NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series

Transcription

1 Magnetic Monopoles

2 NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, assembled in cooperation with NA TO Scientific Affairs Division. This series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sc1ences 0 Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation New York and London D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht, Boston, and London Martinus Nijhoff Publishers The Hague, Boston, and London Springer Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, and New York Recent Volumes in Series B: Physics Volume 95 -Advances in Laser Spectroscopy edited by F. T. Arecchi, F. Strumia, and H. Walther Volume 96 -Atomic Physics of Highly Ionized Atoms edited by Richard Marrus Volume 97 -Mass Transport in Solids edited by F. Beniere and C. R. A. Catlow Volume 98 -Quantum Metrology and Fundamental Physical Constants edited by Paul H. Cutler and Amand A. Lucas Volume 99 -Techniques and Concepts in High-Energy Physics II edited by Thomas Ferbel Volume 100-Advances in Superconductivity edited by B. Deaver and John Ruvalds Volume 101-Atomic and Molecular Physics of Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion edited by Charles J. Joachain and Douglass E. Post Volume 102-Magnetic Monopoles edited by Richard A. Carrigan, Jr., and W. Peter Trower

3 Magnetic Monopoles Edited by Richard A. Carrigan, Jr. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia, Illinois and W. Peter Trower Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Magnetic Monopoles, held October 14-17, 1982 in Wingspread, Wisconsin Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Magnetic Monopoles (1982: Wingspread, Wis.) Magnetic monopoles. (NATO advanced science institute series. Series B, Physics; v. 102) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Magnetic Monopoles, held October 14-17,1982, in Wingspread, Wisconsin"-T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Magnetic monopoles-congresses. 2. Astrophysics-Congresses. I. Carrigan, R. A. II. Trower, W. Peter. III. Title. IV. Series. QC M33N ' ISBN-l3: e-isbn-13: DOl: / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1983 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 CREDITS The Wingspread Magnetic Monopole Workshop, organized with the invaluable assistance of Robin Craven, was supported by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. The timely support of the Johnson Foundation particularly in providing the wonderful ambiance of Wingspread was most important. Special thanks go to the International Advisory Committee for their advice and assistance in preparing the conference program and to Sue Grommes for her good work in preparing this book. CO-CHAIRMEN Dick Carrigan (Fermilab, USA) Peter Trower (Virginia Tech, USA) ADVISORS Giorgio Giacomelli (University of Bologna, Italy) David Schramm (University of Chicago, USA) Qaisar Shafi (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Italy) Frank Wilczek (University of California at Santa Barbara, USA) v

6 PREFACE In 1269 Petrus Peregrinus observed lines of force around a lodestone and noted that they were concentrated at two points which he designated as the north and south poles of the magnet. Subsequent observation has confirmed that all magnetic objects have paired regions of' opposite polarity, that is, all magnets are dipoles. It is easy to conceive of an isolated pole, which J.J. Thomson did in 1904 when he set his famous problem of the motion of an electron in the field of a magnetic charge. In 1931 P.A.M. Dirac solved this problem quantum mechanically and showed that the existence of a single magnet pole anywhere in the universe could explain the mystery of charge quantization. By late 1981, theoretical interest in monopoles had reached the point where a meeting was organized at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste. Many mathematical properties of monopoles were discussed at length but there was only a solitary account describing experiments. This imbalance did not so much reflect the meeting's venue as it indicated the relative theoretical and experimental effort at that point was the year where the concrete problems of monopoles were confronted. Motivated only in part by Cabrera's startling candidate event, the field began to bloom with experimental and observational activities. The Wingspread Magnetic Monopole Workshop was organized to bring together interested scientists from particle theory and experiment and other disciplines for a status review of monopoles. This volume has been produced as a clearing house for these monopole activities. Hopefully, it also provides a guide as to how to proceed. A theoretical and experimental overview of the magnetic monopole is presented (Section I). The particle models and cosmological consequences (Section II) and the place of monopoles in the universe (Section III) are presented. The current and proposed experiments involving induction (Section IV) and ionization (Section V) are discussed, despite the yet inconclusive struggle to predict energy loss for slow monopoles. vii

7 viii PREFACE While many physicists remain skeptical about monopoles, a growing number are speculating that they may have been made in the first blaze of creation. If found, monopoles would provide a profound clue as to the origin and nature of the universe. Richard A. Carrigan, Jr. Batavia, Illinois w. Peter Trower Blacksburg, Virginia

8 CONTENTS Monopoles and Gauge Theories Alfred S. Goldhaber SECTION I: Overview Testing GUTs: Where Do Monopoles Fit? 17 John Ellis Experimental Status of Monopoles 41 G. Giacomelli SECTION II: Particle Models and Cosmology Monopole Compatibility with Cosmology 71 G. Lazarides Reducing the Monopole Abundance 81 Alan H. Guth Catalysis of Baryon Decay Curtis G. Callan, Jr. 97 Fractional Charge and Magnetic Monopoles 111 John Preskill SECTION III: Monopoles in the Universe Monopoles and Astrophysics Michael S. Turner Monopoles and the Galactic Magnetic Fields 141 E. M. Purcell ix

9 x CONTENTS The Plasma Physics of Magnetic Monopoles in the Galaxy 151 Ira Wasserman Monopolonium Christopher T. Hill SECTION IV: Induction Experiments Status of Stanford Superconductive Monopole Detectors 175 BIas Cabrera A Preview of Current Studies on Magnetic Monopole Detection Using Induction Coils 201 C. c. Tsuei Acoustic Detection of Monopoles 219 B. C. Barish Binding of Monopoles in Matter and Search in Large Quantities of Old Iron Ore 245 D. Cline SECTION V: Ionization Experiments Monopole Energy Loss and Detector Excitation Mechanisms 259 S. P. Ahlen Electronic Cosmic Ray Monopole Searches 291 Eugene C. Loh Searches for Monopoles with Track-Etch Detectors 307 P. Buford Price Search for Magnetic Monopoles in Proton-Antiproton Interactions at 540 GeV C.M. Energy 325 P. Musset, B. Aubert, M. Price, and J. P. Vialle Participants Index