Advanced Electronic Circuits

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2 U. Tietze Ch. Schenk Advanced Electronic Circuits Wi th the Assistance of E. Schmid With 570 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1978

3 Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Tietze Dr.-Ing. Christoph Schenk Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg Dipl.-Ing. Eberhard Schmid Ph.D. (University of Southampton, UK) Siemens AG, Erlangen The book is based on Tietze, U.; Schenk, Ch.: Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik. 4. Aufl. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978 ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Tietze, Ulrich, Advanced electronic circuits. Based on the 4th ed. (1978) of the authors' Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik. Bibliography: p. Includes index. J. Integrated circuits. 2. Electronic circuits. I. Schenk, Christoph, joint author. II. Schmid, Eberhard, joint author. III. Title TK7874.T ' This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publi,ation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. We also undertake no guarantee that the contents of this book are free from rights of patent. The publication guarantees neither tacit nor explicit license for existing patents

4 Preface In the earlier stages of integrated circuit design, analog circuits consisted simply of type 741 operational amplifiers, and digital circuits of 7400-type gates. Today's designers must choose from a much larger and rapidly increasing variety of special integrated circuits marketed by a dynamic and creative industry. Only by a proper selection from this wide range can an economical and competitive solution be found to a given problem. For each individual case the designer must decide which parts of a circuit are best implemented by analog circuitry, which by conventional digital circuitry and which sections could be microprocessor controlled. In order to facilitate this decision for the designer who is not familiar with all these subjects, we have arranged the book so as to group the different circuits according to their field of application. Each chapter is thus written to stand on its own, with a minimum of cross-references. To enable the reader to proceed quickly from an idea to a working circuit, we discuss, for a large variety of problems, typical solutions, the applicability of which has been proved by thorough experimental investigation. Our thanks are here due to Prof. Dr. D. Seitzer for the provision of excellent laboratory facilities. The subject is extensive and the material presented has had to be limited. For this reason, we have omitted elementary circuit design, so that the book addresses the advanced student who has some background in electronics, and the practising engineer and scientist. The book is based on the fourth edition (1978) of the text book "Tietze/Schenk, Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik". Chapter 17 has been added to help the reader settle questions arising from definitions and nomenclature. The English manuscript was prepared by Eberhard Schmid in close collaboration with the authors. We should like to express our gratitude to Patricia Schmid for her careful revision and to Springer-Verlag for their continued close co-operation. Erlangen, September 1978 U. Tietze Ch. Schenk

5 Contents 1 Linear and non-linear operational circuitry 1.1 Summing amplifier 1.2 Subtracting circuits 1.3 Bipolar-coefficient circuit. 1.4 Integrators. 1.5 Differentiators 1.6 Solution of differential equations 1.7 Function networks 1.8 Analog multipliers. 1.9 Transformation of coordinates 2 Controlled sources and impedance converters 2.1 Voltage-controlled voltage sources. 2.2 Current-controlled voltage sources. 2.3 Voltage-controlled current sources. 2.4 Current-controlled current sources. 2.5 NIC (negative impedance converter) 2.6 Gyrator 2.7 Circulator 3 Active filters Basic theory of lowpass filters. Lowpassjhighpass transformation Realization of first order lowpass and high pass filters Realization of second order lowpass and highpass filters Realization of lowpass and highpass filters of higher orders Lowpassjbandpass transformation.... Realization of second order bandpass filters Lowpassjband-rejection filter transformation Realization of second order rejection filters

6 VIII Contents 3.10 All pass filters Adjustable universal filter Broadband amplifiers Frequency dependence of the current gain Influence of transistor and stray capacitances Casco de amplifier Differential amplifier as a broadband amplifier Symmetrical broadband amplifiers Broadband voltage follower Broadband operational amplifiers Power amplifiers Emitter follower as a power amplifier Complementary emitter followers Electronic current limiter Complementary emitter followers using Darlington circuits Rating a power output stage Driver circuits with voltage gain Boosting the output current of integrated operational amplifiers Power supplies Properties of mains transformers Transformer rectifiers Series regulation Generation of the reference voltage Switching power supplies Analog switches and comparators Principle Electronic switches Analog switch using amplifiers Sample-and-hold circuits Analog comparators Schmitt trigger Signal generators LC oscillators Quartz oscillators 231

7 Contents IX 8.3 RC sinewave oscillators Function generators Multivibrators Combinatorial logic circuitry Coding circuits Multiplexer and demultiplexer Unc10cked shift register Digital comparators Adders Multipliers Digital function networks Sequential logic circuitry Straight binary counters BCD counters in 8421 code Presettable counters Shift registers Generation of pseudo-random sequences Processing of asynchronous signals Systematic design of sequential circuits Microprocessors Basic structure of a microcomputer Operation of a microprocessor Instruction set Development aids Microcomputer hardware Input/output circuits Minimum systems Digital filters Sampling theorem Digital transfer function Bilinear transformation Construction of digital filters Data transmission and display Transmission lines Error detection and correction Static digital displays Multiplex displays 406

8 x Contents 14 DjA and AjD converters Design principles of DjA converters Design of DjA converters using electronic switches DjA converters for special applications Basic principles of AjD conversion Accuracy of AjD converters Design of AjD converters Measurement circuits Measurement of voltage Measurement of current A.C.jD.C. converters Electronic controllers Underlying principles Controller types Control of non-linear systems Phase-locked loop Appendix: Definitions and nomenclature 491 Bibliography 498 Index 501

U. Tietze Ch. Schenk E. Gamet. Electronic Circuits. Handbook for Design and Application. 2nd edition. with 1771 Figures and CD-ROM.

U. Tietze Ch. Schenk E. Gamet. Electronic Circuits. Handbook for Design and Application. 2nd edition. with 1771 Figures and CD-ROM. U. Tietze Ch. Schenk E. Gamet Electronic Circuits Handbook for Design and Application 2nd edition with 1771 Figures and CD-ROM Springer Contents Part I. Device Models and Basic Circuits 1 1. Diodes 3 1.1