U. Tietze Ch. Schenk E. Gamet. Electronic Circuits. Handbook for Design and Application. 2nd edition. with 1771 Figures and CD-ROM.

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1 U. Tietze Ch. Schenk E. Gamet Electronic Circuits Handbook for Design and Application 2nd edition with 1771 Figures and CD-ROM Springer

2 Contents Part I. Device Models and Basic Circuits 1 1. Diodes Performance of the Diode Characteristic Curve Description by Equations Switching Performance Small-Signal Response Limit Values and Reverse Currents Thermal Performance Temperature Sensitivity of Diode Parameters Construction of a Diode Discrete Diode Integrated Diode Model of a Diode Static Performance Dynamic Performance Small-Signal Model Special Diodes and Their Application Zener Diode Pin Diode Varactor Diodes Bridge Rectifier Mixer Bipolar Transistors Performance of a Bipolar Transistor Characteristics Description by Way of Equations Characteristic of the Current Gain Operating Point and Small-Signal Response Limit Data and Reverse Currents Thermal Performance Temperature Sensitivity of Transistor Parameters Design of a Bipolar Transistor Discrete Transistors Integrated Transistors 56

3 X Contents 2.3 Models of Bipolar Transistors Static Performance Dynamic Performance Small-Signal Model Noise Basic Circuits Common-Emitter Circuit Common-Collector Circuit Common-Base Circuit Darlington Circuit Field Effect Transistors Behavior of a Field Effect Transistor Characteristic Curves Description by Equations Field Effect Transistor as an Adjustable Resistor Operating Point and Small-Signal Behavior Maximum Ratings and Leakage Currents Thermal Behavior Temperature Sensitivity of FET Parameters Construction of the Field Effect Transistor Integrated MOSFETs Discrete MOSFETs Junction FETs Cases Models of Field Effect Transistors Static Behavior Dynamic Behavior Small-Signal Model Noise Basic Circuits Common-Source Circuit Common-Drain Circuit Common-Gate Circuit Amplifiers Circuits Current Sources and Current Mirrors Cascode circuit Differential Amplifier Impedance Converters Circuits for Setting the Operating Point Properties and Parameters 408

4 Contents Characteristics Small-Signal Characteristics Nonlinear Parameters Noise Operational Amplifiers General Types of Operational Amplifier Principle of Negative Feedback Normal Operational Amplifier (VV-OPA) Principle Multipurpose Amplifiers Operating Voltages Single-Supply Amplifiers Rail-to-Rail Amplifiers Wide-Band Operational Amplifiers Frequency Compensation Parameters of Operational Amplifiers Transconductance Amplifier (VC-OPA) Internal Construction Typical Applications Transimpedance Amplifier (CV-OPA) Internal Design Frequency Response Typical Applications The Current Amplifier (CC-OPA) The Internal Design Typical Applications Comparison Practical Implementation Types Latching Circuits Transistor as Switch Latching Circuits Using Saturated Transistors Bistable Circuits Monostable Circuits Astable Circuits (Multivibrators) Latching Circuits with Emitter-Coupled Transistors Emitter-Coupled Schmitt Trigger Emitter-Coupled Multivibrator Latching Circuits Using Gates Flip-Flops 597

5 XII Contents One-Shot Multivibrator Latching Circuits Using Comparators Comparators Schmitt Trigger Multivibrators One-Shots Logic Families Basic Logic Functions Construction of Logic Functions Karnaugh Map Extended Functions Circuit Implementation of the Basic Functions Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) High-Level Logic (HLL) Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Complementary MOS Logic (CMOS) NMOS Logic Summary Connecting Lines Combinatorial Circuits Number Representation Positive Integers in Straight Binary Code Positive Integers in BCD Code Binary Integers of Either Sign Fixed-Point Binary Numbers Floating-Point Binary Numbers Multiplexer Demultiplexer of-n Decoder Demultiplexer Multiplexer Priority Decoder Combinatorial Shift Register (Barrel Shifter) Digital Comparators Adders Haif-Adder Full-Adder Look-Ahead Carry Logic Subtraction 654

6 Contents XIII Two's-Complement Overflow Addition and Subtraction of Floating-Point Numbers Multipliers Multiplication of Fixed-Point Numbers Multiplication of Floating-Point Numbers Sequential Logic Systems Integrated Flip-Flops Transparent Flip-Flops Flip-Flops with Intermediate Storage Straight Binary Counters Asynchronous Straight Binary Counters Synchronous Straight Binary Counters Up Down Counters BCD Counters Asynchronous BCD Counters Synchronous BCD Counters Presettable Counters Shift Registers Basic Circuit Shift Registers with Parallel Inputs Processing of Asynchronous Signals Debouncing of Mechanical Contacts Edge-Triggered RS Flip-Flops Pulse Synchronization Synchronous One-Shot Synchronous Edge Detector Synchronous Clock Switch Systematic Design of Sequential Circuits State Diagram Example for a Programmable Counter Dependency notation Semiconductor Memories Random Access Memories (RAMs) Static RAMs Dynamic RAMs RAM Expansions Two-Port Memories RAMs as Shift Registers First-In-First-Out Memories (FIFO) Error Detection and Correction Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 706

7 XIV Contents Mask-Programmed ROMs (MROMs) Programmable ROMs (PROMs) UV-Erasable PROMs (EPROMs) Electrically Erasable PROMs (EEPROMs) 10.4 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) Programmable Logic Array (PAL) Computer-Aided PLD Design Survey of Types Available User Programable Gate Arrays Part II. General Applications Operational Amplifier Applications Summing Amplifier Subtracting Circuits Reduction to an Addition Subtraction Using a Single Operational Amplifier Bipolar-Coefficient Circuit Integrators Inverting Integrator Initial Condition Summing Integrator Noninverting Integrator Differentiators Basic Circuit Practical hnplementation Differentiator with High Input Impedance Solving Differential Equations Function Networks Logarithm Exponential Function Computation of Power Functions Using Logarithms Sine and Cosine Functions Arbitrary Function Networks Analog Multipliers Multipliers with Logarithmic Amplifiers Transconductance Multipliers Multipliers Using Electrically Controlled Resistors Adjustment of Multipliers Expansion to Four-Quadrant Multipliers Multiplier as a Divider or Square Rooter Transformation of Coordinates 763

8 Contents XV Transformation from Polar to Cartesian Coordinates Transformation from Cartesian to Polar Coordinates Controlled Sources and Impedance Converters Voltage-Controlled Voltage Sources Current-Controlled Voltage Sources Voltage-Controlled Current Sources Current Sources for Floating Loads Current Sources for Grounded Loads Precision Current Sources Using Transistors Floating Current Sources Current-Controlled Current Sources NIC (Negative Impedance Converter) Gyrator Circulator Active Filters Basic Theory of Lowpass Filters Butterworth Lowpass Filters Chebyshev Lowpass Filters Bessel Lowpass Filters Summary of the Theory Lowpass/Highpass Transformation Realization of First-Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters Realization of Second-Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters LRC Filters Filters with Multiple Negative Feedback Filter with Single Positive Feedback Realization of Higher-Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters Lowpass/Bandpass Transformation Second-Order Bandpass Filters Fourth-Order Bandpass Filters Realization of Second-Order Bandpass Filters LRC Bandpass Filter Bandpass Filter with Multiple Negative Feedback Bandpass Filter with Single Positive Feedback Lowpass/Bandstop Filter Transformation Realization of Second-Order Bandstop Filters LRC Bandstop Filter Active Parallel-T Bandstop Filter Active Wien Robinson Bandstop Filter Allpass Filters Basic Principles 826

9 XVI Contents Realization of First-Order Allpass Filters Realization of Second-Order Allpass Filters Adjustable Universal Filters Switched Capacitor Filters Principle SC Integrator First-Order SC Filter Second-Order SC Filters Implementation of SC Filters with ICs General Considerations for Using SC Filters A Survey of Available Types Signal Generators LC Oscillators Condition for Oscillation Meissner Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator Emitter-Coupled LC Oscillator Push Pull Oscillators Crystal Oscillators Electrical Characteristics of a Quartz Crystal Fundamental Frequency Oscillators Harmonic Oscillators Wien Robinson Oscillator Differential-Equation Oscillators Function Generators Basic Arrangement Practical Implementation Function Generators with a Controllable Frequency Simultaneously Producing Sine and Cosine Signals Power Amplifiers Emitter Follower as a Power Amplifier Complementary Emitter Followers Complementary Class-B Emitter Follower Complementary Class-AB Emitter Followers Generation of the Bias Voltage Complementary Darlington Circuits Complementary Source Followers Current Limitation Four-Quadrant Operation Design of a Power Output Stage 879

10 Contents XVII 15.8 Driver Circuits with Voltage Gain Boosting the Output Current of Integrated Operational Amplifiers Power Supplies Properties of Power Transformers Power Rectifiers Half-Wave Rectifier Bridge Rectifier Center-Tap Rectifier Linear Voltage Regulators B asic Regulator Voltage Regulators with a Fixed Output Voltage Voltage Regulators with an Adjustable Output Voltage A Voltage Regulator with a Reduced Dropout Voltage A Voltage Regulator for Negative Voltages Symmetrical Division of a Floating Voltage Voltage Regulator with Sensor Terminals Bench Power Supplies IC Voltage Regulators Reference Voltage Generation Zener Diode References Bandgap Reference Types Switched-Mode Power Supplies Secondary Switching Regulators Step-Down Converters Generating the Switching Signal Step-Up Converters Inverting Converter Charge Pump Converter Integrated Switching Regulators Primary Switching Regulators Single-Ended Converters Push Pull Converters High-Frequency Transformers Power Switches Generating the Switching Signals Loss Analysis IC Drive Circuits Analog Switches and Sample-and-Hold Circuits Principle 929

11 XVIII Contents 17.2 Electronic Switches FET Switch Diode Switch Bipolar Transistor Switch Differential Amplifier Switch Analog Switches Using Amplifiers Analog Switches for High Voltages Amplifier with Switchable Gain Sample-and-Hold Circuits Basic Principles Practical Implementation Digital-Analog and Analog-Digital Converters Sampling Theorem Practical Aspects Resolution Principles of D/A Conversion D/A Converters in CMOS Technology Summation of Weighted Currents D/A Converters with Double-Throw Switches Ladder Network Inverse Operation of a Ladder Network A Ladder Network for Decade Weighting D/A Converters in Bipolar Technology D/A Converters for Special Applications Processing Signed Numbers Multiplying D/A Converters Dividing D/A Converters D/A Converter as Function Generator Accuracy of DA Converters Static Errors Dynamic Characteristics Principles of A/D Conversion Design of A/D Converters Parallel Converter Two Step Converters Successive Approximation Counting Method Oversampling Errors in AD-Converters Static Errors Dynamic Errors Comparison of AD-Converters 985

12 Contents XIX 19. Digital Filters Digital Transfer Function Time Domain Analysis Frequency Domain Analysis Basic Structures Design Analysis of FIR Filters Basic Equations Simple Examples Calculating the Filter Coefficients Realization of FIR Filters Realization of FIR Filters Using the Parallel Method Realization of FIR Filters Using the Serial Method Design of DR Filters Calculating the Filter Coefficients IIR Filters in a Cascade Structure Realization of IIR Filters Construction from Simple Building Blocks Design Using LSI Devices Comparison of FIR and IIR Filters Measurement Circuits Measurement of Voltage Impedance Converter Measurement of Potential Difference Isolation Amplifiers Measurement of Current Floating Zero-Resistance Ammeter Measurement of Current at High Potentials AC/DC Converters Measurement of the Mean Absolute Value Measurement of the rms Value Measurement of the Peak Value Synchronous Demodulator Sensors and Measurement Systems Temperature Measurement Metals as PTC Thermistors Silicon-Based PTC Thermistors NTC Thermistors Operation of Resistive Temperature Detectors Transistors as Temperature Sensors Thermocouple An Overview of Types 1075

13 XX Contents 21.2 Pressure Measurement Design of Pressure Sensors The Operation of Temperature-Compensated Pressure Sensors Temperature Compensation for Pressure Sensors Commercially Available Pressure Sensors Humidity Measurement Humidity Sensors Interfacing Circuits for Capacitive Humidity Sensors The Transmission of Sensor Signals Electrical (Direct-Coupled) Signal Transmission Electrically Isolated Signal Transmission Calibration of Sensor Signals Calibration of the Analog Signal Computer-Aided Calibration Electronic Controllers Underlying Principles Controller Types P-controller PI-Controller PID-Controller The PID-Controller with Adjustable Parameters Control of Nonlinear Systems Static Nonlinearity Dynamic Nonlinearity Phase-Locked Loop Sample-and-Hold Circuit as a Phase Detector Synchronous Demodulator as a Phase Detector The Frequency-Sensitive Phase Detector The Phase Detector with an Extensible Measuring Range The PLL as a Frequency Multiplier Optoelectronic Components Basic Photometric Terms Photoconductive Cells Photodiodes Phototransistors Light-Emitting Diodes Optocouplers Visual Displays Binary Displays Analog Displays Numerical Displays 1138

14 Contents XXI Multiplex Displays Alphanumeric Displays 1141 Part III. Communication Circuits Basics Telecommunication Systems Transmission Channels Cable Radio Communication Fibre Optic Links Comparison of Transmission Channels Reflection Coefficient and S Parameters Wave Parameters Reflection Coefficient Wave Source S Parameters Modulation Methods Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Digital Modulation Methods Multiple Use and Grouping of Communication Channels Multiplex Operation Duplex Operation Transmitters and Receivers Transmitters Transmitters with Analogue Modulation Transmitters with Digital Modulation Generating Local Oscillator Frequencies Receivers Direct-Detection Receivers Superheterodyne Receivers Gain Control Dynamic Range of a Receiver Receivers for Digital Modulation Passive Components High-Frequency Equivalent Circuits Resistor Inductor Capacitor Filters 1289

15 XXII Contents LC-Filters Dielectric Filters SAW Filters Circuits for Impedance Transformation Impedance Matching Coupling Power Splitters and Hybrids Power Splitter Hybrids High-Frequency Amplifiers Integrated High-Frequency Amplifiers Impedance Matching Noise Figure High-Frequency Amplifiers with Discrete Transistors Generalized Discrete Transistor Setting the Operating Point (Biasing) Impedance Matching for a Single-Stage Amplifier Impedance Matching in Multi-stage Amplifiers Neutralization Special Circuits for Improved Impedance Matching Noise Broadband Amplifiers Principle of a Broadband Amplifier Design of a Broadband Amplifier Power Gain Direct Power Gain Insertion Gain Transfer Gain Available Power Gain Comparison of Gain Definitions Gain with Impedance Matching at Both Sides Maximum Power Gain with Transistors Mixers Functional Principle of an Ideal Mixer Up-Conversion Mixer Down-Conversion Mixer Functional Principles of Practical Mixers Additive Mixing Multiplicative Mixers Mixers with Diodes Unbalanced Diode Mixer 1381

16 Contents XXIII Single Balanced Diode Mixers Double Balanced Diode Mixer Diode Mixers in Practical Use Mixers with Transistors _ Single Balanced Mixer Double Balanced Mixer (Gilbert Mixer) Appendix PSpice Brief User's Guide General Programs and Files A Simple Example Further Examples Integrating Other Libraries Some Typical Errors isplever Brief User's Guide Outline Circuit Entry Pin Assignment Simulation Optimization Programming Outlook Passiv RC and LRC Networks The Lowpass Filter The Highpass Filter Compensated Voltage Divider Passive RC Bandpass Filter Wien Robinson Bridge _ Parallel-T Filter Resonant Circuit Definitions and Nomenclature Types of the 7400 Digital Families Standard Series Color code Manufacturers 1518 Bibliography 1525 Index 1529

Chapter 1 Semiconductors and the p-n Junction Diode 1

Preface xiv Chapter 1 Semiconductors and the p-n Junction Diode 1 1-1 Semiconductors 2 1-2 Impure Semiconductors 5 1-3 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors 7 1-4 Thep-nJunction 9' 1-5 The Meta1-Semiconductor