Analogue Electronic Systems
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1 Unit 47: Unit code Analogue Electronic Systems F/615/1515 Unit level 5 Credit value 15 Introduction Analogue electronic systems are still widely used for a variety of very important applications and this unit explores some of the specialist applications of this technology. The aim of this unit is to further develop students understanding of the application of analogue and digital devices in the design of electronic circuits. Students will investigate the design and testing of electronic systems based on a sound theoretical knowledge of the characteristics of electronic devices supported by Electronic Computer Aided Design (ECAD) tools, and then construct and test sample physical circuits. Students will be able to explain the characteristics of analogue and digital subsystems and the representation and processing of information within them. Upon completion of this unit students will be aware of techniques employed in the design and evaluation of analogue and digital subsystems used in the development of complete electronic systems. Learning Outcomes By the end of this unit students will be able to: 1. Design single stage analogue amplifier circuits to predict and measure, by simulation, the gain, frequency response and input and output resistances. 2. Develop functional subsystems through an understanding of the characteristics of operational amplifiers. 3. Examine the characteristics of information represented in analogue and digital format to assess techniques for the conversion of signals between analogue and digital formats. 4. Design electronic circuits using physical components. 312
2 Essential Content LO1 Design single stage analogue amplifier circuits to predict and measure, by simulation, the gain, frequency response and input and output resistances Bipolar Junction Transistor models: The theory of operation of the Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), together with DC biasing conditions of BJT for linear amplifier applications. Characteristics of common emitter, common collector and common base amplifier configurations. DC hfe and small signal common emitter h-parameter model and the common emitter hydrid- model of the BJT. Show gm =~ IC/26mV for silicon BJT at room temperature. Bipolar Junction Transistor small signal amplifiers: Four-resistor BJT common-emitter amplifier and its predicted AC voltage gain. ECAD used to determine the mid-band voltage gain and input and output resistances. The effect of input, output and emitter decoupling capacitors and tuned L-C collector load. Bipolar Junction Transistor large signal amplifiers: Examples of class A, B, AB, C and D large signal amplifiers. Use of ECAD to investigate the characteristics of sample power amplifier circuits. Field Effect Transistor models: The theory of operation of the Field Effect Transistor (FET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET). Application of FETs and MOSFETs in switching circuits and linear amplifiers, including complementary MOSFET stages. Apply FET AC equivalent circuit models. Examples of specific applications of FET that have been developed for specialist applications. 313
3 LO2 Develop functional subsystems through an understanding of the characteristics of operational amplifiers Operational amplifier components: Circuit configuration and the operation of the long-tailed pair differential amplifier, current mirror and class AB amplifiers and relate these to circuits of operational amplifiers published in manufacturers data sheets. Operational amplifier characteristics: Characteristics of practical operational amplifiers, including open loop gain, input offset voltage, common mode input range, saturated output levels, slew rate and gain-bandwidth product. Describe the ideal operational amplifier model and relate these to the specifications of practical operational amplifiers. Characteristics of the operational amplifier with negative feedback applied. Operational amplifier applications: Description of a range of subsystems, including the voltage comparator, inverting and non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, differential amplifier, linear voltage regulator, switched mode voltage regulator, differentiator, integrator, filters, sinusoidal oscillator, Schmitt trigger and Schmitt oscillator. Sub-system specifications and evaluations in time and frequency domains, as appropriate. Use of ECAD tools. LO3 Examine the characteristics of information represented in analogue and digital format to assess techniques for the conversion of signals between analogue and digital formats The characteristics of information represented electronically: Comparison of the implications of capturing, processing and storing information represented by analogue signals and by digital data, including amplitude range, frequency range, accuracy, resolution, linearity, drift, noise and signal-to-noise ratio. Digital to analogue and analogue to digital converters: Evaluation and comparison of digital to analogue converters based on the binary weighted resistor and the R/2R ladder network techniques. Evaluate and comparison of analogue to digital converters based on the single ramp, successive approximation and parallel comparator (flash) techniques. 314
4 Advantages of using non-linear conversion curves in communications applications. Techniques for multichannel operation using multiplexing and de-multiplexing techniques applied to both digital and analogue channels. Examples of commercially available converters and the implementation of analogue input and output ports to digital processing devices found within embedded systems. LO4 Design electronic circuits using physical components Sub-system design, implementation and evaluation: Examples of electronic subsystems. Development of specifications to achieve a useful function and design of circuits to achieve this function. Simulation of design using ECAD tools. Building of circuits as designed, application of a range of appropriate bench tests to evaluate its operation, and comparing its actual operation to the design specifications and the simulation results. 315
5 Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria Pass Merit Distinction LO1 Design single stage analogue amplifier circuits to predict and measure, by simulation, the gain, frequency response and input and output resistances P1 Design single stage amplifier circuits and measure key aspects by simulation. M1 Relate simulation results to circuit designs and analyse discrepancies. D1 Critically analyse the relationship between the circuit design and simulation results, making justified and operable recommendations for changes to the specifications of the circuits. LO2 Develop functional subsystems through an understanding of the characteristics of operational amplifiers P2 Present the key components of operational amplifiers. P3 Determine the operation of subsystems from the ideal model of the operational amplifier and by simulation results. M2 Design operational amplifier subsystems simulated in time and frequency domains. M3 Critically analyse simulation results with reference to the expected results. D2 Communicate circuit designs to specialist audiences. The implications of manufacturers data sheets are understood so that practical designs can be produced. LO3 Examine the characteristics of information represented in analogue and digital format to assess techniques for the conversion of signals between analogue and digital formats P4 Examine the limitations of representing information in both analogue and digital form. P5 Specify the technical characteristics of converters to meet a given set of requirements. M4 Critically evaluate the characteristics and the limitations of converter topologies and their specific applications. D3 Critically evaluate the implications of resolution, conversion time and nonlinear conversion curves on accuracy and noise. LO4 Design electronic circuits using physical components P6 Design an electronic circuit. P7 Simulated construct and test the design on the bench. M5 Critically analyse design equations, simulation and bench test results, ensuring discrepancies are recorded and explained. D4 Communicate circuit designs to specialist audiences, showing variation of circuit function in simulations as a result of design changes or component tolerances. 316
6 Recommended Resources Textbooks LATHI, B.P. and ZHI, D. (2009) Modern Digital and Analog Communications Systems. Oxford Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering. 4th Ed. Oxford University Press. STOREY, N. (2013) Electronics: A Systems Approach. 5th Ed. Pearson. Links This unit links to the following related units: Unit 19: Electrical and Electronic Principles 317
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