Preface... iii. Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits... 1

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1 Table of Contents Preface... iii Chapter 1: Diodes and Circuits Introduction Structure of an Atom Classification of Solid Materials on the Basis of Conductivity Atomic Bonds Energy Band Theory Semiconductors... 5 Intrinsic Semiconductors... 5 Extrinsic Semiconductors p n Junction Formation of Depletion Region Barrier Potential Biasing of a p n Junction p n Junction Diode V I Characteristics of a p n Junction Diode Effect of Temperature on the Diode V I Characteristics Diode Equivalent Circuit Models Using the Diode as a Rectifier Filter Circuits Zener Diode V I Characteristics of a Zener Diode Equivalent Circuit of a Zener Diode Breakdown Mechanisms in a Zener Diode Specifications of a Zener Diode Zener Diode Applications Light Emitting Diode Materials for LED LED Characteristics LED Display... 61

2 vi Table of Contents Multiplexed Display Summary Problems Multiple Choice Questions Solved Questions True or False Unsolved Questions Chapter 2: Semiconductor Devices and Applications Introduction Bipolar Junction Transistor Structure of BJT Working of a Transistor Current Components of a Transistor Performance Parameters of BJT Modes of Operation in BJT Configurations of BJT Static Characteristics of BJT Direct Current (DC) Analysis of a Transistor DC Load Line Analysis Concept of Amplification Amplifier Characters Voltage Amplifier Single Stage RC Coupled CE Amplifier Gain Bandwidth Product Frequency Response Applications of BJT Specifications of BJT Field Effect Transistor Advantages of FET Over BJT Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Power Semiconductor Devices Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Diode for Alternating Current (DIAC) Triode for Alternating Current (TRIAC)

3 Table of Contents vii Summary Problems Multiple Choice Questions Solved Questions True or False Unsolved Questions Chapter 3: OP AMP and Applications Introduction The OP AMP s Schematic Symbol and Pin Configuration DC Power Supply for OP AMP The Ideal OP AMP The Ideal Differential Amplifier The Differential Gain (Ad) The Common Mode Gain (AC) The Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Block Diagram of a Typical OP AMP The Ideal OP AMP The Equivalent Circuit of an OP AMP The Practical OP AMP Op Amp applications The 741 IC The 741 IC Pin Configuration Features of 741 IC Packages of Op Amp The Characteristics of 741 IC The Open Loop Configuration of OP AMP (Comparator) The Closed Loop Configuration of OP AMP Gain with or without Feedback The Negative Feedback and its Gain The Advantages of Negative Feedback The Applications of Negative Feedback Negative Feedback Configuration Comparing four types of feedback amplifiers The Positive feedback and its Gain The Applications of Positive Feedback

4 viii Table of Contents 3.16 The Virtual Short The Virtual Ground The Zero input current The Inverting Amplifier Applications of Inverting Amplifier The Non Inverting Amplifier The Voltage Follower Advantages of the Voltage Follower The Adder or Summing Amplifier The Inverting Adder or Inverting Summing Amplifier The Non inverting adder or Non inverting Summing Amplifier The Three Input Signals Non inverting adder or Non inverting Summing Amplifier The Difference or Subtractor Amplifier The Integrator The Input and Output Waveforms of Integrator Circuit The Differentiator The Input and Output Waveforms of Differentiator Circuit The Voltage to Current Converter (V to I) Applications of Voltage to Current Converter The Current to Voltage Converter (I to V) Applications of Current to Voltage Converter The OP AMP Waveform Generator The Barkhausen Criterion The Square Wave Generator The Inverting Schmitt Trigger The Non Inverting Schmitt Trigger The Astable Multivibrator The Sine Wave Generator The RC Phase Shift Oscillator using OP AMP The Wien s Bridge Ocillator using OP AMP The Triangular Wave Generator Summary Problems Multiple Choice Questions Solved Questions

5 Table of Contents ix True or False Unsolved Questions Chapter 4: Digital Electronics Introduction Positive and Negative Logic Logic Operations and Operators The NOT Logic Operator The AND Logic Operator The OR Logic Operator Logic Gates The NOT Gate The AND Gate The OR Gate The NAND Gate The NOR Gate The Exclusive OR Gate The Exclusive NOR Gate Universal Gates The Boolean Algebra Laws of Boolean Algebra The DeMorgan s Theorems Duality The Digital ICs Logic Families Integrated Circuit Technology The Logic Circuits The Binary Adder The Half Adder The Full Adder The Multiplexer The 2:1 Multiplexer The 4:1 Multiplexer The Demultiplexer The 1:2 Demultiplexer The 1:4 Demultiplexer The Flip Flop

6 x Table of Contents The Clock Pulse The Set Reset Flip Flop The Clocked SR Flip Flop The JK Flip Flop The D Flip Flop Shift Register Serial Shift Left Register Serial Shift Right Register SIPO Shift Register PISO Shift Register PIPO Shift Register Counters Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Up Counter) Synchronous Counter Ripple Down Counter The Microprocessor The Microcontroller Advantages of Microcontroller and Microprocessor Applications of Microcontroller and Microprocessor Comparison between Microcontroller and Microprocessor Summary Problems Multiple Choice Questions Solved Problems True and False Unsolved Questions Chapter 5: Industrial Applications of Electronic Devices Introduction Transducers Temperature Transducers Level Transducers Displacement Transducers Pressure Transducers Digital Thermometer Weighing Machine Two Wire Transmitters

7 Table of Contents xi 5.6 PID Controllers Control Loop Action Action Modes of a PID Controller Working Principle of a PID Controller Tuning a Control Loop Advantages of a PID Controller Limitations of a PID Controller Applications of a PID Controller Data Loggers Types of Data Loggers Data Logging Techniques Differences between Data Logging and Data Acquisition Applications of Data Loggers Alarm Annunciator Principle of operation Special Function Modules NC Machine CNC Machine Axis of Motion of a CNC Machine Applications of a CNC Machine Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Components of PLC Working Principle of PLC Advantages and Disadvantages of a PLC Differences between a PLC and a Computer Summary Problems Multiple Choice Questions True or False Unsolved Question Chapter 6: Communication Systems Introduction to Communication System Elements of a Communication System Transmitter Communication Channel

8 xii Table of Contents Receiver Noise Classification of the Electronic Communication Systems On the Basis of Modes of Transmission On The Basis of Nature of signal On the Basis of Transmission Technique IEEE Frequency Spectrum Used in Communication Systems Frequency Bands Units of Measurement and Abbreviations Bandwidth and Other Parameters Spectrum Assignment and Regulation Modulation Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Basics of Transmitters Continuous Wave Transmitter AM Transmitter Methods to Generate FM Waves Radio Receivers Types of Radio Receivers Communication Media and Its Classification Guided Propagation Unguided Propagation Summary Problems Multiple Choice Questions Solved Questions State true or false Unsolved Questions Miscellaneous Questions Answers About the CD Index Test Paper

R.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad. ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

R.B.V.R.R. WOMEN S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Narayanaguda, Hyderabad. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS QUESTION BANK FOR SEMESTER V PHYSICS PAPER VI (A) ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS UNIT I: SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES