Introductory Electronics for Scientists and Engineers

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1 Introductory Electronics for Scientists and Engineers Second Edition ROBERT E. SIMPSON University of New Hampshire Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Boston London Sydney Toronto

Contents Preface xiü 1 Direct Current Circuits 1 1.1 Electric Charge and Current, 1 1.2 Voltage, 3 1.3 Resistance, 4 1.4 Ohm's Law, 8 1.5 Batteries, 13 1.6 Power, 16 1.

2 Contents Preface xiü 1 Direct Current Circuits Electric Charge and Current, Voltage, Resistance, Ohm's Law, Batteries, Power, Temperature Variations of Resistivity and Resistance, Kirchhoff's Laws and Network Analysis, Voltage Dividers, Ideal Voltage and Current Sources, The Superposition Theorem, Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's Theorem, The Wheatstone Bridge, 44 2 Alternating Current Circuits Periodic Waveforms, Ac Power, Capacitance, Capacitive Reactance, Inductance, Mutual Inductance, Inductance Reactance, The Complex Voltage Plane, RC High-Pass Filter, RC Low-Pass Filter, RLC Circuits, 86 Щ 2.12 Series and Parallel Resonance, Q (Quality Factor), 98

viii 3 Fourier Analysis and Pulses 107 3.1 Introduction, 107 3.2 Description of a Pulse, 107 3.3 Fourier Analysis, 108 3.4 Integrating Circuit (Low-Pass Filter), 129 3.

3 viii 3 Fourier Analysis and Pulses Introduction, Description of a Pulse, Fourier Analysis, Integrating Circuit (Low-Pass Filter), Differentiating Circuit (High-Pass Filter), Pulse Sharpening Circuit, Compensated Voltage Divider, 142 Contents 4 Semiconductor Physics Introduction, Energy Levels, Crystals, Energy Levels in a Crystal Lattice, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Fermi-Dirac Statistics, Electron Energy Distribution, Conduction in Semiconductors, p-n Junctions, The Photovoltaic Diode, Diode Applications, The Bipolar Transistor Introduction, Transistor Construction, Biasing and Current Flow Inside a Transistor, Amplification, Biasing and Graphical Treatment, Temperature Stability, Common Emitter Amplifier Design, Common Collector Amplifier Design, Common Base Amplifier Design, Transistor Equivalent Circuits, Transistor Switches, The Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Introduction, JFET Construction, FET у Parameter Equivalent Circuit, 264

Contents 6.4 The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET), 267 6.5 Sample FET Circuits, 273 6.6 Power MOSFET, 280 6.7 The FET Versus the Bipolar Transistor, 284 7 Feedback 287 7.

4 Contents 6.4 The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET), Sample FET Circuits, Power MOSFET, The FET Versus the Bipolar Transistor, Feedback Introduction, Negative Voltage Feedback, Examples of Negative-Feedback Amplifier Circuits, Negative Current Feedback, Positive Feedback, Practical Comments and Neutralization, The Miller Effect, The Cascode Amplifier, The Gain-Bandwidth Product, Noise Introduction, Interference, 32* 8.3 Thermal Noise or Johnson Noise, Shot Noise, Calculating Amplifier Noise, Flicker Noise, Noise Temperature, Lock-In Detection, The Phase-Locked Loop, Signal Averaging Techniques, Operational Amplifiers Introduction, Integrated Circuit Construction, С Heat Dissipation, The Ideal Versus the Actual Op Amp, Op Amp Circuitry, Two Simple Op Amp Amplifiers, Two Simple Rules for Analyzing Op Amp Circuits, Op Amp Parameters, 381

X Contents 10 Operational Amplifier Circuits, 412 10.1 Introduction, 412 10.2 The Inverting Amplifier, 412 10.3 The Noninverting Amplifier, 414 10.4 The Differential Amplifier, 417 10.

5 X Contents 10 Operational Amplifier Circuits, Introduction, The Inverting Amplifier, The Noninverting Amplifier, The Differential Amplifier, The Op Amp Power Booster, Compensation or Equalization Amplifiers, The Summing Amplifier, The Current-to-Voltage Converter (The Transconductance Amplifier), The Voltage-to-Current Converter, The Current-to-Current Converter, The Logarithmic Converter, The Ideal Diode, The Peak Detector, The Sample-and-Hold Circuit, The Op Amp Differentiator, The Op Amp Integrator, The Charge-Sensitive Amplifier, Op Amp Comparators, The Schmitt Trigger, The Square-Wave Generator or Astable Multivibrator, The Triangle-Wave Generator or Ramp Generator, The Monostable Multivibrator or One Shot, The Voltage-Controlled Oscillator, Sine-Wave Oscillators, Active Filters and Regulators Introduction to Filters, The Damped Driven Mechanical Oscillator, The Negative-Impedance Converter and Gyrator, The Sallen Key Active Filter, Filter Behavior in the Time and Frequency Domains, The Bandpass Filter, The Bandstop Filter, Regulated Power Supplies, 511

Contents xi 12 Basic Digital Concepts 528 12.1 Introduction, 528 12.2 Number Systems, 530 12.3 Number Codes, 533 12.4 Boolean Algebra, 537 12.5 Binary Gates, 541 12.

6 Contents xi 12 Basic Digital Concepts Introduction, Number Systems, Number Codes, Boolean Algebra, Binary Gates, Positive Logic and Negative Logic, Logic Families, Interfacing, Basic Digital Circuits Introduction, Hip-Flops, Ripple or Asynchronous Counters, Synchronous Counters, Serial/Parallel Data Conversion, Digital Clocks and Monostable Multivibrators (One-Shots), Binary Arithmetic, Logic, and Memory Introduction, Binary Addition, Binary Subtraction, Binary Multiplication, Binary Division, Memory, The Lookup Table Technique, Read-Only Memories (ROMs), Magnetic Disk Memory, Magnetic Tape Memory, Magnetic Tape Recording Techniques, Future Storage Techniques, 697 : 15 Analog/Digital Conversion Introduction, The Digital-to-Analog Converter, The Sampling Theorem, 715

xii Contents 15.4 A/D Converter Circuits, 725 15.5 Serial and Parallel Interfacing, 746 16 Microprocessors and Microcomputers 758 16.1 Introduction, 758 16.

7 xii Contents 15.4 A/D Converter Circuits, Serial and Parallel Interfacing, Microprocessors and Microcomputers Introduction, The Microprocessor Versus the Microcomputer, Microprocessor Instructions and Programming, The 8085 Microprocessor Instruction Set, Waveform Generation, Digital Filtering, Microprocessor-Controlled Measurement, Microprocessor Control of Experimental Variables, Microprocessor Buses, 811 Appendix A: Components: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, and Transformers 816 Appendix B: Batteries 821 Appendix C: Measuring Instruments 824 Appendix D: Cables and Connectors 831 Appendix E: Complex Numbers 835 Appendix F: Transistors and Op Amps 838 Appendix G: The 8085 Instruction Set 840 Appendix H: Suggested Laboratory Experiments 843 Appendix I: References 926 Index 930

ELECTRONICS WITH DISCRETE COMPONENTS

ELECTRONICS WITH DISCRETE COMPONENTS Enrique J. Galvez Department of Physics and Astronomy Colgate University WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ^ CONTENTS Preface vii 1 The Basics 1 1.1 Foreword: Welcome to