Fast Electrical and Optical Measurements Volume I

Transcription

1 Fast Electrical and Optical Measurements Volume I

2 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioural and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Social Sciences DordrechtiBoston/Lancaster E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin/Heidelberg/New York G Ecological Sciences Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 108

3 Fast Electrical and Optical Measurements Volume I - Current and Voltage Measurements edited by James E. Thompson, PhD. Chairman, Electrical Engineering Department University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas 76019, USA Lawrence H. Luessen Head, Directed Energy Branch Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren, Virginia 22448, USA Editorial Committee: Anthony K. Hyder, Jr., PhD. Associate Vice President for Research Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Millard F. Rose, PhD. Director, Space Power Institute Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Magna Kristiansen, PhD. PW. Horn Professor of Electrical Engineering Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA Susie M. Anderson EG&G Washington Analytical Services Dahlgren, Virginia, USA 1986 Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fast Electrical and Optical Diagnostic Principles and Techniques, II Ciocco, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Italy, July 10-24, 1983 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fast Electrical and Optical Diagnostic Principles and Techniques (1983 : Castelvecchio Pascoli, Italy) Fast electrical and optical measurements. (NATO AS! series. Series E, Applied sciences ) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fast Electrical and Optical Diagnostic Principles and Techniques, II Ciocco, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Italy, July 10-24, 1983"--T-.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes index. 1. Electric measurements--congresses. 2. Optical measurements--congresses. I. Thompson, James E. I I. Luessen, Lawrence H. I I I. North At lant ic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV. Title. V. Series. TK277.N ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Ail rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Copyright 1986 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, Dordrecht in Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986

5 v PREFACE An Advanced Study Institute on Fast Electrical and Optical Diagnostic Principles and Techniques was held at II Ciocco, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Italy, July This publication is the Proceedings from that Institute. The Institute was attended by ninety-seven participants representing the United States, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, the Netherlands, Italy, and France. The objective of the Institute was to provide a broad but comprehensive presentation of the various measurement and analysis techniques that can be employed to investigate fast physical events, nominally in the sub-microsecond regime. This requires both an understanding of the basic principles underlying the diagnostic employed and its limitations, and a knowledge of the practical techniques available to obtain reliable and repeatable data. This Institute was thus structured to begin tutorially, followed by more practical techniques, demonstrations, and discussions. The Institute was divided into the following major sections: (1) Overview of Applications and Needs; (2) Voltage and Current Measurements; (3) Data Acquisition; (4) Grounding and Shielding; (5) Fast Photography; (6) Refractive Index Measurements; (7) X-ray Diagnostics; (8) Spectroscopy; and (9) Active Optical Techniques. This Proceeding has been divided into two separate volumes. Volume 1, Current and Voltage Measurements, includes Sections (1) through (4) above; Volume 2, Optical Measurements, includes Sections (5) through (9). In addition, three sessions were made up of presentations contributed by participants which summarized various research efforts employing high-speed diagnostics; these presentations have not been included in this Proceedings. Several companies also displayed and demonstrated high-speed diagnostic equipment. We are grateful to a number of organizations for providing the financial assistance that made this Institute possible. Foremost is the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, which provided the single most major contribution for the Institute. In addition, the following US sources made contributions: the Naval

6 VI Surface Weapons Center, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Office of Naval Research, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Army Electronics Research and Development Command, and Naval Research Laboratory. We would also like to thank the staff of II Ciocco, particularly GianPiero Giannotti, its manager, and Bruno Giannasi, the Hotel's Conference Coordinator and the main reason for the onsite success of the Institute. The phrase "Ask Bruno" is now firmly imbedded in the memory of all in attendance for those two wonderful weeks in Tuscany. Our thanks to Dr. Mario di Lullo and Dr. Craig Sinclair, the present Directors of the NATO ASI Program, and Dr. Tilo Kester and his wife Barbara, of the Publications Coordination Office, for their suggestions, patience, and overall help. Particular thanks to our Associate Editors who willingly volunteered to assist us in reviewing and editing the manuscripts: Anthony Hyder of Auburn University, Kris Kristiansen of Texas Tech University, and Frank Rose, formerly of the Naval Surface Weapons Center, and now keeping Dr. Hyder company at Auburn University. To our Organizing Committee, lecturers, and participants - we couldn't have done it without you. And a special thanks to our wives Lynn L. and Elizabeth T., for their assistance during the Institute; and to Linda Maynard of the Universtiy of South Carolina's Office of Continuing Engineering Education, for her efforts before, during, and following the Institute. And finally, our appreciation to those most responsible for the actual production of this Proceedings. First, to the EG&G Washington Analytical Services Center Office at Dahlgren, Virginia, which had the task of centrally retyping every lecturer's manuscript and producing a camera-ready document for delivery to the publisher. To Susie M. Anderson, the Supervisor for Word Processing, and Christie K. Wood - thank you for a job well done. Second, to Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, especially Henny Hoogervorst, who had to contend with numerous delays in the delivery of the final manuscript, but never lost her sense of purpose or humor during the past two years. Lawrence H. Luessen Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren, Virginia James E. Thompson University of Texas Arlington, Texas September 1985

7 VII CONTENTS VOLUME 1: CURRENT AND VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS OVERVIEW OF APPLICATIONS AND NEEDS Overview of Applications and Needs.... M. F. Rose, A. K. Hyder, M. Kristiansen 1 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT MEASUREMENTS Electro-Optical Measurement Techniques.... R. Hebner Electro-Optical and Magneto-Optical Studies of Cold Cathode Electron Beam Gun Discharges M. Hugenschmidt 5 27 Fiber Optic Magnetic Field and Current Sensors G. Chandler An Electro-Optical Technique for Measuring High Frequency Free-Space Electric Fields... J. Chang and C. N. Vittitoe Electromagnetic Sensors and Measurement Techniques C. E. Baum Ultrafast Electral Voltage and Current Monitors W. Pfeiffer High Speed Electric Field and Voltage Measurements M. S. DiCapua High Speed Magnetic Field and Current Measurements M. S. DiCapua

8 VIII CONTENTS Nuclear Reaction Diagnostics for Intense Particle Beam Measurements R. J. Leeper Particle Analyzer Diagnostics for Intense Particle Beam Measurements R. J. Leeper, J. R. Lee, L. Wissell, D. J. Johnson, and W. A. Stygar DATA ACQUISITION Software Correction of Measured Pulse Data N. J. Nahman 351 Fiber Optic Links for Data Acquisition, Communication, and Control G. Chandler A High Speed Multi-Channel Data Recorder J. Chang, J. Foesch, and C. Martinez An Iterative Deconvolution Algorithm for the Reconstruction of High-Voltage Impulses Distorted by the Measuring System K. Schon Test Methods for the Dynamic Performance of Fast Digital Recorders K. Schon GROUNDING AND SHIELDING Electromagnetic Topology for the Analysis and Design of Complex Electromagnetic Systems... C. E. Baum Basic Principles of Grounding and Shielding with Respect to Equivalent Circuits J. Wiesinger System Design: Practical Shielding and Gounding Techniques Based on Electromagnetic Topology W. Graf A Systematic, Practical Approach to the Design of Shielded Enclosures for,data Acquisition and Control.... G. Chandler

9 CONTENTS IX VOLUME 2: OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS FAST PHOTOGRAPHY Advances in High Speed Photography: J. S. Courtney-Pratt Recent Techniques for High-Speed Photography and Low-Level Image Recording W. Pfeiffer Laser Photographic and Cinematographic Applications to the Investigation of Transient Phenomena M. Hugenschmidt REFRACTIVE INDEX MEASUREMENTS Concepts and Illustrations of Optical Probing Diagnostics for Laser-Produced Plasmas. J. A. Stamper, E. A. McLean, S. P. Okenschain, and B. H. Ripin 691 Sub-Nanosecond, Four-Frame, Holographic Interferometry Diagnostics G. Allen, H. P. Davis, L. P. Mix, and J. Chang Laser Interferometry: Streaked Shadowgraphy and Schlieren Imaging C. Popovics and R. Benattar Moire-Schlieren, Time-Differential Interferometry, and Enhanced Sensitivity of Faraday Rotation Measurements P. R. Forman Twenty-Picosecond Pulsed UV Holographic Interferometry of Laser-Induced Plasmas G. E. Busch X-RAY DIAGNOSTICS Nondispersive X-Ray Diagnostics of Short-Lived Plasmas R. H. Day High Energy X-Ray Diagnostics of Short-Lived Plasmas R. H. Day

10 X CONTENTS Fiber Optics in X-Ray Diagnostics Applications R. H. Day Flash Radiography F. Jamet 3-ns Flash X-Radiography J. Chang SPECTROSCOPY Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy H. R. Griem 885 Spectroscopy of Laser-Produced Plasmas G. Tondello ACTIVE OPTICAL TECHNIQUES Laser Induced Fluorescence Techniques S. J. Davis Multiphoton Techniques for the Detection of Atoms W. K. Bischel Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering J. J. Valentini Thomson Scattering Diagnostic for Intense Relativistic Electron Beam Experiment G. R. Allen, H. P. Davis, and J. Chang Appendix A: Ranking of Diagnostic Techniques A. K. Hyder, M. F. Rose, M. Kristiansen Participants Index