quantitativ study to rach Minnsota s divrs Latino communitis. 1 Findings from intrviws with community ladrs informd th analysis of rlationships btwn cultur and tobacco us. 3 Part 2: Prvalnc of Tobacco Us Tobacco us thratns th halth of Minnsota s Latino communitis. 5 Smoking rats ovrall ar low among Latinos, but diffrncs xist within th communitis. 5 Mn, young adults, and Spanish-spaking Latinos ar mor likly to smok. 6 Latino mn may also us cigars or cigarillos. 8 Th majority of adult Latinos hav trid a cigartt at last onc. 8 Youngr Latinos bgin xprimnting with smoking at arlir ags than oldr Latinos. 9 Rcommndations for action 10 Part 3: Knowldg of and Attituds toward th Harms of Tobacco Us Latinos know th halth dangrs of smoking. 11 Most Latinos s littl bnfit to smoking. 12 Narly all Latinos bliv that smoking has mor harms than bnfits. 12 Rcommndations for action 13 Part 4: Quitting Smoking Quitting smoking rducs th risk of dath and disas. 14 Most Latino smokrs try to quit. 14 Many Latino smokrs fail to rcogniz thmslvs as smokrs. 15 Most Latino smokrs dislik smoking and want to stop. 16 Fw Latino smokrs prciv smoking as an addiction rathr than a choic. 16 Most Latino smokrs ar confidnt thy can quit. 17 Latino smokrs nithr think thy nd hlp quitting nor fl comfortabl asking for hlp. 17 Rcommndations for action 18

5 tabl of Contnts R s u l t s f r o m t h q u a n t i t a t i v r s a r c h c o m p o n n t o f t h D i v r s R a c i a l E t h n i c G r o u p s a n d N a t i o n s ( D R E G A N ) P r o j c t A p a r t i c i p a t o r y r s a r c h a n d a c t i o n p r o j c t Part 5: Rducing Exposur to Scondhand Smok Scondhand smok causs dath and disas. 19 Mor than half of Minnsota s Latino communitis brath scondhand smok rgularly. 19 Narly all Latinos do not allow smoking in thir homs. 20 Stat and local laws incrasingly protct Latino workrs from scondhand smok. 22 Rcommndations for action 22 Discussion 23 Appndix A Tabl A1: Dmographics of th sampl of Minnsota s Latino communitis 25 Appndix B: Tabls of ky outcoms by dmographic charactristics Tabl B1: Smoking status by dmographic charactristics 26 Tabl B2: Prcnt quitting smoking for a day or mor in th past 12 months by dmographic charactristics 27 Tabl B3: Exposur to scondhand smok in any location (at hom, at work, in a car, or in som othr plac) during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults by dmographic charactristics 27 Tabl B4: Exposur to scondhand smok at hom during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults by dmographic charactristics 28 Tabl B5: Exposur to scondhand smok at work during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults who work indoors by dmographic charactristics 28 Tabl B6: Exposur to scondhand smok in any othr location bsids hom, workplac, or a car during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults by dmographic charactristics 29 Collaborating Organizations 30 Acknowldgmnts 31 Rfrncs 32

6 Part I DREGAN is a community-basd participatory rsarch projct that addrsss tobacco us in Latino communitis. D R E G A N P r o j c t H i s t o ry a n d S t u d y D s i g n rlationships to ky aspcts of Latino cultur. This currnt study will b rfrrd to in this rport as th survy of community mmbrs. Th DREGAN partnrship: Th Divrs Racial Ethnic Groups and Nations (DREGAN) projct aims to rduc th harm causd by tobacco in Minnsota s Latino and othr thnic and minority communitis. Sinc 2002, th DREGAN projct collaboration has involvd Minnsota s Latino communitis, as rprsntd by Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio (CLUES), Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota (Blu Cross), and ClarWay Minnsota SM. Blu Cross and ClarWay Minnsota jointly fund th projct. (For a dscription of ach organization, s Collaborating Organizations, pag 30.) Rprsntativs from ach of th collaborating organizations mak up th cor rsarch tam for th DREGAN projct. In addition, th DREGAN Projct Latino Community Advisory Committ, a group of rprsntativs from rsarch and halth-rlatd community organizations, provids ongoing consultation for vry phas of th projct. (For a list of rsarch tam mmbrs and advisory committ mmbrs, s Acknowldgmnts, pag 31.) Th DREGAN projct has thr componnts: 1) qualitativ rsarch, to bttr undrstand th uniqu cultural charactristics of tobacco us in Latino communitis; 2) quantitativ rsarch, to dtrmin th prvalnc of tobacco us and othr halth risk bhaviors; and 3) intrvntion projcts dsignd to rduc tobacco us in Latino communitis. Study goals: This rport prsnts rsults of th quantitativ rsarch portion of th DREGAN projct, a survy of mmbrs of th Latino communitis in Minnsota. Th goal of th quantitativ rsarch was to dtrmin th prvalnc of smoking among Minnsota s Latino communitis using a culturally appropriat survy tool. An additional goal was to quantitativly dscrib prcptions of tobacco us, attmpts to quit, and xposur to scondhand smok, and thir Prior qualitativ rsarch with Latino community ladrs hlpd dvlop culturally appropriat quantitativ rsarch qustions. Th DREGAN qualitativ rsarch, rfrrd to as th intrviws with community ladrs throughout this rport, was conductd from 2003 through Rsults wr usd to inform th currnt survy of community mmbrs. This first study of th DREGAN collaborativ aimd to assss blifs and attituds surrounding tobacco us, and to dscrib th rlationship btwn th Latino cultur and tobacco us. Th study tam followd a community-basd participatory rsarch modl in which community mmbrs participatd in th dsign and implmntation of th rsarch. Th study dsign includd smi-structurd intrviws with a broad cross sction of th communitis formal and informal ladrs (n=61) conductd in English or Spanish. Both English and Spanish vrsions of this final rport, titld Tobacco Us in Minnsota: Prspctivs from Latino Communitis, 1 ar availabl at th projct partnrs organizational wbsits listd on pag 30. DREGAN invstigators dsignd th quantitativ study to rach Minnsota s divrs Latino communitis. Rsarchrs from th Cntr for Survy Rsarch in Public Halth at th Univrsity of Minnsota joind th DREGAN rsarch tam in 2004, bringing xprtis in survy dsign, data collction, and quantitativ analysis. (For a list of contributors from this tam, s Acknowldgmnts, pag 31.) Study dsign: Informd by th DREGAN qualitativ study, th tam dvlopd a culturally appropriat instrumnt that includd masurs of acculturation as wll as knowldg and attituds toward smoking and quitting. Th tam also

7 borrowd ky masurs of tobacco us and scondhand T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part I smok xposur from th 2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy 2-4 to achiv comparability to th gnral population Th study achivd a 50% rspons rat (n=805). Mor than half (55%) of th intrviws wr conductd in-prson and th majority (68%) wr conductd in Spanish. Final data usd whr possibl. (Rports from this projct ar availabl in this analysis wr wightd for probability of slction and at Th rsarch tam for ag and gndr basd on 2000 cnsus data for th Latino dvlopd svral itrations of th instrumnt. Th instrumnt population in Minnsota. was rfind through input from th community advisory board and tstd using cognitiv intrviwing. Onc approvd, Dscription of sampl of Minnsota s Latino th final instrumnt was translatd with th focus on a Communitis: Mor than half (54%) of th rspondnts wr concptually quivalnt rathr than a linguistically quivalnt mn. Thirtn prcnt wr young adults ags 18 to 24. Th translation. majority (70%) of rspondnts wr marrid and 16% had compltd collg. Appndix A, Tabl A1 provids a basic Th projct aimd to conduct 800 fac-to-fac intrviws, dmographic profil of th rspondnts. using a culturally appropriat sampling dsign to rach mmbrs of Minnsota s Latino communitis. A random Acculturation is th procss by which immigrants larn sampl was drawn from a Latino surnam list obtaind from th formal and informal cultural imags, traditions, and Markting Systms Group (formrly known as Gnsys), a bhaviors of th gnral population in th Unitd Stats. Th survy-sampling vndor, for thr gographical rgions in rspondnts to th DREGAN community survy appar to Minnsota with largr concntrations of mmbrs of Latino b lss acculturatd to Amrican ways and mor orintd to communitis: 1) an 11 county mtropolitan rgion; 2) six Latino cultur. In othr words, participants rprsnt mmbrs southrn countis (Olmstd, Goodhu, Blu Earth, L Suur, of th Minnsota s Latino communitis that mor oftn rflct Nicollt, and Wasca); and 3) thr northwstrn countis th traditions and bhaviors of Latino cultur rathr than th (Polk, Norman, and Clay). cultur of Minnsota s gnral population. Data collction startd in January 2006 and was initially conductd using a short tlphon scrning intrviw that idntifid whthr mmbrs of a houshold wr ligibl to b includd in th study. Eligibl participants ithr 1) slf-idntifid as a mmbr of th Latino population, 2) immigratd from a Latin Amrican country, or 3) had parnts or grandparnts who wr born in a Latin Amrican country. Fac-to-fac intrviws wr thn conductd with ligibl rspondnts who agrd to participat. Traind community mmbrs, flunt in both English and Spanish, conductd all intrviws in th participant s languag of choic. In July 2006 invstigators shiftd to tlphon intrviws in ordr to incras th rspons rat and minimiz th potntial social dsirability bias of fac-to-fac intrviws. Data collction ndd in March DREGAN findings support this dscription. Th avrag acculturation scor for rspondnts was 61 (with 1 signifying th gratst lvl of acculturation to Amrican ways and 100 signifying th gratst hom-country orintation). Narly two-thirds of DREGAN survy rspondnts rportd a strong idntification with thir thnic or cultural background (64%) as wll as th importanc of kping in touch with that background (62%) (Tabl 1.1). Furthrmor, ky diffrncs from th U.S. Cnsus suggst that th Latinos who took th DREGAN survy could hav a strongr orintation to thir hom-country valus and traditions than th broadr population of Latinos living in Minnsota. For xampl, mor than 80% of th sampld population rportd dirctly immigrating to th Unitd Stats 2

8 (Tabl 1.1). This rat is highr than that rportd by th 2000 D R E G A N P r o j c t H i s t o r y a n d S t u d y D s i g n Part I U.S. Cnsus, which shows 60% of th Latino population in Minnsota has dirctly immigratd to th Unitd Stats. Among rspondnts who wr not born in th Unitd Stats, 74% migratd from Mxico. Th rmaining 26% migratd from numrous othr Latin Amrican countris. Th majority (83%) of ths immigrants hav livd in thir hom country longr than in th Unitd Stats, having spnt an avrag of 12.5 yars in th Unitd Stats. A strongr orintation to Latino cultur is also rflctd in languag spokn. Sixty prcnt of th DREGAN community survy rspondnts rportd primarily spaking Spanish at hom, compard with 29% in th U.S. Cnsus. Rsarch tam mmbrs from th Cntr for Survy Rsarch in Public Halth confirmd this DREGAN community survy rachd rspondnts with strongr orintation to th Latino cultur compard with othr survys th tam had conductd with Latinos in Minnsota 5. Findings from intrviws with community ladrs informd th analysis of rlationships btwn cultur and tobacco us. Intrviws with community ladrs th initial qualitativ study idntifid how Latino cultur and lif in th Unitd Stats affcts tobacco us in Minnsota s Latino communitis. Community ladrs consistntly idntifid thr important influncing factors rlatd to tobacco us in Latino communitis, including 1) gndr, 2) ag, particularly th diffrncs btwn youth and adults, and 3) th xtnt to which Latinos ar acculturatd to Amrican socity. This rport conncts findings from th qualitativ study to th rsults of th currnt quantitativ study to provid a richr pictur of tobacco us in Minnsota s Latino communitis and bttr inform tobacco-control stratgis. Tabl 1.1 Immigration, languag us, and cultural valus of rspondnts Immigration Exprinc U.S. born or immigrant Prcnt or Man Dirct immigrant 81% Born in th Unitd Stats 19% Man yars in U.S. (among thos not born in U.S.) 12.5 Man ag of migration in yars (among thos not born in U.S.) 23 Which gnration migratd to U.S. Rspondnt (dirct immigrant) 81% Rspondnt s parnt 8% Rspondnt s grandparnt 2% Four or mor gnrations in U.S. 8% Whr livd longr (among thos not born in U.S.) Outsid th U.S. 83% Insid th U.S. 17% Us of Spanish Languag First languag larnd Spanish 86% English 14% Convrsations at hom Mor Spanish than English 60% Mor English than Spanish 16% About th sam 24% Survy intrviw languag Spanish 68% English 32% Cultural Valus How strongly do you idntify with your thnic or cultural background? Non 1% A littl 10% Som 25% A lot 64% How important is it to kp in touch with or larn about your thnic or cultural background? Non 2% A littl 9% Som 27% A lot 62% 3

9 Using qualitativ findings as a guid and to provid contxt, T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part I th currnt rport dscribs th quantitativ rlationships btwn gndr, ag, and acculturation and th population s and 94% of thos who took th survy in Spanish larnd Spanish as thir first languag. Furthr, publishd studis on acculturation hav usd languag ithr languag of th prvalnc of smoking, knowldg of and attituds toward survy 6 or dgr of languag fluncy in English and Spanish 7 its harms, and quitting bhaviors, as wll as thir xposur to as a proxy for acculturation. scondhand smok. In addition to conncting quantitativ survy findings to Bcaus this survy did not rach Latinos undr ag 18, th th initial DREGAN qualitativ study, this rport provids study compars young adults, ags 18 to 24, to all oldr adults comparisons with othr stat and national studis. Th 2003 to xplor th impact of ag on tobacco us in th Latino Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy (MATS) survyd th gnral cultur. population of Minnsota adults about thir knowldg, attituds, and bhaviors concrning tobacco us and xposur For th purpos of this study, th trm acculturation dscribs to scondhand smok. This rport provids data from th a slctiv larning and slf-conscious adoption of som, but 2003 MATS, whr appropriat, to offr contxt for th not all, attituds and bhaviors from th dominant socity. findings from th survy of Latino community mmbrs. Larning and rgularly spaking English is a major indicator of Rfrncs to findings from national Latino halth studis also acculturation to Amrican cultur. provid additional support to th DREGAN survy findings. This rport uss th languag of th survy intrviw as a proxy for acculturation in ordr to undrstand lss compard with mor acculturatd Latinos. Th languag chosn for th survy is strongly rlatd to charactristics associatd with acculturation. Ninty-on prcnt of thos who took th survy in Spanish wr dirct immigrants; Associations btwn variabls wr tstd statistically using chi-squar and t-tsts as appropriat, but wr not adjustd for dmographics and othr potntial confoundrs. All associations dscribd in this rport ar statistically significant at p<

10 T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : Part II Tobacco us thratns th halth of Minnsota s Latino communitis. P r va l n c o f T o b a c c o U s A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Figur 2.1 Th tobacco industry targts Latino communitis. Tobacco us not only shortns many smokrs livs, but also causs multipl chronic halth conditions. Ths includ many kinds of cancr, hart disas, strok, complications during prgnancy, and chronic obstructiv pulmonary disas. 8 In 2002, mor than 5,600 adult daths in Minnsota wr smoking rlatd. 9 Smokrs shortn thir livs by an avrag of 12.7 yars. 10 Smoking cost Minnsotans $1.98 billion in xcss mdical car xpnditurs in As th lading caus of prvntabl dath in th Unitd Stats, 11, 12 tobacco poss a srious thrat to th halth of Minnsota s growing Latino population. Th sriousnss of this thrat is hightnd by th awarnss that tobacco companis stratgically targt Latino communitis with markting and advrtising initiativs (Figur 2.1). Th tobacco industry has also historically providd financial support to Latino cultural, political, and ducational institutions, as wll as social srvics and civil rights organizations, in ordr to gain favor with Latino communitis and discourag tobacco-control fforts. 13 Found in Latina magazin, Full of tast! Smoking rats ovrall ar low among Latinos, but diffrncs xist within th communitis. Basd on th Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion (CDC) dfinition, a currnt smokr is somon who rportd smoking at last 100 cigartts in his or hr liftim and now smoks vry day or som days. Using this dfinition, th ovrall prvalnc of currnt smoking is 13% among Latinos survyd (Figur 2.2). This rat is lowr than th 18% prvalnc of currnt smoking obsrvd among th gnral adult population in th 2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy. 2 Th Latino communitis prvalnc rat, howvr, translats to about 17,000 adult Latinos in Minnsota who ar xposd to th harms of tobacco us. Furthr, this rat xcds th Halthy Popl 2010 goal of rducing prvalnc to lss than 10%. 16 This finding can Nvr Smokr 72% Found in Latina magazin, Com whr th flavor is. Figur 2.2 Thirtn prcnt of Latinos smok. Currnt Smokr 13% Not: Prcntags do not sum to 100% du to rounding. Formr Smokr 14%

11 guid futur fforts to rduc prvalnc in Minnsota s T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part II Latino communitis and srv as a baslin masur for futur valuation of tobacco-control stratgis.* Figur 2.3 Latino mn ar much mor likly to smok than Latina womn. 100% Mn, young adults, and Spanish-spaking Latinos ar mor likly to smok. Undrstanding who uss tobacco informs how to bst dvlop stratgis to rduc tobacco us. Intrviws with community ladrs consistntly dscribd thr ky charactristics associatd with tobacco us: gndr, ag, and acculturation. Appndix B, Tabl B1 includs a distribution of smoking status for svral dmographic charactristics. In th survy of Latino community mmbrs, mn and womn diffr considrably in thir tobacco us. Mn (22%) rportd smoking at a rat fiv tims highr than womn (4%) (Figur 2.3). Whn compard with rsults from th 2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy, Latino mn (22%) smok at similar rats to th gnral population of Minnsota mn (21%). A much smallr proportion of Latina womn (4%) smok, howvr, compard with th gnral population of Minnsota womn (16%). Prcnt of Latinos who currntly smok 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 22% Mn 4% Womn Figur 2.4 Th tobacco industry targts Latina womn. Th survy finding that mn ar much mor likly to smok than womn is consistnt with commnts from th intrviws with community ladrs. Thy dscribd a strong cultural blif that smoking is accptabl and somtims prstigious for mn, but not wll accptd for womn, as rflctd in th following quots: Found in Latina magazin, Today I hav a dat with somon vry important. Myslf! For mn it s OK. It s somthing normal... It s not somthing bad. Mxican woman in hr 30s, in th U.S. for 7 yars *Givn th dcras in th numbrs of smokrs ovr tim, 17 and th incras of public policis rstricting whr popl can smok, 18 social dsirability bias may affct masurmnt of tobacco us; that is, rspondnts may undrrport thir smoking to provid what is prcivd to b an accptabl rspons. 19 Among Latinos, this pattrn of social intraction is known as sympatía. 20 As a rsult, th rportd prvalnc for th survy of community mmbrs may b a small undrstimat. Particularly for Latinos, this undrrporting may diffr systmatically by crtain subgroups of th survyd population, such as womn and rcnt immigrants. Found in Latina magazin, Somtims you don t nd to say anything to hav a good tim. 6

12 This [womn smoking] is totally unaccptabl in th P r v a l n c o f T o b a c c o U s Part II traditional community in Purto Rico. Purto Rican man in his 30s, in th U.S. for 14 yars Figur 2.5 Youngr Latino adults ar mor likly to smok than oldr Latino adults. Whil th prvalnc rat for Latina womn is low, this group 100% must not b ovrlookd in futur tobacco-control fforts. Community ladrs shard concrns that acculturation incrass th risk of tobacco us among Latina womn bcaus smoking is mor accptabl among womn in th Unitd Stats than in Latino countris of origin. Th tobacco industry, awar of th impact of acculturation on this potntial markt, has dvlopd campaigns targtd at Latina womn that promot imags of th Latina smokr as indpndnt, glamorous, sxy, and mor Amrican (Figur 2.4). Young adult Latinos ags 18 to 24 (18%) ar mor likly to b currnt smokrs than oldr Latino adults ags 25 and oldr (13%) (Figur 2.5). Prcnt of Latinos who currntly smok 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 18% 13% yrs 25+ yrs In intrviws, community ladrs xprssd concrn that youngr Latinos may b mor likly to smok in Minnsota than in Latin Amrican countris. Th ladrs notd that youngr Latinos smok to look indpndnt, adult, and glamorous, or to fit in with thir Amrcian prs, as rflctd in th following quot: [Youth]... nd to b part of th community onc again, and thy hav to follow othr frinds that thy hav, for xampl in school, th Anglo-Saxons, or othr communitis, to blong. Non-Latino man in his 50s who works with Latino communitis Latinos who took th survy in English ar mor likly to currntly smok (18%) than thos who took th survy in Spanish (11%) (Figur 2.6). Using survy intrviw languag as a proxy for acculturation, rspondnts who took th survy in English signify mor acculturatd Latinos. Figur 2.6 English-spaking Latino adults ar mor likly to smok than Spanish-spaking Latino adults. Prcnt of Latinos who currntly smok 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 18% Took survy in English 11% Took survy in Spanish 7

13 Ths survy rsults contradict th community ladrs T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part II statmnts that acculturation may lad to lss tobacco us among Latinos particularly mn in th Unitd Stats, whr smoking is lss accptabl compard with Latin Amrican countris. Today, things ar changing and th rputation of on who smoks is not good. Yars ago, popl thought that thy had to smok to gt along with othrs. But today popl ar starting to look at smokrs in a mor ngativ way. And in fact, I hav sn in my community that som hav quit smoking prcisly bcaus of th ngativity that smoking has. Spanish man in his 50s, in th U.S. for 22 yars Latino mn may also us cigars or cigarillos. Only 7% of Latinos usd othr forms of tobacco byond cigartts, such as pips, cigars, cigarillos (small cigars), chwing tobacco, bidis, krtks, or clov cigartts, in th six months prior to th survy. Mn (13%) wr much mor likly to us othr forms of tobacco than womn (2%) wr. Prcnt of Latinos who vr trid a cigartt Figur 2.7 Latino mn ar mor likly than Latina womn to hav smokd at last on cigartt. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 92% Mn 62% Womn Figur 2.8 English-spaking Latino adults ar mor likly than Spanishspaking Latino adults to hav smokd at last on cigartt. Cigars and cigarillos appar to b th most popular among othr forms usd, again most commonly by mn. Among mn, 9% smokd cigars and 5% smokd cigarillos, whras fwr than 2% usd th othr forms of tobacco in th last six months. Th gratr us of cigars and cigarillos compard with othr forms may rsult from th rlativ popularity of cigars within th Latino cultur. Th majority of adult Latinos hav trid a cigartt at last onc. Th survy of community mmbrs found that most Latinos xprimnt with cigartts at last onc in thir livs. To masur xprimntation with tobacco us, th survy askd Latino community mmbrs whthr thy had vr smokd a cigartt, vn on or two puffs. Th majority (79%) of Latinos Prcnt of Latinos who vr trid a cigartt 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 83% Took survy in English 75% Took survy in Spanish 8

14 rportd having vr smokd a cigartt. This proportion P r v a l n c o f T o b a c c o U s Part II of vr-smoking is similar to th gnral adult Minnsota population (71%) as masurd by th 2003 Minnsota Adult Latino mal smokrs, who rcalld trying thir first cigartt at th avrag ag of 14. Tobacco Survy. 23 This survy finding of dlayd initiation for Latina womn is consistnt with th findings from th intrviws with As xpctd from th prvalnc masur, mor Latino mn community ladrs. Community ladrs xplaind that Latino (92%) rportd having xprimntd with cigartts than cultural norms may protct womn from th harms of tobacco womn (62%) did (Figur 2.7). Youngr adults and oldr us by making thm mor rluctant to smok. On formr adults did not diffr on this masur. smokr rcalld that sh A gratr prcnt of th rspondnts who took th survy in English (83%) rportd vr smoking a cigartt than thos who took th survy in Spanish (75%) (Figur 2.8). With 86% of rspondnts immigrating to th Unitd Stats in th past dcad or so, much of this xprimntation with smoking which occurrd at arly ags took plac in th hom country. Among currnt smokrs, 55% bgan smoking bfor coming to th Unitd Stats, and 45% bgan in th Unitd Stats. Youngr Latinos bgin xprimnting with smoking at arlir ags than oldr Latinos. National studis show that 88% of youth who vr smokd trid thir first cigartt bfor ag For Latinos in particular, national data on youth tobacco us show that Mxican-Amrican youth ar mor suscptibl to starting smoking than youth from othr racial and thnic populations. 25 In th survy of community mmbrs, on avrag, Latino currnt smokrs rportd first us of tobacco at ag 15. This ag of initiation is similar to that of th gnral adult population, obsrvd in th 2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy smokd hiding away from my family. I considrd smoking bing somthing that was not right, bcaus womn didn t smok... Putting onslf in a man s position would b smoking, so thrfor you don t do that. Mxican woman in hr 50s, born in th U.S. Latino young adult smokrs first smokd at ag 14, two yars bfor Latino oldr adult smokrs, who first smokd at ag 16. Th 2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy found a vry similar pattrn among th gnral population of Minnsota adults. Minnsota young adult currnt smokrs first smokd a cigartt at th avrag ag of 13, whil Minnsota smokrs ovr ag 25 first smokd at ag Th ngativ shift to initiating smoking at an arlir ag also rflcts th community ladrs obsrvations that youngr Latinos smok mor oftn in Minnsota than in Latin Amrica as a rsult of acculturation. Hr in Minnsota, I hav sn mor that it s th youth who us tobacco instad of th adults, and th family won t say anything. Mxican woman in hr lat tns, in th U.S. for 17 yars Ag of smoking initiation did not diffr by survy intrviw languag. Latina fmal smokrs, howvr, rportd trying thir first cigartt at th avrag ag of 18, svral yars latr than 9

15 T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part II Rcommndations for action Programs to support quitting should mphasiz promotions to Latino mn. prvntion fforts should rach out to Latina girls and womn to assur smoking rats do not incras. mssags about smoking and quitting should tak into account th cultural norms against tobacco us that xist for Latina womn. tobacco-control stratgy in Latino communitis should focus on th forms of tobacco most commonly usd, including cigartts, cigars, and cigarillos. for Latino boys, prvntion fforts to stop xprimntation with th first cigartt must bgin at an arly ag. 10

16 T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : Part III Latinos know th halth dangrs of smoking. Almost all mmbrs of th Latino communitis (99%) ar awar that smoking causs lung cancr (Figur 3.1). Currnt smokrs know this rlationship, as do nvr and formr smokrs. Similarly, mn and womn, youngr and oldr adults, and thos who took th survy in English and Spanish rportd qually high lvls of awarnss. Similarly, mor than 90% (93%) of th population rportd knowing that smoking causs hart disas (Figur 3.1). Although a larg majority of currnt smokrs (86%) rcogniz th risks of hart disas, thy ar considrably lss likly to b awar of th link btwn tobacco and hart disas than nvr (94%) and formr (95%) smokrs. Mn (95%) rportd awarnss only slightly mor oftn than womn (91%). Th high lvl of awarnss of th risk for hart disas causd by tobacco also did not diffr by ag group or languag of survy intrviw. Ths findings rflct th commnts from intrviws with community ladrs, who dscribd incrasd awarnss of th dangrs of tobacco in th Unitd Stats compard with Latin Amrica, du in part to incrasd xposur to public halth mssags in th Unitd Stats. K n o w l d g o f a n d At t i t u d s t o wa r d t h H a r m s o f T o b a c c o U s A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Prcnt rporting smoking causs lung cancr Figur 3.1 Narly all Latinos know that smoking causs lung cancr. Similarly, narly all Latinos know that smoking causs hart disas, but smokrs rport this knowldg lss oftn. Prcnt rporting smoking causs hart disas 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 99% 99% 100% 99% Ovrall Currnt smokr Formr smokr Nvr smokr 93% 95% 94% 87% Ovrall Currnt smokr Formr smokr Nvr smokr Thr s such a focus on th halth outcoms of smoking that ar bad, and I think thr s not as much of that in Colombia. Colombian woman in hr 50s, in th U.S. for 40 yars Th intrviws with community ladrs also indicatd that Latinos in Minnsota undrstand th spcific link btwn smoking and lung cancr. Th survy rsults mirror this finding. Community ladrs also suggstd that som Latinos, particularly smokrs, may not always rcogniz th causal link btwn cigartt us and hart disas. Whn askd about th risks community mmbrs associat with smoking, community ladrs mntiond damag to th lungs and rspiratory systm, lung cancr, and cancr in gnral; fw mntiond othr halth risks, such as cardiovascular disas. I think that what popl think of right away is cancr... Thy don t think of othr things... Th only thing w think of is cancr... and thy rally don t know how it causs th disas. Mxican man in his 40s, in th U.S. for 42 yars In contrast, this survy of community mmbrs found clarly that whn askd, Latinos know smoking causs hart disas. 11

17 Most Latinos s littl bnfit to smoking. T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part III Th survy askd Latino community mmbrs about svral potntial bnfits to smoking (Figur 3.2). Lss than onthird of nonsmokrs including formr and nvr smokrs affirmd any positiv aspct of smoking. Currnt smokrs gnrally followd th sam pattrn, with two major xcptions. Narly thr in fiv (57%) thought smoking rlivs strss and anxity, and mor than four in 10 (42%) thought it provids plasur. Ths survy findings ar consistnt with findings from th intrviws with community ladrs. Th community ladrs xplaind that som Latino immigrants smok to cop with th strsss of immigration, acculturation, discrimination, and conomic hardship. I oftn gt an imag of thm working rally hard and just smoking out of strss. That s thir rlif. Purto Rican born man in his 20s, in th U.S. for 17 yars Figur 3.2 Ovrall, Latinos rarly rport bnfits of smoking. Many Latino currnt smokrs idntify providing plasur and offring strss rlif as bnfits of smoking. Prcnt rporting spcific bnfits of smoking 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 12% 8% Hlps in making frinds 10% 16% Hlps to focus on activitis Nonsmokrs Currnt smokrs 24% 23% 24% 21% Hlps to los wight 42% Provids plasur 57% Rlivs strss and anxity 12 And mor than anything, I bliv it s bcaus of prssur and strss that popl who did not hav that strss in thir countris would not smok. Pruvian woman in hr 30s, in th U.S. for 3 yars Narly all Latinos bliv that smoking has mor harms than bnfits. Ninty-two prcnt of Latinos bliv that thr ar mor harms than bnfits to smoking, a blif shard qually by smokrs and nonsmokrs and mn and womn. A much smallr proportion of young adult Latinos (78%), howvr, blivd that thr ar mor harms than bnfits to smoking than oldr adult Latinos (94%) (Figur 3.3). Young adult Latinos (20%) wr mor likly to agr that th harms and bnfits of cigartt us ar about qual whn compard with Latinos 25 yars and oldr (5%). Prcnt with blif 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Figur 3.3 Youngr Latinos ar mor nutral about th harms of smoking than oldr Latinos. 0% 1% 2% Mor bnfits than harms yrs 25+ yrs 20% 5% Bnfits & harms about qual 78% 94% Mor harms than bnfits

18 Again, th procss of acculturation may hlp xplain th K n o w l d g o f a n d At t i t u d s t o wa r d t h H a r m s o f T o b a c c o U s Part III finding that young adult Latinos tnd to prciv smoking as nutral mor oftn than oldr Latinos. Community ladrs pointd out that youngr Latinos tnd to smok dspit thir gratr knowldg about th halth risks of smoking compard with oldr adults. Thy prcivd that th acculturation procss has lssnd th cultural prohibitions against youth smoking and ncouragd thm to viw tobacco as a mans of fitting in with prs and looking mor grownup, that is, to s its potntial bnfits. Tobacco-industry advrtising furthr rinforcs this imag. Similar to young adults, Latinos who took th survy in Spanish (89%) wr lss likly to stat that smoking offrs mor harms than bnfits than thos who took th survy in English (97%). Spanish-spaking rspondnts (9%) also tndd to fl mor nutral about th ffct of smoking than English-spaking rspondnts (3%) did. Th findings support th community ladrs commnts that acculturation to Amrican lif brings mor knowldg about tobacco-rlatd halth risks. In my community in Mxico, thr isn t much information or so many mssags. Hr [in th U.S.] popl think that thy los somthing if thy don t stop smoking. Mxican man in his 30s, in th U.S. for 8 yars Rcommndations for action tobacco-control fforts should continu to ducat Latino smokrs about halth risks byond lung cancr, including hart disas, strok, prgnancy complications, and chronic obstructiv pulmonary disas. fforts to support quitting should rcogniz that Latino smokrs associat som bnfits with smoking, including providing plasur and rliving strss. fforts to support quitting should rcogniz th connction btwn smoking and strss rlif for immigrants in Latino communitis. tobacco-control fforts should mphasiz th spcific tobacco-rlatd harms that ar most important to Latino communitis. tobacco-control fforts aimd at youngr Latinos should focus on th mor immdiat ngativ social consquncs of tobacco us, such as its dtractions to apparanc or its montary cost. 13

19 T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : Part IV Quitting smoking rducs th risk of dath and disas. Q u i t t i n g S m o k i n g A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Figur 4.1 Mal smokrs ar mor likly than fmal smokrs to rport having quit smoking for a day or mor. Quitting smoking rducs th risk of prmatur dath. It also dcrass risks of many srious disass, including lung cancr, cardiovascular disas, and othr rspiratory disass. Quitting smoking also dcrass th risk of complications for high blood prssur, diabts, and asthma. Whil smokrs bnfit from quitting at any tim, th arlir thy quit, th mor likly thy ar to raliz substantial halth bnfits. 26, 27 Yt, quitting is difficult bcaus smoking is addictiv. Withdrawal symptoms, such as dprssion, wight gain, irritability, anxity, or difficulty concntrating, dmonstrat th highly addictiv natur of cigartts. Th risk of rlaps is high. 28 Quitting smoking succssfully may tak up to 11 attmpts. 27 Prcnt rporting on or m or quit attmpts in th last 12 months 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 78% Mn 53% Womn Most Latino smokrs try to quit. Most currnt smokrs in Minnsota s Latino communitis try to quit. Among currnt smokrs, thr-quartrs (74%) rportd that thy had quit smoking for a day or mor within th 12 months bfor th survy. Narly a quartr (22%) rportd having quit for a day or mor on 10 or mor occasions. Ths findings indicat a strong dsir to quit. Appndix B, Tabl B2 includs a distribution of quit attmpts for svral dmographic charactristics. Undrstanding who maks quit attmpts and thir potntial motivs can b usd to tailor stop-smoking fforts in Latino communitis. Mor than thr-quartrs (78%) of Latino mn who smok quit for a day or mor in th past yar, yt only half (53%) of Latina womn who smok quit for a day or mor in th past yar (Figur 4.1). Th diffrntial influnc of acculturation on mn and womn dscribd by community ladrs may account for this finding. Mn may fl mor prssur to quit in th Unitd Stats, whr smoking is lss accptabl in public placs than in thir hom countris. My dad quit smoking bcaus h cam to th Unitd Stats for a confrnc... Evrywhr h would want to light up, sombody would touch him and say, You can t smok in hr... H wnt back and said, I was totally humiliatd. So h quit... caus It s ovr. I m not gonna b mbarrassd anymor. Purto Rican woman in hr 40s, in th U.S. for 10 yars Womn, howvr, may hav lss intrst in quitting bcaus smoking is actually mor accptabl for womn in Amrican cultur than in thir hom countris. I hav sn Latinas, shockingly, smoking cigars as a mans of following a Latina... actrss [who smokd] a cigar in som movi. Somhow that s bn sn as a symbol of indpndnc and as a symbol of powr. Mxican man in his 40s, born in th U.S. Furthr, th community ladrs notd that womn may far gaining wight if thy quit. 14

20 I v hard many, many popl... who say... [quitting] Q u i t t i n g S m o k i n g Part IV will mak m más gorda [fattr]... Thy bliv that smoking kps your wight down. Mxican man in his 50s, born in th U.S. Compard with oldr adult Latino smokrs (69%), 18- to 24-yar-old Latino smokrs (95%) ar much mor likly to rport having quit for a day or mor in th past 12 months (Figur 4.2). This survy finding sms surprising givn th community ladrs accounts that youngr Latinos smok mor oftn in Minnsota than in thir hom countris. Howvr, th high proportion of unsuccssful quit attmpts among young adult Latinos may confirm rports from community ladrs that youngr Latinos oftn undrstimat th difficulty of quitting. Prcnt rporting quit attmpts in th last 12 months Figur 4.2 Youngr Latino smokrs ar mor likly than oldr Latinos to quit smoking for a day or mor. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 95% yrs 69% 25+ yrs I think that young popl ar mor informd than oldr popl, bcaus in schools thy talk about it a lot in halth class. Young popl know, but thy kp on smoking, and thy say, I smok now, but I can quit anytim I want to. Many tims, thy think it s going to b that asy. Colombian man in his 40s, in th U.S. for 1 yar Latinos did not diffr in thir prcnt of quit attmpts by languag of survy intrviw. Many Latino smokrs fail to rcogniz thmslvs as smokrs. Whn askd, Do you considr yourslf a smokr? only 61% of currnt smokrs (as dfind by th CDC; s pag 5) actually said ys. That mans four of vry 10 Latino smokrs (39%) fail to idntify thmslvs as a prson who should quit smoking. Th survy did not dtct diffrncs in this slfprcption by ag, gndr, or languag of survy intrviw. Many currnt smokrs in th Latino communitis rport light smoking, which may in part xplain why thy do not considr thmslvs smokrs. Among currnt smokrs, 88% rport smoking fwr than 15 cigartts pr day, and 12% rport smoking btwn 15 and 24 cigartts pr day. This survy finding is consistnt with national data showing that compard with othr racial or thnic groups, mor Latino smokrs smok occasionally rathr than vry day. 29 Smokrs may not b rcptiv to quitting mssags if thy do not prciv thmslvs as a smokr. Intrviws with Latino community ladrs rvald that thos who smok in social situations, for xampl, tnd to dscrib thmslvs as nonsmokrs. Many popl that I know of who wr not smokrs ar now smokrs. Lt s say about 70% ar not smokrs, but whn thy go to a party, thy want to try it; thy try to smok. Or thy ar social smokrs. That would b th problm. Mxican man in his 20s, in th U.S. for 4 yars 15

21 Most Latino smokrs dislik smoking and T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part IV want to stop. Figur 4.3 Youngr Latino smokrs ar mor likly than oldr Latinos to rport njoymnt of smoking. Th survy includd svral masurs to assss Latino currnt smokrs intrst in quitting smoking, including whthr thy njoy or dislik smoking. Mor than half (56%) of smokrs in Latino communitis rportd that thy dislik smoking. Young adult Latino smokrs (78%) njoy smoking mor than oldr adult Latino smokrs (37%) (Figur 4.3). Th survy did not dtct rlationships by gndr or languag of survy intrviw. Th survy also askd currnt smokrs how thy fl about stopping smoking. Rgardlss of th lvl of njoymnt, narly all smokrs (86%) rportd that thy would lik to quit. This rsult is consistnt with th survy finding that so many smokrs rportd quitting for a day or longr in th past yar. Prcnt of smokrs who rport thy njoy smoking 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 78% 37% Fw Latino smokrs prciv smoking as an addiction rathr than a choic. 0% yrs 25+ yrs Th prcption of tobacco us as a prsonal lifstyl choic as opposd to an addiction rquiring tratmnt influncs Latino community mmbrs willingnss to obtain hlp quitting. Th survy askd thr qustions* dsignd to assss whthr Latinos rcogniz tobacco us as mor of an addiction or choic that is, to assss th prcivd lvl of control smokrs hav ovr thir smoking bhavior. Whn combind, ths rsponss crat a singl masur of survy rspondnts blifs. Currnt smokrs (20%) show slightly gratr rcognition of th bhavior as an addiction compard with nvr (16%) and formr (18%) smokrs. Still, narly half (47%) of smokrs considr th bhavior a choic, and on-third (33%) considr it nithr a choic nor an addiction (Figur 4.4), dspit considrabl xprinc on th part of smokrs in making multipl unsuccssful quit attmpts. Figur 4.4 Most currnt smokrs do not prciv smoking as an addiction. Bliv smoking is a choic 47% Bliv smoking is an addiction 20% Bliv smoking is nithr a choic nor addiction 33% *Qustions askd whthr rspondnts agrd or disagrd with th following thr itms on a four-point scal: 1) Popl who smok do so bcaus thy want to. 2) Popl who smok do so bcaus it is a habit. 3) Popl who smok cannot control whthr thy smok or not. 16

22 Most Latino smokrs ar confidnt thy Q u i t t i n g S m o k i n g Part IV can quit. Th blif that smoking is a choic, rathr than an addiction, may account for th high lvls of confidnc among currnt smokrs that thy can quit succssfully. Th vast majority (82%) of smokrs said thy ar ithr vry or somwhat likly to succd if thy wantd to stop smoking, with narly half (47%) rporting that thy wr vry likly to succd. Again, ths prcptions do not match th actual xprinc of th many Latino smokrs with unsuccssful quit attmpts. Th following quot from intrviws with community ladrs rinforcs ths survy rsults. Th most common blif is that I can quit anytim, and I won t gt sick. Mxican man in his 30s, in th U.S. for 8 yars Most of th Latino popl that I know... usually will try to quit by just quitting cold turky... which dosn t usually work. Nicaraguan woman in hr 40s, in th U.S. for 20 yars Thy want to ask for hlp, but thy don t bcaus thy bliv that it s a sign of waknss, bcaus thir whol lif thy did vrything by thmslvs. Whn thy rally nd th hlp with a habit, thy don t want to ask bcaus of prid. Purto Rican man in his 40s, in th U.S. for 45 yars Furthr, Latinos may prciv stop-smoking mdications ngativly. In my opinion, I just think thy r not accustomd to taking a lot of pills on a daily basis. That s not part of thir cultur so much. Thy won t tak that mdicin. Latino smokrs nithr think thy nd hlp quitting nor fl comfortabl asking for hlp. Smokrs ar not only confidnt that thy can quit, but thy bliv thy will succssfully quit by rlying on thir own willpowr. Narly all Latino currnt smokrs (92%) ithr somwhat or strongly agrd that th only way thy would b abl to quit smoking is through thir own willpowr, with 79% of smokrs strongly agring with this statmnt. Ths findings from th survy of community mmbrs mirror th community ladrs dscriptions of th approachs to quitting that Latinos would find accptabl. Latinos may prciv that only willpowr works to quit, which may lad to rsistanc to us stop-smoking mdications or to ask for hlp to quit smoking. Mxican woman in hr 20s, born in th U.S. Th survy also askd community mmbrs how comfortabl thy would b asking for hlp to stop smoking. Compard with th blif in succss through willpowr, fwr Latino smokrs would fl comfortabl asking for hlp to quit. Mor than half (59%) rportd fling ithr vry or somwhat comfortabl asking for hlp to stop smoking. Lss than half (41%) said thy would b vry comfortabl. Again, ths findings rsonat with thos from th intrviws with community ladrs. According to thm, smokrs may not b rcptiv to th availability of stop-smoking mdications or othr traditional sourcs of bhavioral support, such as a stop-smoking tlphon hlplin, if thy bliv that thy can quit succssfully with willpowr only. Among Latino mal smokrs, th rluctanc to sk hlp quitting may rsult from th cultural lmnt of machismo combind with th blif that th only way to quit is through on s own willpowr. 17

23 Thr ar many who ar mbarrassd. I man, it s lik T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part IV thy don t want thir machismo to b compromisd in that way. Ay, no, h s asking for hlp to quit smoking! Thy think that if thy do it, thy los th imag that thy had, bcaus supposdly, th macho dosn t ask for hlp for anything. Mxican woman in hr 40s, in th U.S. for 11 yars Among Latina fmal smokrs, th cultural norm against us of tobacco among womn may discourag thm from admitting that thy smok, much lss asking for hlp to quit. Finally, smokrs may fl mbarrassmnt asking for hlp bcaus of a prfrnc to kp problms in th family rathr than ask othrs for hlp. Culturally, w ar taught to lav our problms in th family. So, it s a bit mbarrassing for many popl. It s somthing thy just don t do to ask popl thy don t know for hlp... bcaus thn [popl] would raliz that your family has a problm, b it tobacco or any othr. Columbian man in his 40s, born in th U.S. Rcommndations for action Quit-smoking programs should b tailord to mt th uniqu nds of Latino communitis. > Quit-smoking programs addrssing th concrns of womn should b mad availabl. > quit-smoking programs should b availabl in Spanish, with Spanish-languag information on quitting smoking, Spanish-spaking rsourcs, and stop-smoking mdications. > quit-smoking program staff must b culturally comptnt, and awar of th spcific nds and attituds of Latino smokrs. quit-smoking tools, such as culturally spcific tlphon counsling or mdications, should b mor widly promotd and mad mor accssibl to Latino communitis. quit-smoking mssags should capitaliz on both th strong dsir to quit smoking and th strong confidnc in bing abl to quit among Latinos. Givn that a high prcntag of Latino smokrs do not idntify thmslvs as smokrs, mssags about smoking and quitting should focus on th bhavior of smoking and/or th situations in which th smoking taks plac. Mssags that focus on smokrs may miss a larg prcntag of th popl thy ar trying to rach. tobacco-control mssags should mphasiz that vn light smoking or smoking primarily in social situations placs popl at risk for disas and othr ngativ consquncs. tobacco-control fforts should account for th gnral rluctanc among Latinos to sk hlp. halth car providrs should b ducatd about th cultural charactristics of th Latino communitis with rgard to quitting smoking, including rluctanc to us mdications. 18

24 T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : Part V Scondhand smok causs dath and disas. R d u c i n g E x p o s u r t o A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s S c o n d h a n d S m o k Figur 5.1 Most adult Latinos rportd xposur to scondhand smok in th past svn days. Scondhand smok is a complx mixtur of chmicals containd in smok from a lit tobacco product (cigartt, cigar, or pip) and smok xhald by a smokr. Scondhand smok contains mor than 4,000 chmicals. Of ths, at last 11 ar known to caus cancr in humans. 30 At last 581 daths in Minnsota wr causd by xposur to scondhand smok in 2005 daths that could hav bn prvntd if xposur to scondhand smok had bn liminatd. In 2003 mor than 66,000 Minnsotans suffrd from disass causd by scondhand smok. 31 For infants and childrn, xposur to scondhand smok is causally associatd with low birth wight, suddn infant dath syndrom, lowr rspiratory illnss, ar infctions, and asthma. For adults, xposur to scondhand smok is causally associatd with lung cancr and coronary hart disas. 32 In Minnsota, $215.7 million is spnt ach yar to trat ths halth conditions causd by xposur to scondhand smok. 31 Prcnt of Latinos rporting xposur to scondhand smok 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 51% Any 9% Hom 19% Car 19% Work 36% Othr NOTE: Exposur at work is masurd and rportd only among rspondnts who rportd working indoors. Mor than half of Minnsota s Latino communitis brath scondhand smok rgularly. Figur 5.2 Mn wr mor likly than womn to rport xposur to scondhand smok. To masur xposur to scondhand smok, th survy askd 100% community mmbrs if anyon had smokd nar thm in svral diffrnt locations in th past svn days. Half (51%) of th mmbrs of Minnsota s Latino communitis rportd xposur to scondhand smok in thir hom, at work, in a car, or at anothr location in th prior wk (Figur 5.1). Not surprisingly, most currnt smokrs (82%) rportd xposur to othr popls or thir own smok in th past svn days. Howvr, narly half of nonsmokrs (47%) also indicatd a rcnt xposur to scondhand smok. Latinos rportd xposur to scondhand smok in th past svn days in multipl locations, including at hom (9%), in th car (19%), at work (19%), or at som othr location Prcnt rporting any xposur to scondhand smok 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 59% Mn 43% Womn 19

25 (36%) (Figur 5.1). Appndix B, Tabls B3 to B6 provid T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part V additional dtail on xposur to scondhand smok in th past svn days for any location, and sparatly for hom, work, and any othr locations by dmographic charactristics. Figur 5.3 Youngr Latino adults wr mor likly to rport xposur to scondhand smok than oldr Latino adults. Exposur to scondhand smok in any location varis gratly by gndr, ag, and lvl of acculturation. Mor than half (59%) of Latino mn rportd brathing scondhand smok in th past wk, whil lss than half (43%) of Latina womn rportd this xposur (Figur 5.2). Th highr prvalnc of smoking among mn only partially xplains this finding. Intrviws with community ladrs, in fact, rvald that Latino mn bond through social smoking and drinking in bars, which may incras th liklihood of xposur to scondhand smok among mn who do not smok. Halth risks from scondhand smok xposur may b highr for youngr adult Latinos. Two-thirds (63%) of 18- to 24-yarold Latinos wr xposd to scondhand smok in th prior wk (Figur 5.3). This lvl of xposur xcds th alradyhigh lvl of xposur in any location among Latinos ag 25 and oldr by 13 prcntag points. Prcnt rporting any xposur to scondhand smok 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 63% yrs 50% 25+ yrs Figur 5.4 English-spaking Latinos wr mor likly to rport xposur to scondhand smok than Spanish-spaking Latinos. Finally, acculturation to Amrican ways again appars associatd with incrasd halth risks. A largr proportion of rspondnts (58%) who took th survy in English rportd rcnt xposur to scondhand smok than thos who took th survy in Spanish (48%) (Figur 5.4). Narly all Latinos do not allow smoking in thir homs. Almost all (91%) of rspondnts vn 80% of smokrs rportd that smoking is not allowd anywhr in thir homs. According to th 2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy, only 76% of th gnral Minnsota population and 41% of Minnsota smokrs do not allow any smoking at hom. 4 National survy rsults indicat a highr prcnt of Prcnt rporting any xposur to scondhand smok 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 58% Took survy in English 48% Took survy in Spanish 20

26 Latinos with hom smoking policis compard with othr R d u c i n g E x p o s u r t o S c o n d h a n d S m o k Part V racial or thnic groups. 33 Figur 5.5 Most Latinos do not allow smoking in thir homs, spcially thos with childrn living at hom. Ths survy findings contradict th community ladrs blif that smoking still rmains accptabl in many Latino homs. Howvr, th rsults do rflct th community ladrs obsrvations that smoking may b lss common in Latino homs in th Unitd Stats compard with thos in Latin Amrica, in ordr to rspct th homownr s wishs. In this country, I do s a lot of rspct toward homs, familis, childrn, by not smoking in front of thm. Not in Mxico. Thr could b a child, thr could b an ldr, thr could almost b a sick prson or somon on his dathbd, and vryon would b smoking. Thr is no rspct for that. Prcnt rporting smoking not allowd in hom 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 85% 94% Mxican woman in hr 30s, in th U.S. for 6 yars If thy smok in thir hous, I ll smok in thir hous. If thy say, In my hous no on smoks, I hav to go outsid to smok. Purto Rican man in his 40s, in th U.S. for 45 yars Community ladrs idntifid a strong concrn in Latino communitis about th dangrs of xposur to scondhand smok among vulnrabl groups, spcially childrn. This concrn may b an important factor driving th widsprad adoption of smok-fr homs in Minnsota s Latino communitis. If you r smoking in your hous and thr ar littl ons, thy r also putting th smok in thir lungs, and th rality is that [th smokrs] ar making [th childrn] sick. If you kp smoking, it mans that you r only thinking about you and not th littl ons, not th family. If you r going to di, di; just don t tak th littl ons with you. Th survy of community mmbrs rinforcs this obsrvation. Svnty-on prcnt of adult Latinos liv with at last on child youngr than ag 18. Among this group, 94% do not allow smoking anywhr in thir homs, about 10 prcntag points highr than adult Latinos who do not liv with a child (Figur 5.5). 0% Latina womn (95%) also wr mor likly than Latino mn (89%) to rport that thy do not allow smoking in thir homs, a possibl rsult of thir rol as th primary cargivrs to childrn. Th high prvalnc of smok-fr homs did not diffr btwn youngr and oldr Latino adults. It also did not diffr btwn rspondnts taking th survy in English or Spanish. No child undr 18 At last on child undr 18 Purto Rican man in his 50s, in th U.S. for 45 yars 21

27 Stat and local laws incrasingly protct T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Part V Latino workrs from scondhand smok. Tabl 5.1 Distribution of primary job location among Latinos who work indoors Eighty prcnt of Latinos ar currntly mployd for wags or ar slf-mployd. Among working Latinos, th vast majority (84%) work indoors. On in fiv (19%) Latinos who work indoors rportd brathing scondhand smok at work in th past svn days. Latino mn rportd xposur at work (25%) twic as oftn as Latina womn (12%), but no variation occurrd by ag group or languag of survy intrviw. At th tim of th 2006 DREGAN survy, stat and local policis rstricting indoor smoking providd varying lvls of protctions for diffrnt worksits. For this rason, th location whr Latinos workd gratly influncd thir potntial for xposur to scondhand smok. Classroom, hospital, offic, or offic building 25% Plant or factory 24% Rstaurant, bar or tavrn, hotl or motl 23% Vhicl 10% Rtail, convninc, or warhous 9% Hom 9% Total Latinos who work indoors 100% Th 1975 Minnsota Clan Indoor Air Act and subsqunt administrativ ruls covrd most work placs, including classrooms, hospitals, and offic buildings; plants and factoris; and rtail and convninc stors or warhouss th sttings for 58% of adult Latino indoor workrs (Tabl 5.1). In 2005 and 2006, Minnapolis and St. Paul, among a handful of othr communitis, implmntd strictr smokfr policis covring all indoor worksits, including bars and rstaurants. Howvr, at th tim of th survy, th 23% of adult Latino indoor workrs in ths hospitality sttings wr not protctd from scondhand smok by a policy at thir workplac. In 2007, aftr compltion of th survy of Latino community mmbrs, th Minnsota lgislatur passd th Frdom to Brath Act, xtnding th covrag to vry indoor worksit, including bars and rstaurants, in th ntir stat. 34 As a rsult, virtually all Latino workrs, with xcptions for som working at hom and in vhicls, ar now protctd from xposur to scondhand smok in th workplac. Rcommndations for action stratgis to protct Latinos from scondhand smok should build on th Latino communitis strong motivation to protct thir childrn. tobacco-control mssags should mphasiz th dangrs of scondhand smok to all Latinos, but particularly to nw immigrants, lss acculturatd community mmbrs, mn, and youngr Latinos. tobacco-control fforts should continu to maintain and strngthn policis that protct Minnsota s Latino communitis from xposur to scondhand smok. 22

28 DISCUSSION T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Although smoking is an individual act, it occurs in a social and cultural contxt. Accounting for th Latino cultural contxt was fundamntal to th dsign and implmntation of th smoking among English-spaking, or mor acculturatd than lss acculturatd, Latinos was, howvr, unxpctd. DREGAN quantitativ survy, on of th largst and most Knowldg: Narly all mmbrs of Latino communitis dtaild survys of tobacco us among Minnsota s Latino rcogniz th rol of smoking in causing cancr and hart communitis to dat. By intrviwing mor than 800 mmbrs disas. Vry fw Latinos rportd spcific bnfits to smoking of Minnsota s Latino communitis, organizations working to cigartts, and most bliv its harms outwigh th bnfits. rduc tobacco us now hav information that can b usd Yt, smokrs rcogniz a rol in wight loss, providing to guid futur fforts in th Latino community to addrss plasur, and offring strss rlif. Furthr, whil most Latinos th harms causd by tobacco us. By raching sgmnts bliv smoking provids mor harms than bnfits, young of Latino communitis that othr survys usually miss, this adults tnd to s smoking mor nutrally. Ths diffrnt survy provids uniqu insights into how to rach community attituds toward smoking can inform stratgis to hlp mmbrs who ar most orintd to th Latino cultur. smokrs quit and discourag youth from starting. This survy of mmbrs of Latino communitis advancs th knowldg bas for raching ths communitis with culturally appropriat stratgis to rduc tobacco us. Th study provids nw information on th prvalnc of smoking among Minnsota s Latino communitis and idntifis ky diffrncs in thir knowldg of and attituds toward th harms of tobacco us, thir quitting bhaviors, and thir xposur to scondhand smok. Th study also quantifis th major rlationships btwn cultur and tobacco us that wr obsrvd in th qualitativ intrviws with community ladrs, particularly btwn mn and womn, youngr and oldr adults, and mor or lss acculturatd mmbrs of th communitis. Highlights of th findings in ach of ths aras follow. Prvalnc: Thirtn prcnt of Latinos rportd smoking, which may b a small undrstimat du to social dsirability bias. This finding provids a baslin for futur survillanc and valuation of fforts to prvnt smoking and support quitting within Minnsota s Latino communitis. Mor important, Latino mn rportd smoking about fiv tims mor than Latina womn. Young adults wr mor likly to smok than oldr adults, and Latinos who took th survy in English wr mor likly to smok than thos taking it in Spanish. Ths gndr and ag rlationships rsonat with th major findings from th qualitativ study. Th highr prvalnc of Quitting: Most Latino currnt smokrs rportd trying to quit smoking, with highr proportions of attmpts to quit among Latino mn and young adults compard with womn and oldr adults rspctivly. Svral factors suggst that Latinos may not us th availabl mdications and bhavioral supports for quitting smoking. First, four of vry 10 smokrs, as dfind by th CDC, do not idntify thmslvs as smokrs, suggsting that ths smokrs may not rciv mssags about th importanc of quitting or how to quit. Scond, dspit thir many faild attmpts to quit, th vast majority of smokrs rportd confidnc thy can succssfully quit. Third, narly all smokrs bliv that willpowr is th only way thy could quit smoking. All of ths findings rflct th statmnts of th community ladrs in th qualitativ rport about th communitis unwillingnss to us mdications and rluctanc to ask for hlp quitting. Exposur to scondhand smok: Mor than half of th rspondnts rportd xposur to scondhand smok ithr in thir homs, at work, in a car, or in any othr location in th svn days bfor th survy. Similar to th findings on smoking prvalnc, mn wr mor likly xposd than womn, and young adults wr mor likly xposd than oldr adults. Latinos taking th survy in English wr mor likly to b xposd to scondhand smok than thos taking th survy in Spanish. Dmonstrating th dsir to show 23

29 rspct and protct childrn, as dscribd in intrviws with Discussion th community ladrs, narly all Latinos rportd thy do not allow smoking in thir homs. Finally, Latino workrs Somtims, howvr, findings from th two rsarch mthods diffrd. Ths fw apparnt contradictions suggst that th rlationship btwn acculturation and tobacco us may b hav xprincd incrasd protctions from xposur to mor complx than ithr study rvals. Ths diffrncs scondhand smok, du primarily to rcnt local smok-fr may rsult from diffrncs in intrprtation of th qustions workplac ordinancs. or th diffring ffcts of acculturation on various groups. Furthr xamination of th natur of ths rlationships in th This quantitativ survy of mmbrs of Latino communitis quantitativ data will b important for futur rsarch. Rathr complts th rsarch portion of th DREGAN projct. than aiming to tas out ths complx rlationships, this Aftr 60 intrviws with community ladrs and mor than rport focusd on simply dscribing th population by th ky 800 survys of community mmbrs, th qualitativ and charactristics of gndr, ag, and acculturation. Th rsulting quantitativ survys hav cratd a clar and gnrally information is usful to inform stratgis to rduc tobacco consistnt pictur of th rlationship btwn cultur and us in th Latino communitis, th ultimat goal of th Latino tobacco us among Minnsota s Latino communitis. DREGAN projct. 24

30 Appndix A T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Tabl A1 Dmographics of th sampl of Minnsota s Latino communitis Gndr Prcnt or Man Mal 54% Fmal 46% Man ag 37 Ag group (young vs. oldr adults) 18 to 24 13% % Ag group (10-yar incrmnts) <20 3% 20 to 29 26% 30 to 39 36% 40 to 49 20% 50 to 59 9% 60 to 69 4% 70+ 2% Marital status Marrid or living in a marriag-lik rlationship 71% Not marrid 29% Education Lss than high school 39% High school 24% Som collg 21% Collg 16% Incom $0 to $25,000 44% $25,000 to $40,000 25% $40,000 to $75,000 17% $75, % Prcnt mployd Work for wags 72% Slf-mployd 9% Don t work for wags 19% Numbr of jobs among mployd Latinos On job 83% Two jobs 15% Thr jobs 2% Avrag numbr of popl in th hom 4.21 Avrag numbr of popl ovr 18 in th hom 2.62 Not: Rsults ar wightd for ag and gndr basd on 2000 cnsus data among th Latino population in Minnsota. 25

31 Appndix B T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Th following tabls provid dmographic brakouts for svral ky smoking-rlatd outcoms, including th prvalnc of smoking, attmpts to quit smoking, and xposur to scondhand smok in various locations. As mphasizd in th main rport, th tabls display th rsults by gndr, youngr vrsus oldr adults, and languag of survy intrviw. Th first DREGAN study, a sris of qualitativ intrviws with community ladrs, idntifid ths charactristics as having a strong rlationship to tobacco us among mmbrs of Minnsota s Latino communitis. In addition, ths tabls provid distributions of th ky outcoms by 10-yar ag incrmnts, ducation lvl, and incom groups. Eithr th analysis of th currnt DREGAN survy data or th rcommndations of th advisory board suggstd ths brakouts wr additionally usful to undrstanding tobacco us among Latino communitis in Minnsota. Ta b l s o f K y O u t c o m s b y D m o g r a p h i c C h a r a c t r i s t i c s Nvr Formr Currnt Smokr Smokr Smokr Total Ovrall 72% 14% 13% 100% Gndr Mal 56% 22% 22% 100% Fmal 91% 5% 4% 100% Ag (young vs. oldr adult) 18 to 24 79% 3% 18% 100% % 16% 13% 100% Ag (10-yar incrmnts) <20 85% 0% 15% 100% 20 to 29 80% 6% 14% 100% 30 to 39 78% 10% 12% 100% 40 to 49 59% 24% 17% 100% 50 to 59 62% 28% 10% 100% 60 to 69 64% 29% 7% 100% % 31% 20% 100% Survy intrviw languag English 60% 22% 18% 100% Spanish 78% 11% 11% 100% Education Lss than high school 73% 14% 14% 100% High school 73% 13% 15% 100% Som collg 65% 19% 16% 100% Collg 72% 22% 6% 100% Incom Tabl B1 Smoking status by dmographic charactristics $0 to $25,000 78% 10% 12% 100% $25,000 to $40,000 67% 16% 17% 100% $40,000 to $75,000 61% 22% 17% 100% $75, % 21% 14% 100% Not: Prcntags may not sum to 100% du to rounding. 26

32 T a b l s o f K y O u t c o m s b y D m o g r a p h i c C h a r a c t r i s t i c s Appndix B Tabl B2 Prcnt quitting smoking for a day or mor in th past 12 months by dmographic charactristics Tabl B3 Exposur to scondhand smok in any location (at hom, at work, in a car, or in som othr plac) during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults by dmographic charactristics Ys No Total Ovrall 74% 27% 100% Gndr Mal 78% 22% 100% Fmal 53% 47% 100% Ag (young vs. oldr adult) 18 to 24 95% 5% 100% % 31% 100% Ag (10-yar incrmnts) <20 100% 0% 100% 20 to 29 92% 8% 100% 30 to 39 79% 21% 100% 40 to 49 61% 39% 100% 50 to 59 35% 65% 100% 60 to 69 35% 65% 100% 70+ 0% 100% 100% Survy intrviw languag English 65% 35% 100% Spanish 80% 20% 100% Education Lss than high school 79% 21% 100% High school 84% 16% 100% Som collg 60% 40% 100% Collg 53% 47% 100% Incom $0 to $25,000 74% 26% 100% $25,000 to $40,000 84% 16% 100% $40,000 to $75,000 62% 38% 100% $75, % 24% 100% Smoking intnsity (numbr of cigartts pr day) Light (<15) 74% 26% 100% Modrat (15 to 24) 68% 32% 100% Havy (25+) 0% 0% 0% Not: Prcntags may not sum to 100% du to rounding. No Ys Total Ovrall 49% 51% 100% Smoking Status Nvr smokr 53% 47% 100% Currnt smokr 18% 82% 100% Gndr Mal 41% 59% 100% Fmal 57% 43% 100% Ag (young vs. oldr adult) 18 to 24 37% 63% 100% % 50% 100% Ag (10-yar incrmnts) <20 43% 57% 100% 20 to 29 39% 61% 100% 30 to 39 54% 46% 100% 40 to 49 43% 57% 100% 50 to 59 60% 40% 100% 60 to 69 61% 39% 100% % 59% 100% Survy intrviw languag English 42% 58% 100% Spanish 52% 48% 100% Education Lss than high school 49% 51% 100% High school 45% 55% 100% Som collg 49% 51% 100% Collg 53% 47% 100% Incom $0 to $25,000 50% 50% 100% $25,000 to $40,000 48% 52% 100% $40,000 to $75,000 49% 51% 100% $75, % 54% 100% Not: Prcntags may not sum to 100% du to rounding. 27

33 T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : Tabl B4 A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Appndix B Exposur to scondhand smok at hom during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults by dmographic charactristics Tabl B5 Exposur to scondhand smok at work during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults who work indoors by dmographic charactristics No Ys Total Ovrall 91% 9% 100% Smoking status Nonsmokr 93% 7% 100% Currnt smokr 77% 23% 100% Gndr Mal 90% 10% 100% Fmal 93% 7% 100% Ag (young vs. oldr adult) 18 to 24 79% 21% 100% % 7% 100% Ag (10-yar incrmnts) <20 88% 12% 100% 20 to 29 85% 15% 100% 30 to 39 96% 4% 100% 40 to 49 93% 7% 100% 50 to 59 90% 10% 100% 60 to 69 82% 18% 100% % 0% 100% Survy intrviw languag English 91% 9% 100% Spanish 91% 9% 100% Education Lss than high school 90% 10% 100% High school 92% 8% 100% Som collg 90% 10% 100% Collg 95% 5% 100% Incom $0 to $25,000 91% 9% 100% $25,000 to $40,000 91% 9% 100% $40,000 to $75,000 90% 10% 100% $75, % 7% 100% Childrn in th hom undr ag 18 Non 85% 15% 100% At last on 94% 6% 100% No Ys Total Ovrall 81% 19% 100% Smoking status Nonsmokrs 83% 17% 100% Currnt smokr 63% 37% 100% Gndr Mal 75% 25% 100% Fmal 88% 12% 100% Ag (young vs. oldr adult) 18 to 24 75% 25% 100% % 18% 100% Ag (10-yar incrmnts) <20 81% 19% 100% 20 to 29 75% 25% 100% 30 to 39 83% 17% 100% 40 to 49 77% 23% 100% 50 to 59 85% 15% 100% 60 to 69 99% 1% 100% % 0% 100% Survy intrviw languag English 84% 16% 100% Spanish 79% 21% 100% Education Lss than high school 77% 23% 100% High school 79% 21% 100% Som collg 84% 16% 100% Collg 88% 12% 100% Incom $0 to $25,000 78% 23% 100% $25,000 to $40,000 80% 20% 100% $40,000 to $75,000 82% 18% 100% $75, % 17% 100% Not: Prcntags may not sum to 100% du to rounding. Not: Prcntags may not sum to 100% du to rounding. 28

34 T a b l s o f K y O u t c o m s b y D m o g r a p h i c C h a r a c t r i s t i c s Appndix B Tabl B6 Exposur to scondhand smok in any othr location bsids hom, workplac, or a car during th past svn days among Minnsota s Latino adults by dmographic charactristics No Ys Total Ovrall 64% 36% 100% Smoking status Nonsmokrs 32% 68% 100% Currnt smokr 59% 41% 100% Gndr Mal 59% 41% 100% Fmal 71% 29% 100% Ag (young vs. oldr adult) 18 to 24 50% 34% 100% % 50% 100% Ag (10-yar incrmnts) <20 50% 50% 100% 20 to 29 58% 42% 100% 30 to 39 66% 34% 100% 40 to 49 66% 34% 100% 50 to 59 75% 25% 100% 60 to 69 70% 30% 100% % 59% 100% Survy intrviw languag English 55% 45% 100% Spanish 68% 32% 100% Education Lss than high school 66% 34% 100% High school 64% 36% 100% Som collg 64% 36% 100% Collg 61% 39% 100% Incom $0 to $25,000 64% 36% 100% $25,000 to $40,000 66% 34% 100% $40,000 to $75,000 68% 32% 100% $75, % 45% 100% Not: Prcntags may not sum to 100% du to rounding. 29

35 COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s ClarWay Minnsota SM, is a nonprofit organization that strivs to nhanc lif for all Minnsotans by rducing tobacco us and xposur to scondhand smok through rsarch, Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio (CLUES) was stablishd in Th organization s mission is to nhanc th quality of th Latino community in Minnsota. CLUES action, and collaboration. ClarWay Minnsota srvs startd as a mntal halth srvic agncy addrssing th Minnsota through its grant-making program, individual uniqu cultural and languag nds of Spanish-spaking QUITPLAN Srvics to hlp popl quit smoking, and Latinos. CLUES is now Minnsota s largst Latino human statwid outrach activitis. srvics agncy, providing a comprhnsiv array of slfsufficincy and bhavioral halth srvics for Latino childrn, For mor information, go to familis, and individuals. Cor srvics includ mntal halth srvics, chmical halth, mploymnt, ducational srvics, Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota (Blu Cross) was aging-wll, and family srvics. CLUES is on of th fw chartrd in 1933 as Minnsota s first halth plan. Blu Cross agncis to provid linguistically appropriat and culturally continus to carry out its chartr mission to promot a widr, proficint srvics to Spanish spakrs in Minnsota and th mor conomical and timly availability of halth srvics for only on that is a dual-diagnostic providr of both chmical Minnsotans. Prvntion Minnsota is Blu Cross long-trm and mntal halth srvics. All dirct-srvic staff mmbrs ar commitmnt to improv th halth of Minnsotans by tackling bilingual and culturally comptnt. In 2007 CLUES had mor four major causs of hart disas and cancr: tobacco than 30,000 clint visits at thr sits in Minnapolis, East St. us, xposur to scondhand smok, physical inactivity, Paul, and Wst St. Paul. and unhalthy ating. Prvntion Minnsota is fundd by sttlmnt procds from Blu Cross historic lawsuit against For mor information, go to th tobacco industry. Th Cntr for Prvntion at Blu Cross ovrss Prvntion Minnsota. Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota is a nonprofit, indpndnt licns of th Blu Cross and Blu Shild Association. For mor information, go to prvntionminnsota. 30

36 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s ClarWay Minnsota SM Jssi Saul, PhD, Snior Rsarch Program Managr Barbara Schillo, PhD, Dirctor of Rsarch Programs Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota Nina L. Alsci, MPH, Snior Rsarch Consultant Stvn S. Folds, PhD, Dirctor of Rsarch and Evaluation Univrsity of Minnsota, Cntr for Survy Rsarch in Public Halth Todd Rockwood, PhD, Acadmic Dirctor Karn Virnig, Managing Dirctor Mary Sigrah, Translation and Intrviwing Karn Turnr, Programming Jo Hallgrn, Programming Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio (CLUES) Jos William Castllanos, MD, DREGAN Projct Dirctor Ciara Stign, Administrativ Assistant to th DREGAN projct Univrsity of Minnsota, Division of Halth Policy and Managmnt Mlissa Constantin, PhD, Rsarch Associat Michal Davrn, PhD, Assistant Profssor DREGAN Advisory Committ Mmbrs Patricia Bakr, Human Rlations Spcialist, Ramsy County Public Halth Education Program (May 2006 prsnt) Gloria M. Contrras, Promotora Program Coordinator, Cntro Campsino (August 2004 Dcmbr 2007) Rodolfo Gutiérrz, MS, Excutiv Dirctor of HACER, Univrsity of Minnsota (April 2003 prsnt) Rachl Hicks, Lgislativ Assistant, Offic of Snator Patricia Torrs Ray, (April 2008 prsnt) David J. Mathws, PsyD, Dirctor of Thrapy, Domstic Abus Projct (DAP) (April 2003 prsnt) Carmn Robls, Latino Outrach Dirctor and Jóvns d Salud Coordinator, Association for Non-Smokrs Minnsota (ANSR) (April 2004 prsnt) Gabrila Vázquz, MS, PhD, Snior Rsarch Fllow, Univrsity of Minnsota (Jun 2005 prsnt) Jaim Villalaz, Program Coordinator, UMOS Inc. (March 2007 prsnt) Hladio Lalo Zavala, Chif Excutiv Officr, MAFO Inc. (April 2003 prsnt) 31

37 Rfrncs T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s 1. Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio. Tobacco us in Minnsota: Prspctivs from Latino communitis cfm?oid= Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota. Quitting smoking, : Nicotin addiction in Minnsota. January Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota. Pattrns of smoking among Minnsota s young adults. January Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota. Scondhand smok in Minnsota, March Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth. Toll of tobacco us in Minnsota. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Grbrding JL. Actual causs of dath in th Unitd Stats, JAMA 2004;291: Nlson D, Kirkndall R, Lawton R, t al. Survillanc for smoking-attributabl mortality and yars of potntial lif lost; by stat Unitd Stats, MMWR 1994;43: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Tobacco us among U.S. racial/thnic minority groups African Amricans, Amrican Indians and Alaskan Nativs, Asian Amricans and Pacific Islandrs, and Hispanics: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Rockwood T. Prsonal communication with Todd Rockwood, PhD, Univrsity of Minnsota. Jun 19, Krnr JF, Brn N, Tfft MC, Silsby J. Tobacco us among mulit-thnic Latino populations. Ethnicity & disas 1998;8(2): Bock BC, Niaura RS, Nighbors CJ, Carmona-Barros R, Azam M. Diffrncs btwn Latino and non-latino whit smokrs in cognitiv and bhavioral charactristics rlvant to smoking cssation. Addict Bhav 2005;30: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Th halth consquncs of tobacco us: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota. Halth car costs and smoking: Th bottom lin. St. Paul, Minn.: Cntr for Tobacco Rduction and Halth Improvmnt Nwport. Llno d gusto! Latina Magazin. April Availabl at asp?itmnum= (accssd May 14, 2008). 15. Marlboro. Vga a dond sti l sabor. Latina Magazin. July Availabl at asp?itmnum= (accssd May 15, 2008). 16. U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Halthy popl 2010: Undrstanding and improving halth. 2nd d. Washington, D.C.: Govrnmnt Printing Offic U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Prcntag of adults who wr currnt, formr, or nvr smokrs, ovrall and by sx, rac, Hispanic origin, ag, ducation, and povrty status. National Halth Intrviw Survys, Availabl at gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tabls/adult/tabl_2.htm (accssd Jun 20, 2008). 18. Amrican Lung Association. Stat lgislatd actions on tobacco issus. 19th d Washington, D.C.: Amrican Lung Association

38 19. Lalwani A, Shavitt S, Johnson T. What is th rlation T o b a c c o U s i n M i n n s o t a : A q u a n t i t a t i v s u r v y o f m m b r s o f M i n n s o t a s l a t i n o c o m m u n i t i s Rfrncs btwn cultur and socially dsirabl rsponding? Journal of Prsonality and Social Psychology 2006;90(1): Triandis HC, Marin G, Lisansky J, Btancourt H. Simpatia as a cultural script for Hispanics. Journal of Prsonality and Social Psychology 1984;47(6): Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Fior MC, Jaén CR, Bakr TB, t al. Trating tobacco us and dpndnc, 2008 updat: Clinical practic guidlin. Rockvill, Md.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Public Halth Srvic Virginia Slims. Today I hav a dat with somon vry important. Myslf! Latina Magazin, Octobr Availabl at (accssd May 14, 2008). 22. Virginia Slims. A Vcs no hav falta dcir nada para rirs a carcajadas. Latina Magazin, July Availabl at (accssd May 16, 2008). 23. Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy Data. Minnapolis, Minn U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Prvnting tobacco us among young popl: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt for Halth and Human Srvics, Public Halth Srvic, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion. Racial/ thnic diffrncs among youths in cigartt smoking and suscptibility to start smoking Unitd Stats, MMWR 2006;55(47): U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Th halth bnfits of smoking cssation: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Public Halth Srvic, Cntrs for Disas Control, Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion Rport No. (CDC) U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Womn and smoking: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic 29. Plis JR, Lthbridg-Çjku M. Summary halth statistics for U.S. Adults: National Halth Intrviw Survy, Vital Halth Stat 10(235) National Cancr Institut. Risks associatd with smoking cigartts with low machin-masurd yilds of tar and nicotin. Smoking and tobacco control monograph No. 13. Bthsda, Md.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, National Instituts of Halth, National Cancr Institut Rport No Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota. Halth car costs and scondhand smok: Th bottom lin. Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Th halth consqunc of involuntary xposur to tobacco smok: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Shavrs VL, Fagan P, Jouridin Alxandr LA, Clayton R, Douct J, Bazcond-Garbanati L. Workplac and hom smoking rstrictions and racial/thnic variation in th prvalnc and intnsity of currnt cigartt smoking among womn by povrty status, TUS-CPS and J Epidmiol Community Halth 2006;60(Supplmnt 2): ii34 ii Highlights of th Frdom to Brath Act of Availabl at (accssd Jun 23, 2008). 33

39 S p t i m b r d Uso dl Tabaco n Minnsota: Una Encusta Cuantitativa a Mimbros d las Comunidads Latinas d Minnsota Proycto d Invstigación Acción Participativa Rsultados d la invstigación cuantitativa dl proycto Divrsos Grupos Racials, Étnicos y Nacions (DREGAN) Vrsión n Español

40 S sugir citar sta publicación como: Uso dl Tabaco n Minnsota: Una ncusta cuantitativa a mimbros d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. Blu Cross y Blu Shild d Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota SM, Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio, sptimbr d 2008.

41 Tabla d Contnidos Primra Part: Historia dl Proycto DREGAN y Disño d la Invstigación U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a U n P r o y c t o d I n v s t i g a c i ó n A c c i ó n P a r t i c i p a t i v a DREGAN s un proycto d invstigación participativa basado n la comunidad qu studia l uso dl tabaco n las comunidads latinas. 39 La invstigación cualitativa prvia con lídrs d las comunidads latinas sirvió d bas para formular prguntas d invstigación cuantitativa culturalmnt apropiadas. 39 Los invstigadors dl proycto DREGAN disñaron la ncusta cuantitativa para abarcar las divrsas comunidads latinas d Minnsota. 39 Los rsultados d las ntrvistas con lídrs comunitarios nriquciron l análisis d las rlacions ntr cultura y l uso dl tabaco. 42 Sgunda Part: Prvalncia dl Uso dl Tabaco El uso dl tabaco atnta contra la salud d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. 43 En gnral la prvalncia d fumar s baja n la población latina. Sin mbargo, xistn difrncias ntr las comunidads. 43 Es más probabl qu latinos hombrs, adultos jóvns y quins hablan spañol san fumadors. 44 Los hombrs latinos pudn también fumar puros o cigarros pquños. 46 La mayoría d los adultos latinos ha probado l cigarrillo por lo mnos una vz. 47 Los latinos más jóvns xprimntan fumar a dads más tmpranas qu los d mayor dad. 47 Rcomndacions 48 Trcra Part: Conociminto y Actituds con Rspcto al Daño Producido por l Uso dl Tabaco Los latinos conocn los daños qu fumar causa n la salud. 49 La mayoría d latinos considra qu fumar no s bnéfico. 50 Casi todos los latinos crn qu fumar tin más risgos qu bnficios. 50 Rcomndacions 51 Cuarta Part: Djar d Fumar Djar d fumar rduc l risgo d nfrmdad y murt. 52 La mayoría d fumadors latinos intnta djar d fumar. 52 Muchos fumadors latinos no rconocn srlo. 53 A la mayoría d fumadors latinos no l agrada fumar y dsa djar d fumar. 54 Pocos fumadors latinos considran qu fumar sa una adicción, lo considran un hábito. 55 La mayoría d fumadors latinos cr qu pudn djar d fumar. 55 Los fumadors latinos pinsan qu no ncsitan ayuda para djar d fumar, o no s sintn cómodos solicitándola. 56 Rcomndacions 57

42 Tabla d Contnidos U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a U n P r o y c t o d I n v s t i g a c i ó n A c c i ó n P a r t i c i p a t i v a Quinta Part: Rducción d la Exposición al Humo d Sgunda Mano El humo d sgunda mano causa nfrmdad y murt. 58 Más d la mitad d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota rspira humo d sgunda mano rgularmnt. 58 Casi todos lo latinos no prmitn fumar n sus hogars. 60 Las lys statals y locals protgn cada vz más a los trabajadors latinos dl humo d sgunda mano. 61 Rcomndacions 62 Discusión 63 Apéndic A: Tabla A1: Caractrísticas dmográficas d la mustra d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota 65 Apéndic B: Tablas d las caractrísticas dmográficas d los rsultados más importants Tabla B1: Caractrísticas dmográficas por stado d fumador 66 Tabla B2: Caractrísticas dmográficas dl porcntaj qu djó d fumar por lo mnos un día n los últimos 12 mss 67 Tabla B3: Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos al humo d sgunda mano n cualquir sitio (hogar, trabajo, carro o algún otro sitio) durant los últimos sit días 67 Tabla B4: Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos a humo d sgunda mano n l hogar durant los últimos sit días 68 Tabla B5: Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos a humo d sgunda mano n su lugar d trabajo bajo tcho durant los últimos sit días 68 Tabla B6: Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos a humo d sgunda mano n sitios difrnts a su hogar, lugar d trabajo, o carro durant los últimos sit días 69 Organizacions colaboradoras 70 Agradcimintos 71 Rfrncias 72

43 Primra Part: DREGAN s un proycto d invstigación participativa basado n la comunidad qu studia l uso dl tabaco n las comunidads latinas. La Colaboración n l Proycto DREGAN: El objtivo dl proycto Divrsos Grupos Racials, Étnicos y Nacions (DREGAN, por sus siglas n Inglés) s rducir l daño causado por l uso dl tabaco n las comunidads latinas y n otras comunidads étnicas y minoritarias d Minnsota. Dsd 2002, n l proycto DREGAN colaboran las comunidads latinas d Minnsota, rprsntadas por Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio (CLUES), Blu Cross y Blu Shild of Minnsota (Blu Cross) y ClarWay Minnsota SM. El proycto s financiado conjuntamnt por Blu Cross y ClarWay Minnsota. (Cada organización s dscrib n Organizacions Colaboradoras, n la página 70.) Rprsntants d cada una d las organizacions colaboradoras constituyn l quipo d invstigación dl proycto DREGAN. Admás, l Comité Assor Latino dl Proycto DREGAN, constituido por un grupo d rprsntants d organizacions comunitarias d invstigación y salud, assora prmanntmnt durant cada fas dl proycto. (La lista d los intgrants dl quipo d invstigación y dl comité assor s dtalla n Agradcimintos, página 71.) El proycto DREGAN stá intgrado por trs componnts: 1) invstigación cualitativa, para ntndr las caractrísticas culturals únicas dl uso dl tabaco n comunidads latinas; 2) invstigación cuantitativa, para dtrminar la prvalncia dl uso dl tabaco y otros comportamintos risgosos para la salud; y 3) proyctos d intrvnción disñados para rducir l uso dl tabaco n comunidads latinas. Objtivos d la Invstigación: En st inform s prsntan los rsultados d la invstigación cuantitativa dl proycto DREGAN, una ncusta a mimbros d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. El objtivo d sta invstigación cuantitativa ra l dtrminar la prvalncia dl fumar n las H i s t o r i a d l P r o y c t o D R E G A N y D i s ñ o d l a I n v s t i g a c i ó n comunidads latinas d Minnsota utilizando una ncusta culturalmnt apropiada. Un objtivo adicional fu dscribir cuantitativamnt las prcpcions acrca dl uso dl tabaco, intntos para djar d fumar y la xposición al humo d sgunda mano, y sus rlacions con aspctos clavs d la cultura latina. La prsnt invstigación srá rfrida n st inform como ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad. La invstigación cualitativa prvia con lídrs d las comunidads latinas sirvió d bas para formular prguntas d invstigación cuantitativa culturalmnt apropiadas. La invstigación cualitativa d DREGAN, mncionada como ntrvistas con lídrs comunitarios a lo largo d st inform, s ralizó ntr 2003 y Sus rsultados furon utilizados para l disño d la ncusta a mimbros d la comunidad. El objtivo d sta primra invstigación dl proycto DREGAN ra dtrminar las crncias y actituds qu rodan l uso dl tabaco y dscribir la rlación ntr la cultura latina y l uso dl tabaco. El grupo d invstigación disñó un modlo d invstigación participativo n l qu mimbros d las comunidads participaron n su disño implmntación. El disño incluyó ntrvistas smistructuradas a una amplia gama d lídrs comunitarios formals informals (n=61) n inglés o spañol. Las vrsions n inglés y spañol d st inform, Uso dl Tabaco n Minnsota: Prspctivas d las Comunidads Latinas, 1 s ncuntran disponibls n los sitios d Intrnt d las organizacions colaboradoras listadas n la página. Los invstigadors dl proycto DREGAN disñaron la ncusta cuantitativa para abarcar las divrsas comunidads latinas d Minnsota. Invstigadors dl Cntro d Invstigacions y Encustas n Salud Pública d la Univrsidad d Minnsota s intgraron al quipo d invstigación d DREGAN n 2004, aportando 39

44 su xprincia n disño d ncustas, rcolcción d datos y U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Primra Part análisis cuantitativo (La lista d los intgrants dl quipo d invstigación s dtalla n Rconocimintos, página X). Disño dl studio: Con bas n la invstigación cualitativa d DREGAN, l quipo d invstigación disñó un custionario culturalmnt apropiado qu incluía tanto mdidas d aculturación como d conociminto y actituds con rspcto al fumar y djar d fumar. El quipo igualmnt incluyó lmntos clav d la Encusta Uso dl tabaco por Adultos n Minnsota d para dtrminar l uso dl tabaco y la xposición al humo d sgunda mano y podr comparar los rsultados con los d la población gnral cuando fura posibl. (Informs d sta invstigación stán disponibls n los sitios d Intrnt d ClarWay Minnsota y Blu Cross dtallados n la página #). Las vrsions dl instrumnto dsarrolladas por l quipo d invstigación furon rfinadas con la ayuda dl comité assor d la comunidad y probadas mdiant ntrvistas cognitivas. Una vz aprobado, l instrumnto final fu traducido al spañol tnindo n cunta sus quivalnts concptuals más qu su traducción lingüística. El proycto s trazó la mta d ralizar 800 ntrvistas cara a cara, mdiant un disño culturalmnt apropiado d una mustra stadística para slccionar mimbros d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. S obtuvo una mustra alatoria dl listado d apllidos latinos, dl provdor d mustras para ncustas Markting Systms Group (conocido antriormnt como Gnsys), d trs rgions gográficas d Minnsota con las mayors concntracions d mimbros d las comunidads latinas: 1) la rgión d los 11 condados mtropolitanos; 2) sis condados dl sur (Olmstd, Goodhu, Blu Earth, LSur, Nicollt y Wasca); y 3) trs condados dl noroccidnt (Polk, Norman, y Clay). La rcopilación d datos s inició n nro d 2006 incluía una brv ntrvista tlfónica para idntificar si mimbros d la rsidncia ran lgibls para sr incluidos n la ncusta. Los participants lgibls dbían 1) idntificars como mimbros d la comunidad latina, o 2) sr inmigrants d un país latinoamricano, o 3) tnr padrs o abulos nacidos n un país latinoamricano. Los participants lgibls qu stuviron d acurdo furon ntrvistados cara a cara por mimbros ntrnados d la comunidad, qu hablaban fluidamnt inglés y spañol. Las ntrvistas furon conducidas n l idioma scogido por l ntrvistado. Para incrmntar la tasa d rspusta y disminuir los potncials ssgos d acptabilidad social d las ntrvistas cara a cara, los invstigadors dcidiron continuar con ntrvistas tlfónicas a partir d julio d La rcolcción d datos finalizó n marzo d La tasa d rspusta dl studio fu dl 50% (n=805). Más d la mitad (55%) d las ntrvistas s ralizó n prsona y la mayoría (68%) fu ralizada n spañol. Los datos finals utilizados n l análisis furon pondrados, por probabilidad d slcción, dad y génro, con bas n los datos d la población latina dl cnso dl año Dscripción d la mustra d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota: Más d la mitad (54%) d los participants n la ncusta furon hombrs. Trc por cinto furon adultos jóvns d dads ntr 18 y 24 años. La mayoría (70%) ran casados y 16% compltó studios univrsitarios d prgrado. El apéndic A, Tabla A1 contin l prfil dmográfico d los ntrvistados. La aculturación s l procso mdiant l cual inmigrants aprndn las imágns culturals, tradicions y comportamintos formals informals d la población gnral d los Estados Unidos. Quins rspondiron la ncusta DREGAN d las comunidads latinas parcn mnos aculturados con rspcto a las costumbrs stadounidnss y más orintados hacia la cultura latina. En otras palabras, los participants rprsntan a mimbros d las comunidads latinas qu rfljan más las tradicions y comportamintos d la cultura latina qu los d la cultura d la población gnral d Minnsota. 40

45 Los hallazgos d la ncusta DREGAN apoyan sta dscripción. H i s t o r i a d l P r o y c t o D R E G A N y D i s ñ o d l a I n v s t i g a c i ó n Primra Part El promdio d la scala d aculturación d los ntrvistados fu 61 (n dond 1 s l mayor grado d aculturación a la vida stadounidns y 100 l mayor nivl d aculturación a su país d orign). Crca d dos trcios d quins rspondiron la ncusta s idntificaron claramnt con su orign étnico o cultural (64%) y con la importancia d continuar n contacto con sus raícs (62%) (Tabla 1.1). Difrncias clavs con rspcto al Cnso d Población d los Estados Unidos sugirn qu los latinos qu participaron n la ncusta DREGAN podrían tnr una mayor orintación hacia los valors y tradicions d su país d orign qu la población gnral latina qu viv n Minnsota. Por jmplo, más dl 80% d la población n la mustra rfir habr inmigrado dirctamnt a los Estados Unidos (Tabla 1.1). Est porcntaj s mayor qu l rportado por l Cnso d Población d los Estados Unidos dl año 2000, qu mustra qu l 60% d la población latina d Minnsota ha inmigrado dirctamnt a los Estados Unidos. Entr quins no naciron n los Estados Unidos, l 74% migró d México. El rstant 26% s originario d otros paíss latinoamricanos. La mayoría (83%) d stos inmigrants ha vivido más timpo n su país d orign qu n los Estados Unidos, habindo vivido n promdio 12.5 años n los Estados Unidos. La furt orintación hacia la cultura latina s rflja igualmnt n l idioma. Ssnta por cinto d quins rspondiron la ncusta comunitaria DREGAN hablan principalmnt spañol n l hogar, n comparación con l 29% rportado por l Cnso d Población d los Estados Unidos. Mimbros dl quipo d invstigación dl Cntro d Invstigacions y Encustas n Salud Pública confirmaron qu quins rspondiron la ncusta comunitaria DREGAN tnían una mayor orintación hacia la cultura latina comparados con participants n otras ncustas aplicadas por l cntro a latinos n Minnsota. 5 Tabla 1.1 Condición migratoria, idioma y valors culturals d los participants Condición migratoria Nacidos n EE UU o inmigrants Inmigrants dirctos 81% Nacidos n los EE UU 19% Promdio d Años n los EE UU (ntr quins no naciron n los EE UU) 12.5 Edad n años cuando inmigró (ntr quins no naciron n los EE UU) 23 Qué gnración inmigró a los EE UU Entrvistado (inmigrant) 81% Padr (s) dl ntrvistado 8% Abulo (s) dl ntrvistado 2% Cuatro o más gnracions n los EE UU 8% Dónd ha vivido l mayor timpo (ntr quins no naciron n los EE UU) Fura d los EE UU 83% En los EE UU 17% Uso d spañol Primr idioma aprndido Español 86% Inglés 14% Convrsacions n l hogar Más spañol qu inglés 60% Más inglés qu spañol 16% Más o mnos igual 24% Idioma n l qu rspondió la ncusta Español 68% Inglés 32% Valors Culturals Qué tan profundamnt s idntifica con sus raícs étnicas o culturals? Nada 1% Poco 10% Algo 25% Mucho 64% Qué tan important s para ustd mantnrs n contacto o aprndr sobr sus raícs étnicas o culturals? Nada important 2% Poco important 9% Algo important 27% Mucho important 62% 41

46 Los rsultados d las ntrvistas con U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Primra Part lídrs comunitarios nriquciron l análisis d las rlacions ntr cultura y l uso dl tabaco. Las ntrvistas con lídrs comunitarios la invstigación cualitativa inicial idntificaron d qué manra la cultura latina y la vida n los Estados Unidos afctan l uso dl tabaco n las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. Los lídrs comunitarios consistntmnt idntificaron trs factors importants rlacionados con l uso dl tabaco n comunidads latinas, incluyndo 1) génro, 2) dad, particularmnt las difrncias ntr jóvns y adultos, y 3) l nivl d aculturación con rspcto a la socidad stadounidns. El prsnt inform mustra la rlación ntr los hallazgos dl studio cualitativo y los rsultados d la prsnt invstigación cuantitativa para mostrar una imagn nriqucida dl uso dl tabaco n las comunidads latinas d Minnsota; imagn ncsaria para dsarrollar mjors stratgias para l control dl uso dl tabaco. Con bas n los hallazgos d la invstigación cualitativa, qu guiaron y prmitiron ntndr l contxto, st inform dscrib la rlación cuantitativa ntr génro, dad y aculturación, y la prvalncia dl fumar n la población; l conociminto y actituds acrca dl daño qu produc, los comportamintos para djar d fumar y la xposición al humo d sgunda mano. Dbido a qu la ncusta no s aplicó a mnors d 18 años, s compara l grupo d adultos jóvns con dads ntr los 18 y los 24 años con los dmás adultos para xplorar l impacto d la dad y l uso dl tabaco n la cultura latina. En l prsnt studio, l término aculturación dscrib un procso d aprndizaj slctivo y la adopción concint d algunas, pro no todas, d las actituds y comportamintos d la socidad dominant. Aprndr y hablar rutinariamnt inglés s uno d los indicadors más importants d aculturación n la cultura stadounidns. En l prsnt inform s utiliza l idioma n l qu s rspondió la ncusta como una mdida indircta d aculturación para ntndr a los latinos mnos aculturados comparados con los más aculturados. El idioma prfrido para rspondr la ncusta stá furtmnt rlacionado con las caractrísticas asociadas con la aculturación. Novnta y uno por cinto d quins rspondiron la ncusta n spañol furon inmigrants dirctos; y 94% d quins rspondiron la ncusta n spañol rfirn habr aprndido spañol como su primr idioma. Adicionalmnt, studios publicados sobr aculturación han utilizado l idioma como mdida indircta d aculturación, ya sa como idioma d la ncusta 6 o como nivl d fluncia n inglés y spañol. 7 Admás d rlacionar los datos d la invstigación cuantitativa con l studio cualitativo original d DREGAN, st inform los compara con rsultados d otros studios ralizados n otros stados y a nivl nacional. Dbido a qu la Encusta dl Tabaco n Adultos d Minnsota d 2003 (2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy MATS) s aplicó a la población gnral adulta d Minnsota para dtrminar su conociminto, actituds y comportamintos con rspcto al uso dl tabaco y la xposición al humo d sgunda mano, st inform prov datos d la MATS 2003, dond sa apropiado, para ofrcr contxto a la ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad latina. Los rsultados d studios d salud nacionals d poblacions latinas igualmnt apoyan los rsultados d la ncusta DREGAN. Finalmnt, las asociacions s dtrminaron stadísticamnt mdiant las prubas d Chi-cuadrada y T-tsts, pro no furon ajustadas por caractrísticas dmográficas u otros potncials factors d confusión. Todas las asociacions dscritas n st inform son stadísticamnt significativas a p<

47 U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : Sgunda Part El uso dl tabaco atnta contra la salud d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. P r va l n c i a d l U s o d l Ta b a c o U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Figura 2.1 La industria tabacalra apunta a las comunidads latinas. El uso dl tabaco no solamnt acorta la vida d muchos fumadors sino qu también causa múltipls nfrmdads crónicas. Incluyndo divrsos tipos d cáncr, nfrmdads cardiovasculars, accidnts crbrovasculars, complicacions durant l mbarazo y nfrmdad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. 8 Anualmnt n Minnsota más d 5,600 murts d adultos stán rlacionadas con l fumar. 9 Los fumadors acortan su vida n promdio 12.7 años. 10 El fumar l costó a los Minnsotanos $1,980 millons d dólars n gastos adicionals por srvicios médicos n Como la principal causa d murt prvnibl n los Estados Unidos, 11, 12 l tabaco rprsnta un grav risgo para la salud d la crcint población latina d Minnsota. La gravdad d sta amnaza s incrmnta dbido a la intncionalidad con qu las compañías tabacalras stratégicamnt s dirign a las comunidads latinas con iniciativas d mrcado y propaganda (Figura 2.1). La industria tabacalra ha financiado tanto a institucions latinas culturals, políticas y ducativas como también a organizacions socials y d dfnsa d los drchos civils, con l objtivo d ganars la confianza d comunidads latinas y frustrar las iniciativas d control dl tabaco. 13 En rvista Latina, !Llno d gusto! En rvista Latina, julio Vnga a dond sta l sabor En gnral la prvalncia d fumar s baja n la población latina. Sin mbargo, xistn difrncias ntr las comunidads. D acurdo con l Cntro para l Control y Prvnción d Enfrmdads (CDC), s dfin como fumador a quin rporta habr fumado por lo mnos 100 cigarrillos durant su vida y actualmnt fuma todos o algunos días. Usando sta dfinición s ncontró unas prvalncia d fumadors dl 13% ntr los latinos ncustados (Figura 2.2). No Fumadors 72% Figura % d los latinos fuman. Fumadors 13% Exfumadors 14% Esta prvalncia s mnor qu l 18% obsrvado n la población gnral adulta d Minnsota n 2003 cuando Nota: La suma d los porcntajs no s dl 100% dbido a la aproximación d las cifras. 43

48 s aplicó la Encusta dl Tabaco n Adultos d Minnsota U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Sgunda Part (2003 Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy). 2 Sin mbargo, st porcntaj implica qu aproximadamnt 17,000 adultos latinos stán xpustos a los pligros dl uso dl tabaco n Minnsota. Admás, sta tasa xcd la mta d la iniciativa Gnt Saludabl 2010 d rducir la prvalncia a mnos dl 10%. 16 Est hallazgo pud guiar los sfurzos para rducir la prvalncia n las comunidads latinas d Minnsota y srvir d lína bas para futuras valuacions d las stratgias d control d tabaco.* Es más probabl qu latinos hombrs, adultos jóvns y quins hablan spañol san fumadors. El ntndr quin usa tabaco prmit dsarrollar stratgias para rducir su uso. Entrvistas con lídrs comunitarios consistntmnt dscribiron trs caractrísticas clavs asociadas con l uso dl tabaco: génro, dad y aculturación. El Apéndic B, Tabla B1 incluy la distribución dl stado d fumador d acurdo con varias caractrísticas dmográficas. Figura 2.3 Los hombrs latinos tinn una mayor probabilidad d sr fumadors qu las mujrs latinas. Porcntja d latinos qu fuma actualmnt 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 22% Hombrs 4% Mujrs Figura 2.4 La industria tabacalra apunta a las mujrs latinas. En la ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad, hombrs y mujrs difirn considrablmnt n l uso dl tabaco. Los hombrs (22%) rportaron una tasa cinco vcs mayor qu las mujrs latinas (4%) (Figura 2.3). Comparados con los rsultados d la ncusta d la población gnral adulta d Minnsota d 2003 (MATS), los hombrs adultos latinos fuman n tasas (22%) similars a las d los hombrs d la población gnral d Minnsota (21%). Sin mbargo, una mnor proporción d mujrs latinas adultas (4%) fuma al compararlas con las mujrs d la población gnral d Minnsota (16%). En rvista Latina octubr Hoy tngo una cita con alguin muy important. Yo! *Dada la continua disminución d fumadors 17 y l aumnto d políticas qu rstringn dond s pud fumar n público 18, l ssgo d acptabilidad social pud afctar la mdida dl uso dl tabaco; s dcir, los ncustados pudn rportar un mnor uso dl tabaco para dar lo qu prcibn como un rspusta acptabl 19. Entr latinos, st patrón d intracción social s conocido como simpatía 20. Como rsultado, la prvalncia rportada para la ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad podría star ligramnt substimada. Particularmnt para latinos sta substimación podría difrir sistmáticamnt n cirtos subgrupos d la población ncustada, tals como mujrs inmigrants rcints. En rvista Latina, julio A vcs no hac falta dcir nada para rírs a carcajadas. 44

49 Est rsultado s consistnt con las ntrvistas con los P r v a l n c i a d l U s o d l Ta b a c o Sgunda Part lídrs comunitarios, quins dscribiron una arraigada crncia cultural d qu l fumar s acptabl y algunas vcs prstigioso para los hombrs, pro no s compltamnt acptabl para las mujrs, tal com s rflja n las siguints citas: Para los hombrs stá bin. Es algo normal... No s algo malo. Mxicana n sus 30s, 7 años n los Estados Unidos Esto [mujrs fumando] s totalmnt inacptabl n las comunidads tradicionals d Purto Rico. Purtorriquño n sus 30s, 14 años n los Estados Unidos Aunqu la prvalncia s baja para las mujrs latinas, st grupo no db djars d lado n las iniciativas d control d tabaco. Los lídrs comunitarios compartiron qu la aculturación aumnta l risgo d uso dl tabaco ntr las mujrs latinas porqu fumar para las mujrs s más acptado n los EE UU qu n sus paíss d orign n Latinoamérica. La industria tabacalra, conscint dl impacto d la aculturación n st mrcado potncial, ha dsarrollado campañas dirigidas a las mujrs latinas qu promuvn imágns d fumadoras latinas como indpndints, glamorosas, sxys y más stadounidnss (Figura 2.4). Adultos jóvns latinos d dads ntr los 18 y los 24 años (18%) tinn una mayor probabilidad d sr fumadors qu los adultos mayors, d 25 años y más (13%) (Figura 2.5). En las ntrvistas, los lídrs comunitarios xprsaron su procupación d qu los jóvns latinos tngan una mayor probabilidad d fumar n Minnsota qu n los paíss latinoamricanos. Los lídrs sñalaron qu los latinos más jóvns fuman para lucir indpndints, adultos y glamorosos, o para sr acptados por sus pars stadounidnss, tal como lo rflja la siguint cita: Figura 2.5 Es más probabl qu adultos jóvns latinos fumn qu adultos latinos d mayor dad. Porcntja d latinos qu fuma actualmnt 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 18% 13% 18 a 24 años 25+ años Figura 2.6 Adultos latinos qu hablan inglés tinn una probabilidad mayor d sr fumadors qu quins hablan spañol. Porcntja d latinos qu fuma actualmnt 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 18% Encusta n inglés 11% Encusta n spañol 45

50 [Los jóvns]... ncsitan sr part d una comunidad U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Sgunda Part una vz más, y llos tinn qu sguir a los otros amigos qu tinn, por jmplo, n la scula a los anglosajons o a los d otras comunidads, para prtncr. No latino n sus 50s, quin trabaja con comunidads latinas Los latinos qu rspondiron la ncusta n inglés tinn una mayor probabilidad d sr fumadors (18%) qu quins la rspondiron n spañol (11%) (Figura 2.6). Usando l idioma n l qu s rspondió la ncusta como una mdida indircta d aculturación, los ncustados n inglés son más aculturados qu quins la rspondiron n spañol. Los puros y cigarros pquños parcn sr las altrnativas más populars, comúnmnt usadas por los hombrs. Entr llos, 9% fuma puros y 5% cigarros pquños, mintras qu mnos dl 2% usó otras formas d tabaco n los 6 mss prvios a la ncusta. El mayor uso d puros y cigarros pquños comparados con las otras formas d tabaco pud sr l rsultado d la rlativa popularidad d los puros n la cultura latina. La mayoría d los adultos latinos ha probado l cigarrillo por lo mnos una vz. Estos rsultados contradicn las afirmacions d los lidrs comunitarios qu aculturación pud llvar a un mnor uso dl tabaco ntr los latinos particularmnt hombrs n los EE UU, n dond l fumar s mnos acptado qu n los paíss Latinoamricanos. Hoy las cosas stán cambiando y la rputación d un fumador no s muy buna. Años atrás la gnt pnsaba qu tnía qu fumar para star con los dmás. Pro hoy n día la gnt stá comnzando a vr a los fumadors d una manra más ngativa. Y d hcho, h visto n mi comunidad qu algunos han djado d fumar prcisamnt por lo mal qu s visto. Español n sus 50s, 22 años n los Estados Unidos Los hombrs latinos pudn también fumar puros o cigarros pquños. En los sis mss antriors a la ncusta, solamnt l 7% d los latinos ncustados usaron otras formas d tabaco admás d cigarrillos, tals como pipas, puros, cigarros pquños, tabaco para mascar, bidis, krtks o cigarrillos d clavo d olor. Los hombrs (13%) ran más propnsos a usar stas otras formas d tabaco qu las mujrs (2%). La ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad ncontró qu la mayoría d los latinos pruban l cigarrillo por lo mnos una vz n sus vidas. Para mdir si habían probado l tabaco, s prgunto n la ncusta si alguna vz habían fumado un cigarrillo, incluyndo sólo una o dos caladas. La mayoría (79%) rportó habrlo hcho. Esta proporción d habr fumado alguna vz s similar a la d la población adulta d Minnsota (71%) dtrminada por la MATS n D manra similar a la tasa d prvalncia dl fumar n la población latina, más hombrs (92%) qu mujrs (62%) rportaron habr probado cigarrillos alguna vz. No s ncontraron difrncias ntr adultos jóvns y mayors. Un mayor porcntaj d quins rspondiron la ncusta n inglés (83%) rportó habr fumado al mnos un cigarrillo qu quins la rspondiron n spañol (75%) (Figura 2.8). Con un 86% d ncustados inmigrando a los EE UU durant la década pasada, s infir qu la mayoría probó l cigarrillo lo cual ocurr a dads tmpranas n su país d orign. Entr los fumadors, 55% mpzó a fumar ants d llgar a los EE UU y l 45% lo hizo n los EE UU. 46

51 Los latinos más jóvns xprimntan P r v a l n c i a d l U s o d l Ta b a c o Sgunda Part fumar a dads más tmpranas qu los d mayor dad. Figura 2.7 En la población latina los hombrs tinn una mayor probabilidad qu las mujrs d habr fumado al mnos un cigarrillo. Estudios nacionals mustran qu l 88% d los jóvns qu alguna vz probaron l cigarrillo lo hiciron ants d cumplir los 18 años. 24 Para los latinos n particular, datos nacionals acrca dl uso dl tabaco por los jóvns mustran qu los jóvns mxicano-stadounidnss son más suscptibls d mpzar a fumar qu jóvns d otras poblacions racials y étnicas. 25 En la ncusta con mimbros d la comunidad latina, n promdio los fumadors rportaron habr iniciado l uso dl tabaco a los 15 años, dato similar a lo rportado n la población gnral d Minnsota por la MATS d En la población latina, las fumadoras, sin mbargo, rportaron habr probado su primr cigarrillo a los 18 años n promdio, varios años dspués qu los fumadors latinos quins rfirn habr probado l cigarrillo por primra vz a una dad promdio d 14 años. Est hallazgo d una iniciación tardía d las mujrs latinas s consistnt con los hallazgos d las ntrvistas con los lídrs d las comunidads latinas, quins xplicaron qu las normas culturals latinas pudn protgr a las mujrs d los daños causados por l uso dl tabaco al hacrlas más racias a fumar. Una xfumadora rcurda qu lla:... fumaba a scondidas d mi familia. Yo considraba l fumar como algo qu no staba bin, porqu las mujrs no fumaban... Ponrs una misma n la posición d un hombr como podría sr con l fumar, por lo tanto ustd no hac so. Mxicana n sus 50s, nacida n los Estados Unidos Porcntaj d latinos qu alguna vz probó un cigarrillo 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 92% Hombrs 62% Mujrs Figura 2.8 En la población latina adulta, quins hablan inglés tinn una mayor probabilidad d habr fumado al mnos un cigarrillo qu quins hablan spañol Porcntaj d latinos qu alguna vz probó un cigarrillo 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 83% Encusta n inglés 75% Encusta n spañol 47

52 Jóvns adultos latinos rfirn habr fumado por primra vz U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Sgunda Part n promdio a los 14 años, dos años ants qu los adultos mayors, quins lo hiciron n promdio a los 16 años d dad. La MATS d 2003 ncontró una tndncia muy similar n la población gnral adulta d Minnsota. Los fumadors adultos jóvns d Minnsota fumaron su primr cigarrillo n promdio a los 13 años d dad, mintras qu los adultos mayors d 25 años lo hiciron a los 16 años. 23 Minnsota qu n Latinoamérica como rsultado d la aculturación. Aquí n Minnsota, H visto qu son los jóvns, más qu los adultos, quins usan tabaco y la familia no dic nada. Mxicana adulta jovn, 17 años n los Estados Unidos. Est cambio ngativo d mpzar a fumar a dads más tmpranas rflja las obsrvacions d los lídrs comunitarios qu los jóvns latinos fuman más frcuntmnt n Tnindo n cunta l idioma n l qu s rspondió la ncusta, no hubo difrncias n la dad a la qu mpzaron a fumar. Rcomndacions para intrvncions Los programas para ayudar a djar d fumar dbrían nfatizar mnsajs dirigidos a hombrs latinos. las iniciativas d prvnción dl uso dl tabaco dbn llgar a jóvns y mujrs latinas para asgurars qu las tasas d fumadoras no aumntn. los mnsajs sobr l fumar y djar d fumar dbn tnr n cunta las normas socials n contra dl uso dl tabaco qu cobijan a las mujrs latinas. la stratgia d control d tabaco dbría nfocars las formas d tabaco más usadas, incluyndo cigarrillos, puros y cigarros pquños. Para los niños latinos, las campañas d prvnción, para impdir probar l primr cigarrillo, dbn comnzar a dads tmpranas. 48

53 U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : Trcra Part Los latinos conocn los daños qu fumar causa n la salud. Casi todos los mimbros d las comunidads latinas (99%) son conscints qu l fumar produc cáncr d pulmón (Figura 3.1). Tanto los fumadors como los xfumadors y quins nunca han fumado sabn d sta rlación. Similarmnt, hombrs y mujrs, adultos jóvns y mayors, y quins rspondiron la ncusta n inglés o spañol, todos rportaron altos nivls d conociminto. D igual manra, más dl novnta por cinto (93%) d la población rportó qu l fumar causa nfrmdads cardiacas (Figura 3.1). Aunqu una gran mayoría d los fumadors (86%) rconoció los risgos d nfrmdad cardiaca asociados con l uso dl tabaco, furon mnos qu quins nunca han fumado (94%) y qu los xfumadors (95%). Los hombrs (95%) lo rportaron n un porcntaj ligramnt mayor qu las mujrs (91%). El gran nivl d concincia dl risgo d nfrmdad cardiaca causada por l tabaco tampoco cambió por grupo d dad o idioma d la ncusta. Estos hallazgos rfljan los comntarios d los lídrs d las comunidads, quins dscribiron qu n los EE UU hay un mayor conociminto d los daños causados por l uso dl tabaco qu n Latinoamérica, dbido n part, a una mayor xposición a mnsajs d salud pública n los EE UU. Hay tanto énfasis n los problmas para la salud dl fumar, y pinso qu no hay mucho d sto n Colombia. C o n o c i m i n t o y A c t i t u d s c o n R s p c t o a l D a ñ o P r o d u c i d o p o r l U s o d l Ta b a c o U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Colombiana n sus 50s, 40 años n los Estados Unidos Las ntrvistas con lidrs d las comunidads igualmnt indicaron qu los latinos n Minnsota ntindn la rlación spcifica ntr l fumar y l cáncr d pulmón. Los rsultados d la ncusta lo rfljan. Figura 3.1 Casi todos los latinos sabn qu fumar causa cáncr d pulmón y nfrmdad cardiaca, pro los fumadors lo rportan n un mnor porcntaj. Porcntaj qu rporta qu fumar causa cáncr d pulmón Porcntaj qu rporta qu fumar causa nfrmdad cardiaca 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% cardiacas. Cuando s ls prguntó acrca d los risgos qu los mimbros d las comunidads asociaban con l fumar, los lidrs mncionaron daño d los pulmons y dl sistma rspiratorio, cáncr dl pulmón y cáncr n gnral; pocos sñalaron otros risgos para la salud tals como nfrmdads cardiovasculars. 99% 99% 100% 99% Todos Fumadors Exfumadors No fumadors 93% 95% 94% 87% Todos Fumadors Exfumadors No fumadors Pinso qu lo qu la gnt pinsa s justamnt cáncr... Ellos no pinsan n otras cosas... La única cosa n la qu pnsamos s cáncr... y llos ralmnt no sabn cómo causa la nfrmdad. Mxicano n sus 40s, 42 años n los Estados Unidos Los lidrs comunitarios sugiriron qu algunos latinos, spcialmnt los fumadors, no simpr rconocn la rlación causal ntr l fumar cigarrillos y nfrmdads En contrast, la ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad ncontró claramnt qu, cuando s ls prgunta, los latinos sabn qu fumar causa nfrmdads cardiacas. 49

54 La mayoría d latinos considran qu U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Trcra Part fumar no s bnéfico. Figura 3.2 En gnral, los latinos rara vz rportan bnficios d fumar. Muchos fumadors latinos sñalan qu produc placr y calma l strés. La ncusta prguntó a los mimbros d las comunidads acrca d algunos bnficios potncials dl uso d cigarrillos (Figura 3.2). Mnos d la trcra part d quins no fuman incluidos xfumadors y quins nunca han fumado afirmaron qu fumar tnga algún aspcto positivo. Los fumadors siguiron la misma tndncia, con dos grands xcpcions: crca d trs d cada cinco (57%) pnsó qu fumar calma l strés y la ansidad, y aproximadamnt cuatro d cada diz (42%) rportó qu produc placr. Estos hallazgos d la ncusta son consistnts con las ntrvistas con los lídrs comunitarios, quins xplicaron qu algunos inmigrants latinos fuman para calmar l strés d la inmigración, aculturación, discriminación y d las dificultads conómicas. 50 Frcuntmnt tngo una imagn d llos trabajando ralmnt duro y fumando solamnt por strés. Es s su alivio. Purtorriquño n sus 20s, 17 años n los Estados Unidos Y más qu cualquir cosa, yo cro qu s por la prsión y l strés, porqu la gnt qu no tin s strés n sus paíss d orign no fuma. Pruana n sus 30s, 3 años n los Estados Unidos Casi todos los latinos crn qu fumar tin más risgos qu bnficios. Novnta y dos por cinto d los latinos qu participaron n la ncusta cr qu l fumar produc más daños qu bnficios, crncia compartida igualmnt por fumadors y no fumadors, hombrs y mujrs. Porcntaj d latinos qu rporta bnficios spcíficos d fumar Porcntaj d Latinos 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Ayuda a hacr amigos No Fumadors Fumadors Ayuda a concntrars Ayuda a prdr pso Prov placr Calma l strés y la anxidad Figura 3.3 En la población latina, los adultos jóvns son más nutrals acrca d los daños qu produc l fumar qu los adultos mayors. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 12% 8% 1% 2% Más bnficios qu daños 10% 16% 18 a 24 años 25+ años 20% 5% Iguals bnficios y daños 42% 24% 23% 24% 21% 78% 94% Más daños qu bnficios 57%

55 Sin mbargo, una mnor proporción d adultos jóvns latinos C o n o c i m i n t o y A c t i t u d s c o n R s p c t o a l D a ñ o P r o d u c i d o p o r l U s o d l Ta b a c o Trcra Part (78%) cr qu l fumar produc más daños qu bnficios comparados con los adultos mayors (94%) (Figura 3.3). Admás, los adultos jóvns (20%) stuviron d acurdo, n una mayor proporción qu los adultos mayors d 25 años (5%), n qu los daños y bnficios dl fumar cigarrillos son mas o mnos iguals. Nuvamnt, l procso d aculturación pud xplicar st hallazgo qu los adultos jóvns latinos tindn a prcibir l fumar más nutralmnt qu los mayors. Lídrs comunitarios sñalaron qu los jóvns latinos tindn a fumar a psar d su mayor conociminto d los risgos para la salud qu produc l fumar comparados con los mayors. Los lídrs comunitarios prcibiron qu l procso d aculturación ha rlajado las prohibicions culturals qu prvnían qu los jóvns fumaran y ha hcho qu van l uso dl tabaco como un mdio d acptación d sus pars, para lucir más maduros, lo qu prcibn como potncials bnficios. Idas qu son rforzadas por la propaganda d la industria tabacalra. Tal como los adultos jóvns, quins rspondiron la ncusta n spañol (89%) afirmaron n una mnor proporción qu l fumar produc más daños qu bnficios qu quins la rspondiron n inglés (97%). Igualmnt, tndiron a sr más nutrals (9%) acrca d los fctos dl fumar qu quins la rspondiron n inglés (3%). Estos hallazgos apoyan los comntarios d los lídrs comunitarios n l sntido d qu l procso d aculturación a la vida stadounidns brinda un mayor conociminto d los risgos para la salud asociados con l uso dl tabaco. En mi comunidad n México, no hay mucha información, ni tantos mnsajs. Aquí [n los EE UU] la gnt pinsa qu pird algo si no dja d fumar. Mxicano n sus 30s, 8 años n los Estados Unidos Rcomndacions para intrvncions las actividads dl control dl uso dl tabaco dbrían continuar ducando a los fumadors latinos acrca d los risgos para la salud, admás dl cáncr d pulmón, incluyndo nfrmdads cardiovasculars, accidnts crbrovasculars, complicacions dl mbarazo, y nfrmdad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. los programas para ayudar a los fumadors a djar d fumar dbn rconocr qu los fumadors latinos ncuntran algunos bnficios tals como sr una funt d placr, calmar l strés y la ansidad. stos programas igualmnt dbn rconocr la rlación ntr l fumar y l calmar l strés d los inmigrants n las comunidads latinas. Igualmnt dbn nfatizar los daños spcíficos causados por l uso dl tabaco qu son más importants para las comunidads latinas. los programas d control dl uso dl tabaco dirigidos a los jóvns latinos dbn nfocars n las inmdiatas conscuncias socials ngativas, tals como l dsmjoraminto d la aparincia y los costos montarios dl fumar. 51

56 U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : Cuarta Part Djar d fumar rduc l risgo d nfrmdad y murt. Al djar d fumar s rduc l risgo d murt prmatura y d sufrir nfrmdads qu afctan gravmnt la salud d las prsonas tals como cáncr d pulmón, nfrmdads cardiovasculars, y otras nfrmdads rspiratorias. También disminuy l risgo d complicacions d otras nfrmdads tals como hiprtnsión artrial, diabts y asma. Aunqu quins djan d fumar s bnfician tan pronto lo hacn, ntr más tmprano lo hagan tndrán más posibilidads obtnr importants bnficios para su salud. 26, 27 Djar d fumar s muy difícil porqu l cigarrillo s adictivo. Los síntomas d abstinncia tals como dprsión, aumnto d pso, irritabilidad, ansidad o dificultad para concntrars, dmustran la naturalza altamnt adictiva d los cigarrillos. Por sta razón l risgo d rincidncia s muy alto. 28 Algunas vcs djar d fumar xitosamnt rquir hasta 11 intntos. 27 La mayoría d fumadors latinos intnta djar d fumar. Muchos d los fumadors d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota tratan d djar d fumar, crca d trs cuartos (74%) rportaron habr djado d fumar al mnos por un día durant los 12 mss antriors a la ncusta. Crca d la cuarta part (22%) rportó habrlo hcho 10 o más vcs, lo cual indica su gran dso d djar d fumar. El apéndic B, Tabla B2 incluy la distribución dl númro d intntos d djar d fumar por caractrísticas dmográficas. El ntndr quién intnta djar d fumar y sus motivos potncials pud srvir para disñar programas para djar d fumar adcuados a las ncsidads d las comunidads latinas. Más d trs cuartas parts (78%) d los fumadors latinos djaron d fumar por lo mnos durant un día, mintras qu solamnt la mitad (53%) d las fumadoras latinas lo hizo (Figura 4.1). D j a r d F u m a r U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Figura 4.1 Es más probabl qu los fumadors rportn habr intntado djar d fumar durant por lo mnos un día qu las fumadoras. Porcntaj qu rportó intntos d djar d fumar n 12 mss antriors D acurdo con los lídrs comunitarios, la manra n qu la aculturación influncia difrntmnt a hombrs y mujrs podría xplicar st hallazgo. Los hombrs pudn sntir una mayor prsión para djar d fumar n los EE UU, n dond l fumar n lugars públicos s mnos acptado qu n sus paíss d orign. Mi padr djó d fumar porqu vino a los Estados Unidos a una confrncia... En todos los lugars n los qu él quría fumar alguin lo tocaba y l dcía, no pud fumar aquí... Entoncs él rgrsó y dijo, Fui humillado totalmnt... Por lo tanto djó d fumar... porqu dijo s acabó, no quiro star avrgonzado nunca más. Purtorriquña n sus 40s, 10 años n los Estados Unidos Las mujrs, sin mbargo, pudn tnr mnos intrés n djar d fumar porqu vr a una mujr fumando s más acptado n la cultura stadounidns qu n la d sus paíss d orign. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 78% Hombrs 53% Mujrs 52

57 Dsgraciadamnt h visto latinas fumando cigarros D j a r d F u m a r Cuarta Part para parcrs a una latina... a una actriz [fumando] un cigarro n algunas plículas. D alguna manra sto s visto como un símbolo d indpndncia y como un símbolo d podr. Mxicano n sus 40s, nacido n los Estados Unidos Admás, los lídrs comunitarios nfatizaron qu algunas mujrs tmn aumntar d pso si djan d fumar. H scuchado mucha gnt... qu dic... [djar d fumar] m hac vr más gorda... Ellas crn qu l fumar ls mantin l bajo pso. Mxicano n sus 50s, nacido n los Estados Unidos Figura 4.2 En la población latina s más probabl qu los fumadors adultos jóvns djn d fumar al mnos durant un día qu los fumadors adultos mayors. Porcntaj qu rportó intntos d djar d fumar n 12 mss antriors 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 95% 69% En la población latina, comparados con los fumadors adultos mayors (69%), los fumadors adultos jóvns d 18 a 24 años d dad (95%) tinn una mayor probabilidad d rportar habr djado d fumar durant por lo mnos un día n los últimos 12 mss (Figura 4.2). Estos rsultados srían sorprndnts dado qu los lídrs comunitarios rfirn qu los adultos jóvns latinos fuman más n Minnsota qu n sus paíss d orign. Sin mbargo, la alta proporción d intntos fallidos podría confirmar los tstimonios d los lídrs comunitarios con rlación a qu los jóvns latinos frcuntmnt dsstiman lo difícil qu s djar d fumar. Pinso qu la gnt jovn stá mjor informada qu los mayors, porqu n las sculas hablan d so n las class d salud. Los jóvns sabn, pro llos continúan fumando y dicn, Yo fumo ahora, pro pudo djar d fumar n l momnto qu quira. Muchas vcs pinsan qu va sr así d fácil. Colombiano n sus 40s, un año n los Estados Unidos No s ncontraron difrncias con rspcto al idioma n l qu s rspondió la ncusta. 0% 18 a 24 años 25+ años Muchos fumadors latinos no rconocn srlo. Cuando s ls prguntó Ustd considra qu s un fumador? únicamnt l 61% d los fumadors dfinidos d acurdo con l CDC (vr página 43) rspondiron Sí. Esto significa qu cuatro d cada diz fumadors falló n idntificars como alguin qu dbría djar d fumar. No s ncontraron difrncias rspcto a sta aprciación por dad, génro o idioma n l qu s rspondió la ncusta. El hcho qu n las comunidads latinas muchos fumadors rportan fumar poco xplicaría l por qué no s considran fumadors. Entr los fumadors, 88% rportaron fumar mnos d 15 cigarrillos diarios y 12% rportaron fumar ntr 15 y 24 cigarrillos diarios. Estos rsultados rfljan datos nacionals d los EE UU qu mustran qu, comparados con otros grupos racials o étnicos, los fumadors latinos fuman ocasionalmnt y no todos los días

58 Los fumadors pudn no sr rcptivos a los mnsajs para U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Cuarta Part djar d fumar si llos no s considran fumadors. Entrvistas con lídrs comunitarios rvlaron, por jmplo, qu quins fuman n situacions socials tindn a dscribirs como no fumadors. Figura 4.3 En las comunidads latinas s más probabl qu los jóvns rportn disfrutar fumar qu los adultos mayors. 100% Mucha gnt qu conozco qu no fumaba ahora fuma. Digamos qu crca d un stnta por cinto son no fumadors, pro cuando van a una fista llos quirn probarlo; ntoncs llos intntan fumar. O llos son fumadors socials. Es podría sr l problma. Mxicano n sus 20s, 4 años n los Estados Unidos A la mayoría d fumadors latinos no l agrada fumar y dsa djar d fumar. Porcntaj d fumadors qu rportan gustar d fumar 80% 60% 40% 20% 78% 37% La ncusta incluyó algunas prguntas para mdir l intrés d los fumadors latinos n djar d fumar, incluso si llos disfrutaban o no l fumar. Más d la mitad (56%) d los fumadors rportaron qu no disfrutan fumar. Los adultos jóvns (78%) disfrutan fumar n un mayor porcntaj qu los adultos mayors (37%) (Figura 4.3). La ncusta no dtctó rlacions por génro o idioma d la ncusta. 0% 18 a 24 años 25+ años Indpndintmnt dl grado n l qu s disfrut l fumar, una gran mayoría d los fumadors (86%) rportó qu quisira djar d fumar. Est rsultado s consistnt con l hallazgo qu muchos fumadors rfiriron habr djado d fumar durant por lo mnos un día durant l año inmdiatamnt antrior. Pocos fumadors latinos considran qu fumar sa una adicción, lo considran un hábito. Figura 4.4 La mayoría d los fumadors no prcib l fumar como una adicción Cr qu fumar s una dcisión 47% Cr qu fumar s una adicción 20% Cr qu fumar no s dcisión ni adicción 33% La prcpción dl uso dl tabaco como un stilo d vida prsonal más qu como una adicción qu rquir trataminto influncia los dsos d los fumadors latinos d obtnr ayuda para djar d fumar. La ncusta incluyó trs prguntas disñadas para 54

59 dtrminar si los latinos rconocían l uso dl tabaco más como D j a r d F u m a r Cuarta Part una adicción o un hábito para dtrminar l nivl d control prcibido sobr su comportaminto d fumar. Al combinars stas rspustas s cró una scala d las crncias d los ntrvistados. Los fumadors (20%) mostraron un rconociminto ligramnt mayor dl comportaminto adictivo, comparados con quins nunca fumaron (16%) y los xfumadors (18%). Pro aun así, crca d la mitad (47%) d los fumadors lo considran un hábito y una trcra part (33%) no lo considra ni un hábito ni una adicción (Figura 4.4), a psar d qu los fumadors habían intntado varias vcs djar d fumar sin éxito. La mayoría d fumadors latinos crn qu pudn djar d fumar La crncia d qu l fumar s un hábito pud xplicar la norm confianza qu los fumadors tinn qu pudn tnr éxito n djar d fumar. La gran mayoría (82%) d los fumadors rspondió qu muy probablmnt o tal vz podrían djar d fumar si quisiran hacrlo, y crca d la mitad (47%) rportó qu sria muy probabl qu tuviran éxito si lo intntaran. Nuvamnt, stas prcpcions no s rfljan n la los múltipls intntos para djar d fumar qu rfirn los fumadors latinos. La siguint cita d las ntrvistas con los lídrs comunitarios rfurza los rsultados d la prsnt ncusta. La crncia más común s qu, Yo pudo djar d fumar n cualquir momnto, y no m voy a nfrmar. Mxicano n sus 30s, 8 años n los Estados Unidos Los fumadors latinos pinsan qu no ncsitan ayuda para djar d fumar, o no s sintn cómodos solicitándola. Los fumadors no solamnt crn qu pudn djar d fumar, sino qu crn qu pudn hacrlo xitosamnt con su furza d voluntad. Casi todos los fumadors latinos (92%) stuviron algo d acurdo o muy d acurdo n qu la única manra para djar d fumar s con su furza d voluntad, l 79% d los fumadors stuvo muy d acurdo con sta afirmación. Los rsultados d la ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad rfljan la dscripción d los lídrs comunitarios d los métodos para djar d fumar qu los fumadors latinos podrían acptar. Ellos prcibn qu únicamnt la furza d voluntad sirv para djar d fumar, lo qu los pud hacr rsistirs al uso d mdicamntos o a solicitar ayuda para djar d fumar. La mayoría d los latinos qu conozco probablmnt tratarán d djar d fumar, solamnt djándolo súbitamnt, cold turky como s dic aquí... Lo cual frcuntmnt no funciona. Nicaragünsa n sus 40s, 20 años n los Estados Unidos Ellos quisiran solicitar ayuda, pro no lo hacn porqu crn qu sría un signo d dbilidad, porqu toda su vida lo han hcho todo por sí mismos. Cuando ralmnt ncsitan ayuda para su hábito, no la quirn solicitar por orgullo. Purtorriquño n sus 40s, 45 años n los Estados Unidos Adicionalmnt, algunos latinos pudn prcibir ngativamnt los mdicamntos para djar d fumar. S prguntó si staba d acurdo o n dsacurdo con las siguints afirmacions n una scala d 1 a 4: 1) La gnt qu fuma lo hac por qu quir. 2) La gnt qu fuma lo hac porqu s un hábito. 3) La gnt qu fuma no pud controlarlo. En mi opinión, cro qu llos no stán acostumbrados a tomar muchas píldoras diariamnt. Eso no s part d su cultura. Ellos no s tomarán sa mdicina. Mxicana n sus 20s, nacida n los Estados Unidos 55

60 La ncusta igualmnt l prguntó a los mimbros d la U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Cuarta Part comunidad qué tan cómodos s sntirían solicitando ayuda para djar d fumar. Comparados con quins crn tnr éxito usando la furza d voluntad, un mnor númro d fumadors s podría sntir cómodo solicitando ayuda para djar d fumar. Más d la mitad (59%) rportó sntirs muy o algo cómodo solicitando ayuda para djar d fumar. Mnos d la mitad (41%) rportó qu s sntiría muy cómodo. Hay muchos qu stán apnados, quiro dcir, s como si llos no quisiran qu su machismo no s vira compromtido d sa manra. hay, no, él stá buscando ayuda para djar d fumar! Ellos pinsan qu si lo hacn pirdn la imagn qu tnían, porqu supustamnt, l macho no solicita ayuda para nada. Mxicana n sus 40s, 11 años n los Estados Unidos Nuvamnt, stos hallazgos rfljan los rsultados d las ntrvistas con los lídrs comunitarios. D acurdo con llos, los fumadors podrían no sr rcptivos a la utilización d mdicamntos u otros rcursos tradicionals d apoyo, tals como las línas tlfónicas para djar d fumar, si crn qu únicamnt pudn tnr éxito si tinn la furza d voluntad. Entr los fumadors latinos la ngativa a buscar ayuda para djar d fumar pud sr l rsultado dl lmnto cultural dl machismo combinado con la crncia d qu la única altrnativa para djar d fumar s con su propia furza d voluntad. Entr las fumadoras latinas, la norma cultural n contra dl uso dl tabaco por part d las mujrs pud dsmotivarlas a admitir qu fuman y a buscar ayuda para djar d fumar. Finalmnt, los fumadors s pudn sntir apnados solicitando ayuda por su tndncia a mantnr los problmas n la familia ants qu a solicitar ayuda a los dmás. Culturalmnt, nos han nsñado a mantnr nustros problmas dntro d la familia. Por so s un poquito pnoso, para algunos simplmnt s algo qu no s hac, acudir a gnt qu no conocn por ayuda, ó, a gnt d la comunidad. Porqu ntoncs [la gnt] podría dars cunta qu su familia tin un problma, pud sr l tabaco o cualquir otro. Colombiano n sus 40s, nacido n los Estados Unidos 56

61 D j a r d F u m a r Cuarta Part Rcomndacions para intrvncions los programas para djar d fumar dbrán disñars d acurdo con las ncsidads particulars d las comunidads latinas. > Dbría habr programas para djar d fumar qu tngan n cunta las procupacions d las mujrs. > los programas para djar d fumar dbrían star disponibls n spañol, incluyndo la información para djar d fumar, los rcursos y la información acrca d los mdicamntos para djar d fumar. > l prsonal d los programas para djar d fumar db sr culturalmnt comptnt y concint d las ncsidads y actituds spcificas d los fumadors latinos. los srvicios para djar d fumar tals como consjría tlfónica y mdicamntos para djar d fumar, dbn sr ampliamnt promocionados y sr más accsibls a las comunidads latinas. los mnsajs motivando l djar d fumar dirigidos a los fumadors d las comunidads latinas dbrían capitalizar su furt dso d djar d fumar y l alto grado d confianza d sr capacs d hacrlo. dado qu un alto porcntaj d fumadors latinos no s idntifica como fumadors, los mnsajs acrca dl control dl tabaco y l djar d fumar dbrían nfocars n l comportaminto dl fumar y n las situacions n las qu ocurr. Los mnsajs dirigidos a los fumadors pudn no llgar a un alto porcntaj d la gnt a la qu s dirign. los mnsajs d control dl tabaco dbrían nfatizar qu incluso l fumar poco o socialmnt tin un risgo d nfrmdad y otras conscuncias ngativas. las iniciativas d control dl uso dl tabaco dbn tnr n cunta la rnuncia gnral a buscar ayuda qu sintn los latinos. los provdors d srvicios d salud dbrían ducars acrca d las caractrísticas culturals d las comunidads latinas con rspcto al djar d fumar, incluyndo la rsistncia al uso d mdicamntos. 57

62 U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : Quinta Part El humo d sgunda mano causa nfrmdad y murt. R d u c c i ó n d l a E x p o s i c i ó n a l U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a H u m o d S g u n d a M a n o Figura 5.1 La mayoría d los adultos latinos rportó xposición al humo d sgunda mano durant los últimos sit días. El humo d sgunda mano s una complja mzcla d sustancias químicas provnints d la combustión d un producto drivado dl tabaco (cigarrillo, puro o pipa) y l humo xhalado por l fumador. Contin más d 4,000 químicos, d los cuals por lo mnos 11 s sab qu causan cáncr n humanos. 30 En Minnsota, al mnos 581 murts furon causadas por la xposición al humo d sgunda mano n 2005 qu habrían podido prvnirs si sta xposición hubira sido liminada. En 2003, más d 66,000 Minnsotanos sufriron nfrmdads causadas por l humo d sgunda mano. 31 La xposición d infants y niños al humo d sgunda mano sta causalmnt asociada con bajo pso al nacr, síndrom d murt súbita dl rcién nacido, infccions dl tracto rspiratorio bajo, otitis y asma. En los adultos sta xposición, stá causalmnt asociada con cáncr d pulmón y nfrmdad coronaria. 32 En Minnsota, $215.7 millons d dólars s gastan anualmnt n l trataminto d stas nfrmdads causadas por la xposición al humo d sgunda mano. 31 Porcntaj d latinos qu rportó xposición a humo d sgunda mano 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 51% Cualquir lugar 9% Hogar 19% Carro 19% Trabajo 36% Otro Nota: La xposición n l trabajo s midió y rportó solamnt ntr quins rspondiron trabajar n áras intriors. Figura 5.2 Los hombrs tinn una mayor probabilidad d rportar xposición al humo d sgunda mano qu las mujrs. Más d la mitad d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota rspira humo d sgunda mano rgularmnt. Para mdir la xposición al humo d sgunda mano, la ncusta prgunto a los mimbros d la comunidad si alguin había fumado crca d llos, n difrnts lugars, durant los últimos sit días. La mitad (51%) d los mimbros d las comunidads latinas rportó alguna xposición n sus hogars, n l trabajo, n l carro o n otros sitios durant la smana antrior (Figura 5.1). No s sorprndnt qu los fumadors (82%) rportaron una mayor xposición, o xpusiron a otras prsonas, al humo d sgunda mano n los sit días antriors. Sin mbargo, crca d la mitad d quins no fuman (47%) indicó una rcint xposición al humo d sgunda mano. Porcntaj qu rportó culaquir xosición a humo d sgunda mano 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 59% Hombrs 43% Mujrs 58

63 Figura 5.3 R d u c c i ó n d l a E x p o s i c i ó n a l H u m o d S g u n d a M a n o Quinta Part Latinos rportaron xposición al humo d sgunda mano durant los sit días prvios n divrsos sitios, incluyndo l hogar (9%), l carro (19%), n l trabajo (19%) o n otros lugars (36%) (Figura 5.1). El Apéndic B, Tablas B3 a B6, mustra las caractrísticas dmográficas d la xposición al humo d sgunda mano durant los últimos sit días n gnral y dtalladamnt por hogar, lugar d trabajo, y otros sitios. La xposición al humo d sgunda mano n cualquir lugar varía por génro, dad y nivl d aculturación. Más d la mitad (59%) d los hombrs latinos rportó rspirar humo d sgunda mano n la smana antrior a la ncusta, mintras qu mnos d la mitad (43%) d las mujrs lo rportó (Figura 5.2). La mayor prvalncia d fumadors xplica parcialmnt st hallazgo. D hcho, ntrvistas con los lídrs comunitarios rvlaron qu los hombrs s rlacionan n los bars fumando o bbindo socialmnt, lo qu implica una xposición al humo d sgunda mano d quins no fuman. En la población latina los adultos jóvns tinn una mayor probabilidad d rportar xposición a humo d sgunda mano qu los adultos mayors. Porcntaj qu rportó culaquir xosición a humo d sgunda mano 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 63% 50% 18 a 24 años 25+ años Los risgos d la xposición al humo d sgunda mano para la salud pudn sr mayors para los adultos jóvns latinos. Dos trcios (63%) d los latinos con dads ntr los 18 y los 24 años rportaron habrs xpusto al humo d sgunda mano n la smana antrior a la ncusta (Figura 5.3). Est nivl d xposición xcd n un 13% al ya alto nivl d xposición n cualquir lugar qu rportaron los adultos mayors. Figura 5.4 Entr la población latina, s más probabl qu quins hablan inglés rportn habrs xpusto al humo d sgunda mano qu quins hablan spañol 100% Finalmnt, la aculturación a la vida stadounidns parc star asociada con un mayor risgo para la salud como rsultado d la xposición al humo d sgunda mano. Un mayor porcntaj d ntrvistados n inglés (59%) rportó habrs xpusto rcintmnt al humo d sgunda mano n contrast con l (48%) rportado por quins la rspondiron n spañol. Porcntaj qu rportó culaquir xosición a humo d sgunda mano 80% 60% 40% 20% 58% 48% 0% Encunta n inglés Encusta n spañol 59

64 U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : Figura 5.5 U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Quinta Part Casi todos lo latinos no prmitn fumar n sus hogars. La mayoría d los latinos no prmit fumar n sus hogars, spcialmnt quins vivn con mnors. Casi todos (91%) los ntrvistados incluso 80% d los fumadors rportaron qu no s prmit fumar n sus hogars. D acurdo con la MATS d 2003, únicamnt l 76% d la población gnral d Minnsota y l 41% d los fumadors no prmitía fumar n sus hogars. 4 Rsultados d ncustas nacionals indican qu un mayor porcntaj d latinos tin normas qu prohíbn l fumar n l hogar comparados con otros grupos racials o étnicos. 33 Los rsultados d la ncusta contradicn las crncias d los lídrs comunitarios qu l fumar continua sindo acptado n muchos hogars latinos. Sin mbargo, los rsultados rfljan las obsrvacions d los lídrs n l sntido qu l fumar n l hogar pud sr mnos común n los EE UU qu n Latinoamérica, dbido a qu aquí s rsptan más los dsos d los duños d la casa. Porcntaj d latinos qu rporta prohibición d fumar n l hogar 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 85% Sin mnors d 18 94% Al mnos un mnor d 18 En st país, vo mucho rspto por los hogars, las familias, los niños, al no fumar n su prsncia. No n México. Pud habr un niño, un anciano, casi qu una prsona nfrma, o alguin n su lcho d murt, y todos pudn star fumando. No hay rspto por so. Mxicana n sus 30s, 6 años n los Estados Unidos Si llos fuman n sus casas yo fumaré n sus casas. Si dicn, n mi casa nadi fuma, Tngo qu fumar afura. Purtorriquño n sus 40s, 45 años n los Estados Unidos Los lídrs d la comunidad idntificaron una gran procupación por la xposición al humo d sgunda mano d prsonas vulnrabls, spcialmnt los niños. Esta procupación pud sr un factor important para aumntar la adopción d hogars librs d humo n las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. Si ustd stá fumando n su casa y hay pquños, l humo ls stá llgando a sus pulmons y la vrdad s qu los stán hacindo nfrmar. Si continúa fumando, sto significa qu solamnt stá pnsando n ustd y no n los pquñitos, no stá pnsando n la familia. Si ustd s va a morir pus muéras; pro no s llv a los pquños con ustd. Purtorriquño n sus 50s, 45 años n los Estados Unidos Los rsultados d la ncusta a los mimbros d la comunidad rfurzan sta obsrvación. Stnta y uno por cinto d los adultos viv con al mnos un mnor d 18 años. Entr st grupo, 94% no prmit fumar n algún lugar d su hogar, 10 puntos porcntuals más qu quins no vivn con mnors (Figura 5.5). En las comunidads latinas, s más probabl qu las mujrs (95%) rportn prohibir fumar n sus hogars qu los hombrs (89%), posiblmnt como rsultado d su papl d star 60

65 Quinta Part Tabla 5.1 R d u c c i ó n d l a E x p o s i c i ó n a l H u m o d S g u n d a M a n o al cuidado d los niños. No s ncontraron difrncias con rspcto a la alta prvalncia d la prohibición dl fumar n los hogars ntr adultos jóvns y mayors, ni ntr quins rspondiron n inglés o n spañol. Las lys statals y locals protgn cada vz más a los trabajadors latinos dl humo d sgunda mano. Distribución d los latinos qu trabajan n l intrior d sus sitios d trabajo Salón d class, hospital, oficina o compljo d oficinas 25% Planta o fábrica 24% Rstaurant, bar o tabrna, hotl o motl 23% Ochnta por cinto d los latinos rportó star mplado o trabajar por cunta propia. Entr quins trabajan, una gran mayoría (84%) lo hac n áras intriors. Una quinta part (19%) d llos rportó habr rspirado humo d sgunda mano durant los sit días prvios a la ncusta. Los hombrs (25%) rportaron habrs xpusto n un porcntaj dos vcs mayor qu las mujrs (12%), nos s ncontraron variacions por grupo d dad o idioma d la ncusta. En 2006, cuando s ralizó la ncusta DREGAN, normas locals y lys statals qu rstringían l fumar n l intrior d los sitios d trabajo, brindaban difrnts nivls d protcción d acurdo con l sitio n qu s trabajara. Por sta razón, l lugar n dond trabajaban latinos dtrminaba d manra important su risgo d xposición al humo d sgunda mano. En Minnsota, la ly dl Air Limpio n Intriors d 1975 y rglamntacions administrativas postriors, cobijan la mayoría d los lugars d trabajo, incluyndo salons d clas, hospitals, dificios d oficinas, plantas d producción, factorías, almacns, tindas o bodgas; lugars bajo tcho n los qu trabajaba l 58% d los adultos latinos (Tabla 5.1). Vhículo 10% Almacén, tinda o bodga 9% Hogar 9% Total latinos qu trabajan n l intrior 100% d sus sitios d trabajo En 2005 y 2006, Minnapolis y Saint Paul, ntr varias otras ciudads, aprobaron strictas normas qu prohibían fumar n todos los lugars d trabajo, incluidos bars y rstaurants. Sin mbargo, n l momnto n qu s aplicó la ncusta, l 23% d los adultos latinos qu trabajaban n l intrior d sitios d divrsión no staba compltamnt protgido d la xposición al humo d sgunda mano n su lugar d trabajo. En 2007, un poco dspués d habrs compltado la ncusta, l congrso d Minnsota aprobó la ly Librtad para Rspirar ampliando la prohibición a todos los intriors d los sitios d trabajo, incluidos bars y rstaurants n todo l stado. 34 Como rsultado, prácticamnt todos los trabajadors adultos latinos qu trabajan n l intrior d sus lugars d trabajo stán protgidos d la xposición al humo d sgunda mano, xcpto quins trabajan n la casa o n l vhículo. 61

66 U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Quinta Part Rcomndacions para intrvncions las stratgias dbn basars n la gran motivación qu tinn las comunidads latinas para protgr a sus niños. los mnsajs para l control dl uso dl tabaco dbn nfatizar los pligros dl humo d sgunda mano para todos los latinos, spcialmnt para los inmigrants rcints, los mimbros mnos aculturados d la comunidad, los hombrs y los adultos jóvns. los programas d control dl tabaco dbn continuar apoyando incrmntando las políticas y normas qu protgn a las comunidads latinas d Minnsota d la xposición al humo d sgunda mano. 62

67 Discusión U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Aunqu l fumar s un acto individual, ocurr n un contxto social y cultural. El tnr n cunta l contxto cultural latino fu fundamntal para l disño implmntación d rspondiron la ncusta n inglés, tinn una probabilidad más alta d sr fumadors qu los adultos mayors y quins rspondiron la ncusta n spañol. Estas rlacions d génro la ncusta cuantitativa DREGAN, hasta la fcha una d las y dad s corrspondn con los rsultados más importants dl ncustas más compltas y dtalladas acrca dl uso dl studio cualitativo. Sin mbargo, no s spraba una mayor tabaco n las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. Como prvalncia d fumadors ntr quins hablan inglés, un grupo rsultado d más d 800 ntrvistas con mimbros d las d latinos más aculturado. comunidads latinas d Minnsota, las organizacions compromtidas n rducir l uso dl tabaco cuntan con Conociminto: Casi todos los mimbros rconocn qu l información qu pud guiar sus accions para nfrntar los fumar causa cáncr y nfrmdads cardiacas. Muy pocos daños causados por l uso dl tabaco. Al incluir sgmntos d rportaron bnficios spcíficos dl fumar cigarrillos y la las comunidads latinas qu otras ncustas usualmnt no mayoría crn qu tin muchos más risgos qu bnficios. tinn n cunta, sta ncusta prov una visión única d Sin mbargo, los fumadors rconocn qu ayuda a prdr cómo llgar a mimbros d la comunidad más orintados hacia pso, causa placr y calma l strés. Adicionalmnt, aunqu la cultura latina. la mayoría d los latinos cr qu fumar produc mas daños qu bnficios, los adultos jóvns tindn a vr l fumar más Esta ncusta a mimbros d las comunidads latinas nutralmnt. Estas difrnts actituds con rspcto al fumar contribuy a aumntar l conociminto básico para llgar a pudn sr útils para dsarrollar stratgias qu ayudn a los stas comunidads con stratgias culturalmnt apropiadas fumadors a djar d fumar y a dsmotivar a los jóvns para para rducir l uso dl tabaco. El studio prov información probar l tabaco. nuva acrca d la prvalncia dl fumar n las comunidads latinas d Minnsota idntifica difrncias importants con Djar d fumar: La mayoría d fumadors latinos rspcto a su conociminto y actituds acrca d los daños rportó habr tratado d djar d fumar, con un mayor causados por l uso dl tabaco, sus comportamintos para númro d intntos por part d los hombrs y adultos djar d fumar y su xposición al humo d sgunda mano. El jóvns comparados con las mujrs y los adultos mayors studio también cuantifica la rlación ntr cultura y uso dl rspctivamnt. Algunos hallazgos sugirn qu latinos tabaco obsrvada n las ntrvistas cualitativas con los lídrs podrían no usar los mdicamntos y programas d apoyo d la comunidad, particularmnt aqullas ntr hombrs y disponibls para djar d fumar. Primro, porqu cuatro d mujrs, adultos jóvns y mayors, y ntr los mimbros d cada 10 ncustados, dfinidos como fumadors d acurdo las comunidads más y mnos aculturados. A continuación s con l CDC, no s idntifican como fumadors, sugirindo rsaltan los hallazgos n cada una d stas áras. qu llos no podrían sr suscptibls a los mnsajs acrca d la importancia d djar d fumar o d cómo djar d hacrlo. Prvalncia: S ncontró qu un trc por cinto d los latinos Sgundo, a psar d habrlo intntado n múltipls ocasions, fuma, lo qu pud sr una cifra substimada dbido al ssgo la gran mayoría d los fumadors s mustra confiada n d acptabilidad social. Est hallazgo prov una lína d bas qu pud tnr éxito n djar d fumar. Trcro, casi todos para controlar y valuar las iniciativas dirigidas a prvnir l los fumadors crn qu la única manra d djar d fumar fumar y apoyar l djar d fumar n las comunidads latinas s con la furza d voluntad. Estos hallazgos rfljan las d Minnsota. Es muy important sabr qu los hombrs aprciacions d los lídrs comunitarios, contmpladas n los tinn una probabilidad cinco vcs mayor d sr fumadors rsultados d la invstigación cualitativa, acrca d la ngativa qu las mujrs. Similarmnt, los adultos jóvns y quins a usar mdicamntos y solicitar ayuda para djar d fumar. 63

68 Exposición al humo d sgunda mano: : Más d la U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Discusión mitad d los ntrvistados rportaron xposición al humo d sgunda mano n su hogar, n l trabajo, n l carro comunitarios y ncustado a más d 800 mimbros d la comunidad, las invstigacions cualitativa y cuantitativa han crado una imagn clara y n gnral consistnt d las o n algún otro lugar durant los sit días antriors a la rlacions ntr cultura y uso dl tabaco n las comunidads ncusta. Similarmnt a los hallazgos d la prvalncia latinas d Minnsota. d fumar, los hombrs tinn una mayor probabilidad d Sin mbargo, algunas vcs, los rsultados obtnidos por fumar qu las mujrs y los adultos jóvns tuviron una dos métodos d invstigación difirn. Estas aparnts probabilidad más alta qu los mayors. Quins rspondiron contradiccions sugirn qu la rlación ntr aculturación la ncusta n inglés tuviron una probabilidad mayor d sr y uso dl tabaco podría sr más complja qu lo qu cada fumadors qu quins la tomaron n spañol. Casi todos studio rvla. Igualmnt, pudn sr l rsultado d los latinos no prmitn fumar n sus hogars, confirmando difrncias n la intrprtación d las prguntas acrca d l dso d rsptar y protgr a los niños dscrito por los los fctos d la aculturación n difrnts grupos. Análisis lídrs comunitarios. Finalmnt, trabajadors latinos han adicionals d los datos cuantitativos, acrca d la naturalza xprimntado una mayor protcción contra l humo d d sta rlación, srán ncsarios n futuras invstigacions. sgunda mano dbido principalmnt a las rcints normas En lugar d profundizar n stas compljas rlacions, qu prohíbn fumar n los sitios d trabajo. st inform dscrib la población d acurdo con sus caractrísticas más importants, génro, dad y aculturación. Con sta ncusta cuantitativa d mimbros d las Los rsultados son útils para dsarrollar stratgias tndints comunidads latinas s complta la invstigación dl proycto a rducir l uso dl tabaco n las comunidads latinas d DREGAN. Dspués d habr ntrvistado más d 60 lídrs Minnsota, mta final dl proycto latino DREGAN. 64

69 Apéndic A U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Tabla A1 Caractrísticas dmográficas d la mustra d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota Génro Masculino 54% Fmnino 46% Edad promdio 37 Grupo táro (Adultos jóvns vs. mayors) % % Grupo táro (Intrvalos d 10 años) <20 3% 20 a 29 26% 30 a 39 36% 40 a 49 20% 50 a 59 9% 60 a 69 4% 70+ 2% Estado Civil Casado o vivindo n una rlación d parja 71% No casado 29% Educación Mnos qu scula scundaria 39% Escula scundaria 24% Algunos años d univrsidad 21% Univrsidad 16% Ingrso $0 $25,000 44% $25,000 $40,000 25% $40,000 $75,000 17% $75, % Porcntaj Emplado Emplado 72% Trabaja por cunta propia 9% No trabaja por pagos 19% Numro d mplos ntr los latinos mplados Uno 83% Dos 15% Trs 2% Promdio dl númro d prsonas n l hogar 4.21 Promdio dl númro d mayors d 18 años n l hogar 2.62 Nota: Cifras ajustadas por dad y génro d acurdo con los datos d la población latina dl cnso dl año

70 Apéndic B U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Las siguints tablas mustran las caractrísticas dmográficas d acurdo con l stado dl fumar (fumador, xfumador o no fumador), incluyndo prvalncia, númro d intntos para djar d fumar y xposición al humo d sgunda mano n divrsos lugars. Tal como s nfatiza n l inform, las tablas mustran los rsultados por génro, dad (adultos jóvns y mayors) idioma n l qu s rspondió la ncusta. El primr studio DREGAN, compusto por una sri d ntrvistas con lídrs comunitarios, idntificó qu stas caractrísticas tnían una furt rlación con l uso dl tabaco ntr los mimbros d las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. Admás, las tablas mustran la distribución d rsultados clav por intrvalos d dad d 10 años, nivl ducativo y rango d ingrso. Esta clasificación fu l rsultado dl análisis d los datos d la ncusta cuantitativa o fu sugrida por l Comité Assor, la cual fu d gran utilidad para ntndr mjor l uso dl tabaco n las comunidads latinas d Minnsota. Ta b l a s d l a s C a r a c t r í s t i c a s D m o g r á f i c a s d l o s R s u lta d o s m á s I m p o r ta n t s No Ex Fumador Fumador Fumador Total Gnral 72% 14% 13% 100% Génro Masculino 56% 22% 22% 100% Fmnino 91% 5% 4% 100% Edad (Adultos jóvns vs. mayors) 18 a 24 79% 3% 18% 100% % 16% 13% 100% Edad (Intrvalos d 10 años) <20 85% 0% 15% 100% 20 a 29 80% 6% 14% 100% 30 a 39 78% 10% 12% 100% 40 a 49 59% 24% 17% 100% 50 a 59 62% 28% 10% 100% 60 a 69 64% 29% 7% 100% % 31% 20% 100% Idioma d la Encusta Inglés 60% 22% 18% 100% Español 78% 11% 11% 100% Educación Mnos qu scula Scundaria 73% 14% 14% 100% Escula scundaria 73% 13% 15% 100% Algunos años d univrsidad 65% 19% 16% 100% Univrsidad 72% 22% 6% 100% Ingrso Tabla B1 Caractrísticas dmográficas por stado d fumador $0 $25,000 78% 10% 12% 100% $25,000 $40,000 67% 16% 17% 100% $40,000 $75,000 61% 22% 17% 100% $75, % 21% 14% 100% Nota: Los porcntajs pudn no totalizar 100% dbido a las aproximacions. 66

71 Tabla B2 T a b l a s d l a s C a r a c t r í s t i c a s D m o g r á f i c a s d l o s R s u l t a d o s m á s I m p o r t a n t s Apéndic B Caractrísticas dmográficas dl porcntaj qu djó d fumar por lo mnos un día n los últimos 12 mss Tabla B3 Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos al humo d sgunda mano n cualquir sitio (hogar, trabajo, carro o algún otro sitio) durant los últimos sit días Sí No Total Gnral 74% 27% 100% Génro Masculino 78% 22% 100% Fmnino 53% 47% 100% Edad (Adultos jóvns vs. mayors) 18 a 24 95% 5% 100% % 31% 100% Edad (Intrvalos d 10 años) <20 100% 0% 100% 20 a 29 92% 8% 100% 30 a 39 79% 21% 100% 40 a 49 61% 39% 100% 50 a 59 35% 65% 100% 60 a 69 35% 65% 100% 70+ 0% 100% 100% Idioma d la Encusta Inglés 65% 35% 100% Español 80% 20% 100% Educación Mnos qu scula Scundaria 79% 21% 100% Escula scundaria 84% 16% 100% Algunos años d univrsidad 60% 40% 100% Univrsidad 53% 47% 100% Ingrso $0 $25,000 74% 26% 100% $25,000 $40,000 84% 16% 100% $40,000 $75,000 62% 38% 100% $75, % 24% 100% Frcuncia d fumar (númro d cigarrillos diarios) Baja (<15) 74% 26% 100% Modrada (15 to 24) 68% 32% 100% Alta (25+) 0% 0% 0% Nota: Los porcntajs pudn no totalizar 100% dbido a las aproximacions. No Sí Total Gnral 49% 51% 100% Estado d fumador Nunca fumadors 53% 47% 100% Fumadors 18% 82% 100% Génro Masculino 41% 59% 100% Fmnino 57% 43% 100% Edad (Adultos jóvns vs. mayors) 18 a 24 37% 63% 100% % 50% 100% Edad (Intrvalos d 10 años) <20 43% 57% 100% 20 a 29 39% 61% 100% 30 a 39 54% 46% 100% 40 a 49 43% 57% 100% 50 a 59 60% 40% 100% 60 a 69 61% 39% 100% % 59% 100% Idioma d la Encusta Inglés 42% 58% 100% Español 52% 48% 100% Educación Mnos qu scula Scundaria 49% 51% 100% Escula scundaria 45% 55% 100% Algunos años d univrsidad 49% 51% 100% Univrsidad 53% 47% 100% Ingrso $0 $25,000 50% 50% 100% $25,000 $40,000 48% 52% 100% $40,000 $75,000 49% 51% 100% $75, % 54% 100% Nota: Los porcntajs pudn no totalizar 100% dbido a las aproximacions. 67

72 U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : Tabla B4 U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a Apéndic B Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos a humo d sgunda mano n l hogar durant los últimos sit días Tabla B5 Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos a humo d sgunda mano n su lugar d trabajo bajo tcho durant los últimos sit días No Sí Total Gnral 91% 9% 100% Estado d fumador No Fumador 93% 7% 100% Fumador 77% 23% 100% Génro Masculino 90% 10% 100% Fmnino 93% 7% 100% Edad (Adultos jóvns vs. mayors) 18 a 24 79% 21% 100% % 7% 100% Edad (Intrvalos d 10 años) <20 88% 12% 100% 20 a 29 85% 15% 100% 30 a 39 96% 4% 100% 40 a 49 93% 7% 100% 50 a 59 90% 10% 100% 60 a 69 82% 18% 100% % 0% 100% Idioma d la Encusta Inglés 91% 9% 100% Español 91% 9% 100% Educación Mnos qu scula Scundaria 90% 10% 100% Escula scundaria 92% 8% 100% Algunos años d univrsidad 90% 10% 100% Univrsidad 95% 5% 100% Ingrso $0 $25,000 91% 9% 100% $25,000 $40,000 91% 9% 100% $40,000 $75,000 90% 10% 100% $75, % 7% 100% niños mnors d 18 años n l hogar Ninguno 85% 15% 100% Por lo mnos uno 94% 6% 100% No Sí Total Gnral 81% 19% 100% Estado d fumador No Fumador 83% 17% 100% Fumador 63% 37% 100% Génro Masculino 75% 25% 100% Fmnino 88% 12% 100% Edad (Adultos jóvns vs. mayors) 18 a 24 75% 25% 100% % 18% 100% Edad (Intrvalos d 10 años) <20 81% 19% 100% 20 a 29 75% 25% 100% 30 a 39 83% 17% 100% 40 a 49 77% 23% 100% 50 a 59 85% 15% 100% 60 a 69 99% 1% 100% % 0% 100% Idioma d la Encusta Inglés 84% 16% 100% Español 79% 21% 100% Educación Mnos qu scula Scundaria 77% 23% 100% Escula scundaria 79% 21% 100% Algunos años d univrsidad 84% 16% 100% Univrsidad 88% 12% 100% Ingrso $0 $25,000 78% 23% 100% $25,000 $40,000 80% 20% 100% $40,000 $75,000 82% 18% 100% $75, % 17% 100% Nota: Los porcntajs pudn no totalizar 100% dbido a las aproximacions. Nota: Los porcntajs pudn no totalizar 100% dbido a las aproximacions. 68

73 Tabla B6 T a b l a s d l a s C a r a c t r í s t i c a s D m o g r á f i c a s d l o s R s u l t a d o s m á s I m p o r t a n t s Apéndic B Caractrísticas dmográficas d los adultos latinos d Minnsota xpustos a humo d sgunda mano n sitios difrnts a su hogar, lugar d trabajo, o carro durant los últimos sit días No Sí Total Gnral 64% 36% 100% Estado d fumador No Fumador 32% 68% 100% Fumador 59% 41% 100% Génro Masculino 59% 41% 100% Fmnino 71% 29% 100% Edad (Adultos jóvns vs. mayors) 18 a 24 50% 34% 100% % 50% 100% Edad (Intrvalos d 10 años) <20 50% 50% 100% 20 a 29 58% 42% 100% 30 a 39 66% 34% 100% 40 a 49 66% 34% 100% 50 a 59 75% 25% 100% 60 a 69 70% 30% 100% % 59% 100% Idioma d la Encusta Inglés 55% 45% 100% Español 68% 32% 100% Educación Mnos qu scula Scundaria 66% 34% 100% Escula scundaria 64% 36% 100% Algunos años d univrsidad 64% 36% 100% Univrsidad 61% 39% 100% Ingrso $0 $25,000 64% 36% 100% $25,000 $40,000 66% 34% 100% $40,000 $75,000 68% 32% 100% $75, % 45% 100% Nota: Los porcntajs pudn no totalizar 100% dbido a las aproximacions. 69

74 ORGANIZACIONES COLABORADORAS U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a ClarWay Minnsota SM s una organización sin ánimo d lucro ddicada a ngrandcr la vida d todos los habitants d Minnsota al rducir l uso dl tabaco y la xposición Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio (CLUES) s stablció n La misión d la organización s mjorar la calidad d vida d la comunidad latina n Minnsota. CLUES al humo d sgunda mano por mdio d la invstigación, comnzó como una agncia d srvicios d salud mntal la acción y la colaboración. ClarWay Minnsota l sirv a nfocada n las ncsidads únicas culturals idiomáticas Minnsota gracias a su programa d cración d subvncions, d latinos hispanohablants. Hoy n día, CLUES s la agncia sus srvicios individuals QUITPLAN para ayudarl a las latina d srvicios humanos más grand d Minnsota y prov prsonas a djar d fumar y por mdio d actividads d una amplia gama d srvicios d salud dl comportaminto acrcaminto a las comunidads n todo l stado. y autosuficincia para niños, familias individuos latinos. Entr los srvicios cntrals qu ofrc stán: srvicios d Para obtnr más información, visit salud mntal, d salud química, d mplo, d ducación, d nvjciminto sano y srvicios para la familia. CLUES s una Blu Cross y Blu Shild d Minnsota (Blu Cross) fu d las pocas organizacions qu prov srvicios apropiados crada n 1933 como l primr plan d salud n Minnsota. lingüística y culturalmnt a hispanohablants n Minnsota, Blu Cross continúa ralizando su misión d promovr y s la única organización provdora d srvicios d salud srvicios d salud más xtnsos, conómicos y oportunos mntal y química. Todos los mplados qu ofrcn srvicios para los habitants d Minnsota. Prvntion Minnsota s dirctos son bilingüs y culturalmnt comptnts. En l año la iniciativa largo plazo d Blu Cross para mjorar la salud 2007 CLUES rcibió más d 30,00 visitas d clints n sus trs d los habitants d Minnsota al acomtr cuatro causas localidads n Minnapolis, East St. Paul y Wst St. Paul. principals d nfrmdads cardiovasculars y cáncr: l uso dl tabaco, la xposición al humo d sgunda mano, la Para obtnr más información, visit inactividad física y la dita insalubr. La iniciativa Prvntion Minnsota stá financiada por dinros rsultants dl acurdo judicial alcanzado por Blu Cross n su dmanda histórica contra la industria tabacalra. El Cntro d Prvnción d Blu Cross suprvisa la iniciativa Prvntion Minnsota. Blu Cross y Blu Shild d Minnsota s una organización indpndint y sin ánimo d lucro licnciada por Asociación Blu Cross y Blu Shild. Para obtnr más información, visit 70

75 AGRADECIMIENTOS U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a ClarWay Minnsota SM Jssi Saul, PhD, Grnt dl Programa d Invstigacions Barbara Schillo, PhD, Oficial dl Programa d Invstigacions Blu Cross y Blu Shild d Minnsota Nina L. Alsci, MPH, Consultora d Invstigación Suprior Stvn S. Folds, PhD, Dirctor d Invstigación y Evaluación Cntro d Invstigacions y Encustas n Salud Pública d la Univrsidad d Minnsota Todd Rockwood, PhD, Dirctor Académico, Cntro d Invstigacions y Encustas n Salud Pública Karn Virnig, Dirctora Gnral Mary Sigrah, Traducción y Entrvistas Karn Turnr, Programación Jo Hallgrn, Programación Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio (CLUES) José William Castllanos, MD, Dirctor dl Proycto DREGAN Ciara Stign, Asistnt Administrativa dl Proycto DREGAN Mimbros dl Comité Assor d DREGAN Patricia Bakr, Espcialista n Rlacions Humanas, Programa d Educación n Salud Pública dl Condado Ramsy (Mayo 2006 prsnt) Gloria M. Contrras, Coordinadora d Programa Promotora, Cntro Campsino (Agosto 2004 Dicimbr 2007) Rodolfo Gutiérrz, MS, Dirctor Ejcutivo d HACER, Univrsidad d Minnsota (Abril 2003 prsnt) Rachl Hicks, Asistnt Lgislativo, Oficina d la Snadora Patricia Torrs Ray, (Abril 2008 prsnt) David J. Mathws, PsyD, Dirctor d Trapia, Proycto d Abuso Doméstico (DAP) (Abril 2003 prsnt) Carmn Robls, Dirctora d Latino Outrach y Coordinadora d Jóvns d Salud, Asociación d No Fumadors d Minnsota (ANSR) (Abril 2004 prsnt) Gabrila Vázquz, MS, PhD, Fllow d Invstigación Suprior, Univrsidad d Minnsota (Junio 2005 prsnt) Jaim Villalaz, Coordinador d Programa, UMOS Inc. (Marzo 2007 prsnt) Hladio Lalo Zavala, Oficial Ejcutivo Principal, MAFO Inc. (Abril 2003 prsnt) División d Políticas d Salud y Grncia d la Univrsidad d Minnsota Mlissa Constantin, PhD, Asociada d Invstigación Michal Davrn, PhD, Profsor Asistnt 71

76 Rfrncs Rfrncias U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a 1. Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Comunidads Latinas Unidas n Srvicio. Tobacco us in Minnsota: Prspctivs from Latino communitis cfm?oid= Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota. Quitting smoking, : Nicotin addiction in Minnsota. January Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota. Pattrns of smoking among Minnsota s young adults. January Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota. Scondhand smok in Minnsota, March Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth. Toll of tobacco us in Minnsota. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Grbrding JL. Actual causs of dath in th Unitd Stats, JAMA 2004;291: Nlson D, Kirkndall R, Lawton R, t al. Survillanc for smoking-attributabl mortality and yars of potntial lif lost; by stat Unitd Stats, MMWR 1994;43: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Tobacco us among U.S. racial/thnic minority groups African Amricans, Amrican Indians and Alaskan Nativs, Asian Amricans and Pacific Islandrs, and Hispanics: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Rockwood T. Prsonal communication with Todd Rockwood, PhD, Univrsity of Minnsota. Jun 19, Krnr JF, Brn N, Tfft MC, Silsby J. Tobacco us among mulit-thnic Latino populations. Ethnicity & disas 1998;8(2): Bock BC, Niaura RS, Nighbors CJ, Carmona-Barros R, Azam M. Diffrncs btwn Latino and non-latino whit smokrs in cognitiv and bhavioral charactristics rlvant to smoking cssation. Addict Bhav 2005;30: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Th halth consquncs of tobacco us: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota. Halth car costs and smoking: Th bottom lin. St. Paul, Minn.: Cntr for Tobacco Rduction and Halth Improvmnt Nwport. Llno d gusto! Latina Magazin. April Availabl at asp?itmnum= (accssd May 14, 2008). 15. Marlboro. Vga a dond sti l sabor. Latina Magazin. July Availabl at asp?itmnum= (accssd May 15, 2008). 16. U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Halthy popl 2010: Undrstanding and improving halth. 2nd d. Washington, D.C.: Govrnmnt Printing Offic U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Prcntag of adults who wr currnt, formr, or nvr smokrs, ovrall and by sx, rac, Hispanic origin, ag, ducation, and povrty status. National Halth Intrviw Survys, Availabl at gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tabls/adult/tabl_2.htm (accssd Jun 20, 2008). 18. Amrican Lung Association. Stat lgislatd actions on tobacco issus. 19th d Washington, D.C.: Amrican Lung Association

77 Rfrncs Rfrncias U s o d l T a b a c o n M i n n s o t a : U n a E n c u s t a C u a n t i t a t i v a a M i m b r o s d l a s C o m u n i d a d s L a t i n a s d M i n n s o t a 19. Lalwani A, Shavitt S, Johnson T. What is th rlation btwn cultur and socially dsirabl rsponding? Journal of Prsonality and Social Psychology 2006;90(1): Triandis HC, Marin G, Lisansky J, Btancourt H. Simpatia as a cultural script for Hispanics. Journal of Prsonality and Social Psychology 1984;47(6): Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Fior MC, Jaén CR, Bakr TB, t al. Trating tobacco us and dpndnc, 2008 updat: Clinical practic guidlin. Rockvill, Md.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Public Halth Srvic Virginia Slims. Today I hav a dat with somon vry important. Myslf! Latina Magazin, Octobr Availabl at (accssd May 14, 2008). 22. Virginia Slims. A Vcs no hav falta dcir nada para rirs a carcajadas. Latina Magazin, July Availabl at (accssd May 16, 2008). 23. Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota, ClarWay Minnsota, Minnsota Dpartmnt of Halth, Univrsity of Minnsota Minnsota Adult Tobacco Survy Data. Minnapolis, Minn U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Prvnting tobacco us among young popl: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt for Halth and Human Srvics, Public Halth Srvic, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion. Racial/ thnic diffrncs among youths in cigartt smoking and suscptibility to start smoking Unitd Stats, MMWR 2006;55(47): U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Th halth bnfits of smoking cssation: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Public Halth Srvic, Cntrs for Disas Control, Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion Rport No. (CDC) U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Womn and smoking: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic 29. Plis JR, Lthbridg-Çjku M. Summary halth statistics for U.S. Adults: National Halth Intrviw Survy, Vital Halth Stat 10(235) National Cancr Institut. Risks associatd with smoking cigartts with low machin-masurd yilds of tar and nicotin. Smoking and tobacco control monograph No. 13. Bthsda, Md.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, National Instituts of Halth, National Cancr Institut Rport No Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota. Halth car costs and scondhand smok: Th bottom lin. Blu Cross and Blu Shild of Minnsota U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics. Th halth consqunc of involuntary xposur to tobacco smok: A rport of th Surgon Gnral. Atlanta, Ga.: U.S. Dpartmnt of Halth and Human Srvics, Cntrs for Disas Control and Prvntion, National Cntr for Chronic Disas Prvntion and Halth Promotion, Offic on Smoking and Halth Shavrs VL, Fagan P, Jouridin Alxandr LA, Clayton R, Douct J, Bazcond-Garbanati L. Workplac and hom smoking rstrictions and racial/thnic variation in th prvalnc and intnsity of currnt cigartt smoking among womn by povrty status, TUS-CPS and J Epidmiol Community Halth 2006;60(Supplmnt 2): ii34 ii Highlights of th Frdom to Brath Act of Availabl at (accssd Jun 23, 2008). 73

78 Rsults from th quantitativ rsarch componnt of th Divrs Racial Ethnic Groups and Nations (DREGAN) Projct Rsultados d la Invstigación Cualitativa dl Proycto DREGAN (Divrsos Grupos Racials, Étnicos y Nacions) C1393 (10/08) 2008

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