Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics 33

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1 Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics 33

2 The Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics provides systematic information on all the topics relevant for the design, processing, and manufacturing of microelectronic devices. The books, each prepared by leading researchers or engineers in their fields, cover the basic and advanced aspects of topics such as wafer processing, materials, device design, device technologies, circuit design, VLSI implementation, and subsystem technology. The series forms a bridge between physics and engineering and the volumes will appeal to practicing engineers as well as research scientists Series Editors: Dr. Kiyoo Itoh Hitachi Ltd., Central Research Laboratory, Higashi-Koigakubo Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo , Japan Professor Thomas Lee Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 420 Via Palou Mall, CIS-205 Stanford, CA , USA Professor Takayasu Sakurai Center for Collaborative Research, University of Tokyo, Roppongi Minato-ku, Tokyo , Japan Professor Willy M.C. Sansen ESAT-MICAS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg Leuven, Belgium Professor Doris Schmitt-Landsiedel Lehrstuhl für Technische Elektronik, Technische Universität München Theresienstrasse 90, Gebäude N3, Muänchen, Germany For further volumes:

3 Yu. K. Rybin Electronic Devices for Analog Signal Processing 123

4 Yu.K. Rybin Tomsk Polytechnic University Electro Physical Department Lenin street Tomsk Russia ISSN ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media B.V No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Abstract This book deals with modern devices for analog signal processing. A particular attention is paid to the main element of such devices: integral operational amplifiers (op-amps) and electronic devices based on them, including scaling, summing, integrating, and filtering linear devices. The principles of construction of nonlinear devices in op-amps are presented along with various circuit solutions for limiting, rectification, and piecewise linear conversion of input signals. Sine wave and pulse oscillators are analyzed. Some examples of applying these devices to processing of signals from resistance, inductive, optical, and temperature sensors are presented. This book is intended for engineers and post graduated students, learning the course Instrument Making and for advanced learning of the courses Electronics part III and Electronics and Microprocessor Hardware, but is can be also used by other students and engineers dealing with the design of electronic devices and systems. This book has been prepared at the Chair Computer Measuring Systems and Metrology of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. v

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7 Introduction This book considers electronic devices applied to process analog signals in instrument making, automation, measurements, and other branches of technology. They perform various transformations of electrical signals: scaling, integration, logarithming, etc. Such devices are considered in tutorials on electronics. The need in their deeper study is caused, on the one hand, by the great demands of extending the range of input signals, as well as increasing the accuracy and speed of such devices, which usually receive insufficient attention. On the other hand, new devices arise permanently, which are not considered in electronic tutorials yet, but already widely applied in practice. Chapter 1 concerns the principles of design of modern operational amplifiers (op-amps). This choice is caused by the fact that an op-amp is now one of the most popular and versatile semiconductor components of almost any electronic device. Since the advent of operational amplifiers, their circuits and fabrication technology have been permanently improved. The efforts of developers were aimed at the design and fabrication of different op-amp types with various characteristics. As a result, the parameters of amplifiers with the traditional structure (voltagecontrolled amplifiers) have been improved and new current-controlled op-amps, rail-to-rail amplifiers, clamping amplifiers, and specialized amplifiers of sensor signals appeared. The information about these amplifiers is mostly concentrated in scientific journals and manufacturers materials, but is almost lacking in the educational literature. Chapter 2 is devoted to the consideration of features of linear and nonlinear operations with signals. The experience in teaching the electronics shows that reader not always are able to determine correctly the function performed by an electronic device, fail to select the method for its analysis, and, as a consequence, obtain mistaken results. Therefore, this chapter considers the principal differences of linear and nonlinear transformations by invoking the concepts of the spectrum of input and converted signals. Chapter 3 presents linear functional devices based on op-amps: inverting, noninverting, summing, and instrumental amplifiers with the normalized gain. These devices are now widely used for the primary processing of measuring, acoustic, vii

8 viii Introduction and video information, where they execute the functions of matching, precision amplification, coupling with information transmission lines, etc. Chapter 4 is devoted to nonlinear devices. It concerns the general issues of the theory of nonlinear devices in op-amps and the practical circuits of such devices: comparators, logarithmators, rectifiers, limiters, functional signal converters. Chapters 5 and 6 consider sine wave and pulse oscillators. The range of applicability of such oscillators is extremely wide. They are used in devices for exciting sensors of physical parameters, in meters of frequency characteristics of amplifiers and filters, in devices for transformation of signal spectra, in clocking and synchronization devices, etc. As was mentioned in book (Horowitz P., Hill W. The Art of Electronics. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, England, 1998), a device without generator either is capable of nothing or is designed to be connected to other device (which, most probably, includes a generator). Despite this, such devices receive insufficient attention in the educational literature. Their consideration is often fragmentary and does not favor the understanding of processes occurring in them. Chapter 5 considers sine wave oscillators and the main known approaches to the analysis of the processes of self-oscillation excitation and settling in them. In particular, the analysis by the method of complex amplitudes, the method of differential equations, the method of phase plane, and the two port method is discussed. The preferable areas of application of these methods are demonstrated. The well-known amplitude and phase balance conditions are criticized. Chapter 6 is devoted to pulse oscillators. It is well-known that pulsed signals and their derivatives have some features: parts with fast and slow change, wide spectrum. Pulsed signals are generated by specific oscillating systems, for which the general conditions of self-oscillation excitation are obtained. Chapter 7 is devoted to the consideration of practical circuits for processing of signals from sensors of physical parameters: resistance, inductive, semiconductor sensors and coupling of sensors with electronic devices. This book is organized nontraditionally. Its main goal is not only to give some knowledge on modern electronic devices, but also to inspire students to the more detailed study of these devices, understanding of their operation, ability to analyze circuits, synthesize new devices, and assess the possibilities of their application for solution of particular practical problems. As was already mentioned, the course is divided into seven chapters. Each chapter includes the theoretical material, questions, and tests to check how the students have learned the theoretical material in the process of independent cognitive work, as well as how ready he or she is to practical and laboratory works. The most difficult questions are marked by asterisk and can be given to advanced readers. Paragraphs way of writing by italics are very important for the understanding of the studied material and together they can serve a brief summary of a section. The text marked by italic indicates new or non-traditional concepts. Calculated examples are indicated by.

9 Contents 1 Modern Operational Amplifiers Introduction Application of Operational Amplifiers Amplifiers with Potential Input Electrical Models of Operational Amplifiers Analysis of the Effect of Signal Source and Load Amplifiers with Current Input Amplifiers with Current Output Current-Differencing Amplifiers Rail-to-Rail Amplifiers Instrumental Amplifiers Clamping Amplifiers Isolation Amplifiers Conclusions References Functional Transformations of Signals Introduction Linear Transformations of Signals Nonlinear Transformations of Signals Conclusions References Linear Functional Units in Operational Amplifiers Introduction General Circuit Designs of Linear Devices Scalers Inverting Amplifiers Noninverting Amplifier Amplifiers Based on Inverting and Noninverting Amplifiers Integrating Amplifiers Inverting Integrating Amplifiers ix

10 x Contents Noninverting Integrating Amplifier Integrating Amplifier with Two Inputs Double Integrating Amplifier Differentiating Amplifier Active Filters Constructed in Op-amps Conclusions References Nonlinear Devices in Op-amps Introduction Voltage Comparator Logarithmic Amplifier Operational Rectifiers Full-Wave Operational Rectifiers Voltage Limiters and Overload Protection Circuits Op-amp Function Generators Conclusions References Sine Wave Oscillators Introduction Oscillatory Processes Analysis by the Method of Phase Plane Analysis by the Method of Complex Amplitudes Analysis by the Method of Differential Equations Analysis by the Two-Port Network Method Features of Oscillating Systems RC Sine-Wave Oscillators Principles of the Theory of RC Oscillators The Oscillation Amplitude Stabilization and Nonlinear Distortions LC Sine Wave Oscillators Transformer-Coupled LC Oscillators Three-Point Oscillators Quartz Oscillators Negative Resistance Oscillators Synthesis of Oscillating Systems of RC Oscillators Conclusions References Pulse Oscillators Introduction Selected Issues of Theory of Pulse Oscillators The Conditions for Excitation of Pulsed Oscillations Op-amp Pulse Oscillators Possible Circuits of Op-amp Oscillators

11 Contents xi 6.5 Logic-Gate Oscillator Integrated Timer Oscillator Oscillators in Elements with Negative Resistance Conclusions References Signal Conditioners Introduction Resistive Sensor Signal Conditioners Inductive Sensor Signal Conditioner Optical Sensor Signal Conditioners Thermocouple Signal Conditioners Voltage and Current Sensor Signal Conditioners Conclusions References Appendix Abbreviations Parameters Conclusions Glossary Index

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