acoustic imaging cameras, microscopes, phased arrays, and holographic systems

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1 acoustic imaging cameras, microscopes, phased arrays, and holographic systems

2 acoustic imaging cameras, microscopes, phased arrays, and holographic systems Edited by Glen Wade University of California at Santa Barbara SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Acoustic imaging "Lectures on acoustical holography and imaging presented at the University of California in Santa Barbara, California, March, 1975." Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Acoustic holography-congresses. 1. Wade, Glen. TA1550.A Lectures on Acoustical Holography and lmaging presented at the University of California in Santa Barbara. California, March ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press. New York in 1976 Softcover reprinl oflhe hardcover IsI edilion 1997 AI/ righ ts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced. stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted. in any form or by any means. electronic, mechanical. photocopying. microjilming. recording. or otherwise. without written permission [rom the Publisher

4 Preface The ability to "see" with sound has long been an intriguing concept. Certain animals, such as bats and dolphins, can do it readily, but the human species is not so endowed by nature. However this lack of natural ability can be overcome by applying the appropriate technology. For example, in various laboratories recently, workers have been able to obtain true-focussed, orthographic images in real time of objects irradiated with sound rather than light. Crossectional images have been available for a much longer period of time, stemming from the development of the pulse-echo techniques first used in the sonar systems of World War I. By now a wide variety of system concepts for acoustic imaging exist. Some of the newer systems range from the purely holographic to the purely lens types. It is apparent that ultrasonic energy can give an image of an object not obtainable with light. For example, a particular object may be embedded in material completely opaque to light but relatively transparent to sound. In addition, soft tissue in the human body frequently provides little contrast for optical radiation, and for x-rays, but large contrast for sonic radiation. Also, the cumulative effect of x-rays may impose severe damage to these tissues, whereas low-intensity sound may be entirely safe. For these reasons, this comparatively new field, combining as it does in many instances acoustics and optics, is bringing to a number of areas of scientific, medical and engineering endeavor, investigative instruments of great power. The technological developments in this field are already having significant effects not only in diagnostic medicine as implied above, but also in nondestructive testing, seismic sensing, oceanic search and even microscopy. This book deals with these themes on a level ranging from purely tutorial exposition to treatments describing the latest research progress. Topics are covered from both analytical and experimental viewpoints and include the v

5 vi PREFACE general background, the historical development, the categorization and characterics of the modern systems, the detailed descriptions of these systems, and their applications for acoustic imaging. The book is replete with examples of the applications, particularly in the medical area in terms of diagnostic imaging of internal bodily structure. Before the final draft was completed, the various presentations in the book were tested on students in an Extension Course given at the University of California entitled "Acoustical Holography and Imaging." The editor gratefully acknowledges the whole-hearted cooperation of the contributing authors and the institutions with which they are associated. He also expresses appreciation for the advice and assistence of the staff at the University of California Extension, in particular Dr. Sidney Goren, Ms. Judy Weisman, Mr. John Maxwell and Mr. Larry Nicklin. Glen Wade Santa Barbara, California March 1976

6 Contents 1 THE PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES, Byron B. Brenden INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF THE WAVE Description in Terms of Particle Displacement Description in Terms of Pressure MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND WAVE VELOCITY ENERGY AND INTENSITY RADIATION PRESSURE VELOCITY POTENTIAL REFRACTION AND REFLECTION AT LIQUID SOLID INTERFACES 1.B TRANSMISSION THROUGH A THIN PLATE 1. 9 ABSORPTION 1.10 INTERACTION OF AN ACOUSTIC WAVE WITH A FREE LIQUID lb lb 2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES, G. Wade 21 I. INTRODUCTION 21 II. EARLY PIONEERS Langevin 23 vii

7 viii CONTENTS 2.2 Sokolov Muhlhauser Pohlman Firestone 31 III. HOLOGRAPHIC APPROACHES Sonographic Plate Point-by-Point Scanning Systems Liquid-Surface Systems 33 IV. SOLID-SURFACE SYSTEMS 36 V. BRAGG-DIFFRACTION SYSTEMS 38 VI. SYSTEMS USING PIEZOELECTRIC READOUT 39 VII. CONCLUSION 40 VIII. REFERENCES 41 3 INTRODUCTION TO ACOUSTIC IMAGING SYSTEMS, Lawrence W. Kessler 43 Abstract 43 Basic Imaging Systems 43 Categories of Acoustic Imaging Systems 47 Characteristics of Sound Propagation 48 System Concepts 49 a) Piezoelectric systems b) Thin layer receptors c) Surface distortion methods of reception

8 CONTENTS ix d) Light-Sound interaction Concluding Remarks REFERENCES 4 SPECKLE AND SENSITIVITY IN MODERN SYSTEMS, G. Wade I. INTRODUCTION II. III. IV. SPECKLE AND RINGING SENSITIVITY REFERENCES SCANNED ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY, Byron B. Brenden INTRODUCTION IMPROVED CONFIGURATIONS BLOCK DIAGRAMS PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS SOURCE-RECEIVER RECIPROCITY THE GEOMETRY OF IMAGING MAGNIFICATION RESOLUTION SIMULTANEOUS SOURCE-RECEIVER SCAN ABERRATIONS 96 REFERENCES 98 6 LIQUID SURFACE HOLOGRAPHY, Byron B. Brenden INTRODUCTION 99

9 x CONTENTS 6.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACOUSTICAL FIELD 6.3 INTERACTION OF LIGHT WITH THE LIQUID SURFACE 6.4 THE DYNAMICS OF LIQUID SURFACE MOTION 6.5 EFFECTS PRODUCED BY PULSING THE SOUND WAVES REFERENCES 7 THEORY ON IMAGING WITH ARRAYS, Albert Macovski INTRODUCTION IMAGING ARRAYS ARRAYS USING ELECTRONIC SCANNING AND FOCUSING SYSTEMS PROVIDING TWO-DIMENSIONAL FOCUSING 8 INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS FOR ACOUSTIC IMAGING ARRAYS, James D. Meindl ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION III II. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS A. Resolution B. Field of View C. Range D. Frame Rate E. Additional Factors

10 CONTENTS xi F. Classification Scheme 133 III. SINGLE TRANSDUCER SYSTEMS 134 A. Manual Scan ) Unfocused ) Acoustic Focus 150 B. Mechanical Scan 151 IV. LINEAR ARRAY SYSTEMS 152 A. Manual Scan 152 B. Mechanical Scan 155 1) Acoustic Focus ) Electronic Focus ) Holographic 157 C. Electronic Scan ) Rectilinear Scan ) Sector Scan 162 a) Unfocused 162 b) Cylindrical Focus ) Orthogonal Scan ) Holographic 169 D. Additional Approaches 169 V. AREA ARRAY SYSTEMS 170 A. Acoustic Foucus 170

11 xii CONTENTS B. Electronic Focus 176 C. Holographic 182 VI. CONCLUSIONS 183 VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 184 VIII. REFERENCES BRAGG-DIFFRACTION IMAGING, G. Wade 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM 9.3 THE LIGHT-SOUND INTERACTION 9.4 SPATIAL FOURIER TRANSFORMS 9.5 FILTERING CAPABILITY OF A BRAGG DIFFRACTION SYSTEM 9.6 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF BRAGG DIFFRACTION IMAGING Improving Sensitivity by Holographic Detection of Images The Hologram as a Temporal Filter Noise Limitations in Bragg-Diffraction Imaging Noise Reduction and System Improvement by Holographic Recording Speckle and Ringing Cylindrical Lenses, Optical and Acoustic 220

12 CONTENTS xiii 9.7 FINAL GENERAL REMARKS REFERENCES IMAGING WITH DYNAMIC-RIPPLE DIFFRACTION, Lawrence W. Kessler Introduction Principle of Operation-Interface Response Characteristics Application to Practical Systems References IMAGING USING LENSES, C. F. Quate INTRODUCTION 241 SCANNING ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPE 242 Background 242 Outline of a System 246 Present Form of the Instrument 248 Acoustic Absorption in Liquids 254 Absorption in Biological Material 263 Present Work on Mammalian Cells and Tissue Sections 267 (A) Simple Cell Systems 267 (B) Living Normal Human Diploid Cells 269 (C) Tissue Sections 271

13 xiv CONTENTS (1) Normal Tissue 271 (2) Tissue Sections Showing Pathology 274 FRESNEL ZONE PLATE 277 Description of Imaging Methods 277 Imaging System and Results 284 CYLINDRICAL ELECTRONIC LENS 289 Some Results 298 FINAL REMARKS ON LENS SYSTEMS 299 REFERENCES APPLICATIONS AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS, C. F. Quate REFERENCES SUBJECT INDEX 319

An Introduction to Acoustical Holography

An Introduction to Acoustical Holography An Introduction to Acoustical Holography B. P. Hildebrand BatteUe Memorlaiinstitute Paelfle Northwest Laboratories Rlehland, Washington and B. B. Brenden Holosonies,