Contents. Acknowledgments. About the Author

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1 Contents Figures Tables Preface xi vii xiii Acknowledgments About the Author xv xvii Chapter 1. Basic Mathematics 1 Addition 1 Subtraction 2 Multiplication 2 Division 3 Exponents 3 Equations 5 Subscripts 7 Binary Numbers 8 Octal Numbers 8 Hexadecimal Numbers 9 Binary Coded Decimal Code 9 American Standard Code for Information Interchange 9 Gray Code 10 Review Questions 10 Chapter 2. The Nature of Electricity 11 Atoms 11 Voltage 12 Current 13 Resistance 13 Introduction to Ohm s Law 14 Introduction to Power Law 14 Review Questions 14 Chapter 3. Galvanic Cells and Batteries 15 Galvanic Cells 15 Batteries 15 Review Questions 18 Chapter 4. Ohm s and Power Laws 19 Circuits 19 Ohm s Law 19 Power Law 19 Ohm s Law Examples 20 Simple Circuits 21 Series Circuits 22 iii

2 Parallel Circuits 23 Malfunctioning Circuits 24 Switches in Circuits 25 Review Questions 26 Chapter 5. Conductors and Insulators 27 Characteristics of Materials 27 Current-Carrying Capacity of Conductors 28 Relationship Equation 30 Review Questions 32 Chapter 6. Properties and Characteristics of Magnetism 33 Magnets and Magnetism 33 History 33 Earth as a Giant Magnet 33 Magnetic Properties 34 Nature of Magnetism 34 Types of Magnets 36 Current and Magnetic Fields 38 Coils 40 Magnetic Circuits 41 Review Questions 45 Chapter 7. Induction Principles and AC Generators 47 Alternating Current 47 Direct Current 47 Electric and Magnetic Fields 47 Electromagnetic Induction 48 Alternating Current Properties 53 Review Questions 55 Chapter 8. Electrical Components, Impedance, and Power 57 Resistors 57 Potentiometers 63 Inductors and Inductance 66 Capacitors and Capacitance 68 Impedance 77 Power 78 Review Questions 80 Chapter 9. Electromagnetic Equipment 81 Transformers 81 Filter Choke Coils 89 Induction Motors 89 Power Factor 96 Solenoids 100 Electromechanical Relays 101 Review Questions 101 Chapter 10. Semiconductors and Applications 103 Basic Semiconductor Theory 103 Semiconductor Diodes 106 Bipolar Transistors 110 iv

3 Field-Effect Transistors 117 MOSFETs 119 Solid-State Designations 119 Integrated Circuits 119 Review Questions 126 Chapter 11. Digital Logic 129 Binary Numbers 129 Digital Logic 132 Solid-State Logic Gates 137 Sequential Logic and Memory Devices 140 Flip-Flop Circuits 141 Logic Counter Circuits 147 Encoders and Decoders 150 Storage of Binary Information 152 Review Questions 152 Chapter 12. Electrical Test Instruments 153 d Arsonval Movements 153 Multimeters 159 Oscilloscopes 161 Additional Test and Measuring Instruments 170 Test Instrument Overview 171 Review Questions 171 Chapter 13. Troubleshooting Techniques and Safety 173 Recordkeeping 173 Familiarity with Equipment 174 Operation and Maintenance Manuals 174 Test Instruments 175 Troubleshooting Steps 177 Circuit Testing 180 Troubleshooting Intermittent Malfunctions 181 Field Troubleshooting 181 Remote Terminal Units 181 Field Troubleshooting Instruments 182 Shop Troubleshooting 182 Electrical Safety 183 Safety Summary 189 Review Questions 189 Glossary 191 v

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5 Figures 1. Beam balance balanced by two 2-pound weights A copper atom has 29 electrons Battery with a conductor connects to + and terminals. Note direction of electron flow and hole flow Circuit diagram showing current flowing from + to terminal of battery Four batteries connected in series. Note that current flows in only one path Three batteries connected in parallel. Note that current flows through two paths, one on the battery s positive side, and the other on the negative side Ohm s law wheel Power law wheel A simple circuit with a battery, lamp, and copper wire A series circuit Parallel circuits Short circuit Open circuit Simple switch Switch in a simple circuit Switch in a series circuit Switches in a parallel circuit Four types of switches Examples of insulated wires Earth s poles and magnetic lines of force Magnetic lines of force A. Magnetic molecules arranged in a random manner. B. Magnetic molecules arranged in an organized manner A piece of soft iron placed near a magnet The position of a compass needle in relation to north and south poles of magnets Reaction between two magnets Various shapes of magnets Proper storage of magnets A and B. Effect of current flow on a compass A. Two parallel conductors carrying current that flows in the same direction. B. Parallel conductors with current flowing in opposite directions Two conductors at right angles to each other; current flow in each conductor tries to move the conductors into a parallel position Current flow in a loop; note north and south poles Magnetic field around a loosely-wound coil Magnetic field around a tightly-wound coil Right-hand rule for coils Series circuits; magnetic circuit (top) with Rowland s law and electrical circuit (bottom) with Ohm s law Magnetizing force vs flux density for three materials Magnetic parallel circuit and equivalent parallel electric circuit Electromagnet A-D. Electric fields and charges 48 vii

6 40. Inducing voltage by moving the conductor Inducing voltage by moving the magnet Inducing voltage in a rotating coil Coil connected to a generator Voltage waveforms produced by a rotating coil Three-phase voltage Two types of resistors and the symbol for a resistor Resistor color code Relative resistor sizes in various power ratings Series and parallel resistors AC voltage and current relationship in resistive circuits Types of potentiometers Schematic symbols of a potentiometer and a rheostat Multiple-stacked potentiometers Inducing voltages in inductive circuits The retarding effect of inductance in a circuit Waveforms of current values and voltage values in an inductive AC circuit Coil-wrapped capacitor Rectangular capacitor plates Variable capacitor Charging and discharging a capacitor Relative size and voltage ratings of capacitors Two types of electrolytic capacitors Color code chart for capacitors Time delay using capacitors Graph of current values and voltage values in a capacitive alternating current circuit Single-phase AC induction motor Vector diagram of an R, H, and C circuit to determine impedance Combining R, H, C vectors into impedance Vector representation of Watts and VAR Use of transformers in a distribution system Induction of current in a secondary circuit An iron ring provides a path for magnetic lines Using coils to intensify the magnetic field Laminated transformer core Core with coils in place Examples of transformer windings Variable voltage transformers Current and voltage relationship Identification of transformer terminals (electrical) Identification of transformer terminals (electronic) Power transformer A filter choke, two types of transformers, and a schematic diagram for the audio output transformer AC squirrel-cage induction motor Squirrel-cage rotor A squirrel-cage induction motor s stator Stator core of an induction motor Partially-wound stator for a squirrel-cage motor A typical squirrel-cage rotor, or armature Revolving magnetic fields in the stator of a three-phase induction motor Three-phase currents in the armature of an induction motor 93 viii

7 91. Speed-torque specifications for NEMA designs A, B, C, and D 6-pole motors Connections for determining the power factor of an induction motor circuit Power triangle for the circuit in figure Power factor improvement with an increased load on the motor shown in figure Solenoid valve Single-pole, single-throw (SPST) relay Double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) relay Lattice structure of semiconductor crystals Lattice structure of n-type material Lattice structure of p-type material Movement of free holes through semiconductor crystal Electron flow in n-type crystal Hole flow in p-type crystal Interaction of free electrons and holes at a p-n junction Effect of reverse bias on a p-n junction Forward bias of a p-n junction Symbols for diodes Forward-reverse characteristics of a diode Check valve analogy of a diode Power rectifier Zener diode characteristic Npn transistor Pnp transistor Npn transistor biasing Pnp transistor biasing IGBT power transistor SCR construction and terminals Power SCRs SCR Characteristics p-n junction field-effect transistor P-n junction field-effect transistor Source-drain current characteristics as a function of gate bias MOSFET construction Operational amplifier circuit diagram Symbol for an op amp Op amp with feedback resistor Op amp differentiating circuit Op amp as an integrating amplifier Half-wave transformer-rectifier Transformer center-tap full wave rectifier Full-wave rectifier with LC filter Full-wave rectifier with RLC filter Rectifier bridge full-wave rectifier Zener regulated circuit DC regulators Sophisticated adjustable voltage regulator Three-phase half-wave rectifier Printed wiring board voltage regulator Logic-relay logic symbols Diode AND circuit Diode OR circuit Transistor AND circuit Transistor OR circuit 139 ix

8 143. Transistor NOT circuit Transistor NOR circuit Exclusive OR circuit An npn transistor flip-flop circuit Flip-flop with 3-trigger inputs Frequency dividing flip-flops A latch circuit and logic diagram Schmidt trigger circuit and waveform Differentiating circuit and waveform Diode pulse selection technique Binary counter using flip-flops and gates Logic gates forming a half adder A full adder gate arrangement An adder used to add 4-digit binary numbers Diagram of an encoder A decoder for convening binary numbers to decimal digits Simple electroscope Example of a d Arsonval meter movement A simple single-scale voltmeter An analog voltmeter with selector switch for choosing any of five voltage ranges Analog current meter circuit An ammeter arrangement with five ranges A simple form of ohmmeter A multi-range ohmmeter AC voltmeter with rectifiers and range switch Sine wave after full-wave rectification Sine wave after half-wave rectification Arrangement for measuring alternating current Analog multimeter Testing field-effect transistor (FET) circuits with a VOM Digital multimeter Digital multimeter displays Dual-channel oscilloscope Principal parts of a typical cathode ray tube Positioning controls for an oscilloscope Minimum number of special circuits in an oscilloscope A sawtooth wave of the sort used to drive the horizontal deflection amplifier Pattern of sine wave on oscilloscope screen Sine wave of 15 volts value Sawtooth pulse Dual-trace scope-meter Typical screen display of dual-trace scope-meter Connecting scope-meter to computer Digital current meter Circuit diagram of a type 741 op amp with a typical package format A 1950s-era modular device. Note the vacuum tubes and large relays Printed circuit card containing integrated circuits and numerous discrete components Manufacturer s instruction manuals A troubleshooting chart A step-by-step troubleshooting table Diagram of test points Flow diagram for troubleshooting generator controls 179 x

9 Tables 1. Numbers Arranged in Vertical Columns of Hundreds, Tens, and Ones 1 2. Decimal and Binary Equivalent Numbers 8 3. Binary Number in Groups of Three (Top) and Decimal Equivalents (Bottom) 8 4. Hexadecimal and Binary Equivalent Numbers and Letters 9 5. BCD, Binary, and Decimal Equivalent Numbers 9 6. ASCII Characters and the Equivalent Binary Numbers Gray Code Numbers with Equivalent Binary Numbers Current-Carrying Capacity of Copper Wire Resistivities of Conductors (per mil-foot at 200 C) Temperature Coefficients of Conductors (per mil-foot at 20 C or 68 F) Characteristics of Standard-Gauge Copper Wire Conductor Preferred Values of Resistors Prefixes for SI Units Dielectric Constants Dielectric Strengths NEMA Specified Motor Torque Values Trigonometric Functions Truth Table for C = AB Truth Table for D = ABC Truth Table for D = A + B + C Buffer Gate AND Gate OR Gate Inverter (NOT) Gate NAND Gate NOR Gate Flip-Flop Truth Table Body Response to Various Current Levels Arc Flash Energy 185 xi

Unit/Standard Number. LEA Task # Alignment

Unit/Standard Number. LEA Task # Alignment 1 Secondary Competency Task List 100 SAFETY 101 Demonstrate an understanding of State and School safety regulations. 102 Practice safety techniques for electronics work. 103 Demonstrate an understanding