ELECTRONICS WITH DISCRETE COMPONENTS
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1 ELECTRONICS WITH DISCRETE COMPONENTS Enrique J. Galvez Department of Physics and Astronomy Colgate University WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 ^ CONTENTS Preface vii 1 The Basics Foreword: Welcome to Electronics! I 1.2 Charge and Potential Capacitors Electrical Current Resistors Magnetic Devices Magnetic Fields and Coils Inductors Power Circuits Equivalent Resistances Kirchhoff's Laws Voltage Dividers Multiloop Circuits Transient Circuits Abstractions and Symbol Jargon Problems Lab Projects An Application of the Voltage Divider: A Darkness Sensor Delayed Switch 34 xi
3 XII CONTENTS RC Circuit as an Integrator and Differentiator Practicum Test 36 PART I DIGITAL 37 2 Introduction to Digital Electronics Number Systems Number-System Conversions Arithmetic Operations Codes Signed Numbers Binary Functions Fundamental Gates Universal Gates Specialty Gates Utilitarian Gates Matrix Representation Logic Families С Wirings Problems Lab Projects Serial Transmission of ASCII-Coded Characters Practicum Test 64 3 Combinational Logic Boolean Algebra Theorems NAND-Gate Implementation Representation of Boolean Functions Analytical Tabular Graphical Simplification of Functions Algebraic Graphical Karnaugh Maps Minterms Two-Variable Map Three-Variable Map Four-Variable Map Don't Care Conditions More Than Four Variables Three-Dimensional Karnaugh Maps Brute-Force Logic Wrap-Up Wiring Digest: Open Collector/Drain Outputs Problems Lab Projects 86
4 CONTENTS xiii The TTL Half Adder: Design and Construction The Arithmetic Logical Unit Practicum Test 89 4 Advanced Combinational Devices 91 Pragmatic Designing Adders Decoders Demultiplexers Encoders Multiplexers Problems Lab Projects Multiplexing 5 Sequential Logic Definitions Flip-Flops D Flip-Flop Edge-Trigger JK and T Flip-Flops Applications of Flip-Flops Latch or Register Frequency Divider Switch Debouncers Counters Shift Registers Multivibrators Memory Memory Cell Memory ICs Memory Addressing Memory Access Epilogue to Digital: Digital I/O Application: Digital Input from Switches Application: Digital Output to Lights Problems Lab Projects Sequential Circuits Memory Access Practicum Test 145 PART II ANALOG AC Signals AC Circuits Representation of AC Signals 150
5 XIV CONTENTS Capacitor in an AC Circuit Inductor in an AC Circuit Complex Numbers Redefinition of Reactances Generalized Ohm's Law Dissipated Power Worked Example 6.2 Equivalent Circuits Thevenin's Theorem Norton' s Theorem 6.3 Circuit Loading Maximizing Signal Transfer Maximizing Power Transfer 6.4 Problems 6.5 Lab Projects Circuits and Thevenin AC Signals Diagnosing AC Signals Impedance Matching Practicum Test 7 Filters and the Frequency Domain 7.1 RC Filters 7.2 High-Pass Filters 7.3 Low-Pass Filter 7.4 Cascading Filters 7.5 Important Considerations for Filter Desig f vs. A) Determining w c 7.6 Transformer 7.7 Resonant Circuits and Band-Pass Filters 7.8 Higher-Order Filters 7.9 Fourier Series 7.10 Problems 7.11 Lab Projects Filters Application: Audio Filter Fourier Analysis Practicum Test 8 Diodes 8.1 Physics of Semiconductors Structure Energetics Compounds Doping The p-n Junction
6 8.2 Diodes 8.3 Designing Diode Circuits Load Line Method "Quick and Dirty" Circuit Design for Diodes 8.4 Diode Fauna LED and Laser Diode Photoconductor Photodiodes Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells Zener Diode More Diodes 8.5 Diode Applications Rectification Clipping Diode Clamping Peak Detector Voltage Multipliers Zener Regulator Touch Sensors 8.6 Problems 8.7 Lab Projects I-V Curve Diode Clamp Make-and-Take LED Flasher Application: A Regulated Power Supply Zener Diode Circuits Solar Cells Practicum Test Transistors 9.1 The Bipolar-Junction Transistor Operation of the В JT The Transistor Switch The Emitter Follower Current Source The Voltage Amplifier Biasing the Transistor 9.2 Field-Effect Transistors Inside the FET Operation of the FET The MOSFET Switch Current Sources Variable Resistors 9.3 Problems 9.4 Lab Projects BJT Transistors FET Practicum Test
7 XVI CONTENTS 10 Operational Amplifiers 10.1 Negative Feedback 10.2 Closed-Loop Circuits Noninverting Amplifier Follower Inverting Amplifier Summing Amplifier Differential Amplifier Current Source Current-to-Voltage Converter Integrator Differentiator Impedance Transformer Complex Feedback and the "Mystery Circuit' Active Filters Sample and Hold Voltage Regulators Feedback Digest 10.3 Open-Loop Circuits Peak Detector Comparator LM555 Timer Relaxation Oscillators 10.4 Real Op-Amps Voltage Gain Slew Rate Common-Mode Gain Input Impedance Output Impedance Output Current Input Bias Current Input Offset Voltage Power Supply Voltage 10.5 Problems 10.6 Lab Projects The Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier Mystery Circuit Servo and a Constant-Illumination Controller Real Op-Amps Practicum Test 11 Connecting Digital to Analog and to the World 11.1 TTL Gates Totem-Pole Output Modified Totem-Pole Output Tristate Output 11.2 CMOS Gates
8 CONTENTS XVII 11.3 Interfacing Analog Driving Digital Digital Driving Analog Analog-to-Digital Conversion Interfacing the World Problems Lab Projects Stepper Motor Connecting to the Analog World 319 Appendix A Logic Board 321 Appendix В If the Circuit Does Not Work 323 B.l Design 323 B.2 The Obvious 324 B.3 Placement 324 B.4 Pins 324 B.5 Breadboards 324 B.5.1 Past the Obvious 324 B.5.2 Digital Circuits 324 B.5.3 Analog Circuits 325 B.6 Abusive Power 325 B.7 Stuck 325 B.8 Done! 325 Appendix С Curve Tracer 327 C.l I-V Curves for Diodes 327 C.2 I-V Curves for Transistors 328 Index 331
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