Students will design, program, and build a robot vehicle to traverse a maze in 30 seconds without touching any sidewalls or going out of bounds.

Transcription

1 Overview Challenge Students will design, program, and build a robot vehicle to traverse a maze in 30 seconds without touching any sidewalls or going out of bounds. Materials Needed One of these sets: TETRIX MAX Programmable Robotics Set (43053) TETRIX MAX Dual-Control Robotics Set (43054) TETRIX PRIME R/C Starter Set (40384) plus TETRIX PRIME Arduino Hardware Kit (42030) Items to create robot maze: painter s tape, blocks or books of various sizes Engineering logbook Objectives By the end of the lesson, students will be able to: Create the challenge maze. Build a robot within the constraints to meet the challenge. Write the steps and create a program for the robot that meets the challenge. Activity Smallest Vehicle Autonomous Challenge Difficulty Intermediate Class Time Six 45-minute class periods Grade Level Middle school High school Learning Focus Engineering design Robot assembly Computer science Math application Analyze the scoring formula, calculate the score of their robot, and determine the winning robot. Test and refine the robot program and design. Demonstrate the effectiveness of the robot to meet the challenge. Reflect and share on the challenge and its real-world applications. 1

2 Step 1: Introduce (15 minutes) Share, define, and refine the challenge. Document this information in the engineering logbook. Write the challenge in your own words. Record the constraints you should follow, the materials that can be used for the solution, and what the testing field will look like. Discuss the constraints and materials that are allowed. Step 2: Brainstorm (30 minutes) Brainstorm ideas to solve the challenge. Create quick sketches and describe solutions to the challenge. Considerations for your design: Could a larger robot use a follow the left-hand wall strategy? Consider what happens in the corners. A robot that is too tall and narrow could fall over when it turns. Think about the center of gravity. The variable is designed to encourage the use of functions. Try to have fewer than 10 lines of code for the L score. More than about 10 lines will quickly run up the score. Your score will increase with the number of runs, or tests, that your robot has to execute to complete the maze. Note the 45 blocks in the two corners. Note the hallway sizes and the shortcut gap size of the example maze. Step 3: Set Up (15 minutes) Build the challenge maze following the pictured guide. It should take 1 m by 1 m of floor space. Use the tape, blocks, and/or books of various sizes. Possible Challenge Maze Start Constraints The team s robot must contain parts from only one set. Scoring formula = 10T + P + 5S + L 2 + 3R + 3W T = time in seconds difference from the ideal time of 30 s P = number of parts in the robot, including each connector and wire S = size of robot in cm of the overall length plus width plus height of the theoretical box that the robot would fit into L = number of lines of code in the loop and setup areas of the robot s sketch R = number of runs by the robot on the official maze W = number of times the robot touches a wall while inside the maze on its run The lowest score wins. Hallways big enough for a 25 cm wide robot to pass through Shortcut gap just big enough for a 13 cm wide robot to squeeze through Finish 2

3 Step 4: Plan (30 minutes) Before building, think about the potential design of the robot and draw or record ideas in the engineering logbook. Consider the following: Drivetrain for speed and control Robot chassis for size The location and orientation of the Line Finder Sensor The location and orientation of the Ultrasonic Sensor Should it be on the front or the top of the robot? Should it be stationary or rotating so that it looks left, right, and front? Possible solutions given robot size Create a detailed sketch of your selected solution to the challenge. Label the materials you will use. Write a detailed description of how your solution meets the challenge, constraints, and criteria. Step 5: Create (45 minutes) Design and build the robot. Remember to update the solution in the engineering logbook as the design is improved. Step 6: Write the Steps (15 minutes) Think through the steps or series of actions that the robot will have to complete in order to meet the challenge. Planning out this series of steps is sometimes referred to as creating a pseudocode for your robot. Record these steps in the engineering logbook and use them as a guide when operating the robot. Notice that the steps are like programming code for the robot to follow. Make sure the robot performs all the steps required in the challenge. Step 7: Create the Program (45 minutes) When you have completed this process, you are ready to begin programming using your steps as a guide. Remember to track changes in the engineering logbook. When you are coding your robot, it is recommended that you write the code using functions so that each task can be tested and adjusted before it is incorporated into the final program. Sample Code 1 This is sample code for a robot that has both a Line Finder Sensor and an Ultrasonic Sensor. This requires only five functions. 1. Go forward until I see a 2. Turn left Go forward until I see a 4. Turn left Go forward until I see a 6. Turn right Go forward until I see a 8. Turn right Go forward until I see a 10. Turn left Go forward until I see a 12. Turn left Go forward until I see a 14. Turn right Go forward until I see a black line. 16. Celebrate. Prepare functions to control your robot, depending upon your solution plan: Larger robot using timing void goforwarduntilwall(int dist) void turnright90() void turnleft90() void goforwarduntilseeblackline() void celebrate() 3

4 Small robot taking the shortcut and using the wall void goforwardlookingrightuntilseeblack Line() void celebrate() There are many other possible solution plans that use other functions. Check each of your functions as you write them to make sure they work as you intend. Now, write a test sketch to try them all out. Step 8: Test (45 minutes) Test the solution. Place the robot into the challenge maze and press the Start button to execute the code. Refine the solution. Adjust the design and code as needed. Document any changes in the engineering logbook. Sample Code 2 This is sample code for a small robot that has a Line Finder Sensor and an Ultrasonic Sensor. The Ultrasonic Sensor would point to the right-hand side of the robot, requiring only one function. 1. Follow right-hand wall until I see a black line. 2. Celebrate. Step 9: Demonstrate (15 minutes) When the robot has been tested and successfully navigates the challenge maze, demonstrate its performance in a final test. Step 10: Reflect and Share (15 minutes) Look back at the prototype. How does it compare to the final design? Look back at the original steps. How do they compare to the final steps? Discuss the original prototype, the final robot code, the solution as implemented, and how this challenge applies to the real world of robot design and programming. Step 11: Extensions Warehouse Parts Robot The aisles in a warehouse are as narrow as possible so as much material as possible can be stacked onto shelving. Design a warehouse with 25 cm wide aisles that has parts (small blocks) placed in cordoned-off areas. The robot needs to be able to get to a given part, collect it, and return it to the start area for loading onto a truck. Warehouse Stocking Robot This is like the previous challenge, but instead the robot places parts onto the shelves. The Real Warehouse Assign each storage shelf coordinates based upon a coordinate system. Have the robot place at least three objects onto shelves and collect three different objects from three other shelves. Tunnel Checker Purchase some 15 cm diameter PVC or similar pipe. Have the robot proceed into the pipe until it comes to a restriction and then count its steps (each rotation of a wheel equals one step) back to the start. 4

5 Mars Explorer Add another variable for weight restriction to any of the previous activities. For example, anything more than a 0.5 kg limit is penalized at 3M for each 0.1 kg above that limit. The M variable would represent the mass of the robot. Change the maze to an open field with objects (small wads of paper) to find and bring back to the spaceship. Government Purchase Design a cost sheet for each type of part in the TETRIX kit. Add a cost variable (C) to the scoring formula based upon the cost sheet. Adjust the presentation requirements to reflect this new variable by having each team make a sales presentation to an outside audience. 5