EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEMS FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

Transcription

1 EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEMS FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

2 NATO CONFERENCE SERIES I Ecology II Systems Science III Human Factors IV Marine Sciences V Air-Sea Interactions II SYSTEMS SCIENCE Volume 1 Transportation Planning for a Better Environment Edited by Peter Stringer and H. Wenzel Volume 2 Arctic Systems Edited by P. J. Amaria, A. A. Bruneau, and P. A. Lapp Volume 3 Environmental Assessment of Socioeconomic Systems Edited by Dietrich F. Burkhardt and William H. Ittelson Volume 4 Earth Observation Systems for Resource Management and Environmental Control Edited by Donald J. Clough and Lawrence W. Morley

3 EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEMS FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL Edited by Donald J. Clough University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada and lawrence W. Morley Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Published in coordination with NATO Scientific Affairs Division PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON

4 Main entry under title: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Earth observation systems for resource management and environmental control. (NATO conference series: II, Systems science; v. 4) "Proceedings of a conference... held in Bermuda, November 15-19,1976, sponsored by the NATO Special Program Panel on Systems Science." 1. Remote sensing-congresses. I. Clough, Donald J. II. Morley, Lawrence W. III. Nato Special Program Panel on Systems Science. IV. Series. G70.E ' ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Proceedings of a conference on Earth Observation and Information Systems held in Bermuda, November 15-19, 1976, sponsored by the NATO Special Program Panel on Systems Science 1977 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 Acknowledgments The Co-Directors would like to thank His Excellency the Governor of Bermuda, Sir Edwin Leather, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., L.L.D., for his good offices and for his resounding opening address to the ARI. His Excellency upheld the concept of the NATO peacetime alliance as a force for the advancement of science and technology to serve peaceful international purposes. We would also like to thank the NATO Deputy Island Commander, Commander David I. Aldrich, R.N., Resident Naval Officer for the West Indies, H.M.S. Malabar, Bermuda. His exceeding good humour as a host and raconteur provided a nice change of pace from the heavy scientific deliberations of the ARI. We would also like to thank Captain Raymond Smith, Aide-de-Camp to the Governor of Bermuda, for his kind assistance and services on behalf of the Governor. The friendship and support of many Bermudians was remarkable. In particular, staff of the Board of Education and a number of government branches and commercial establishments made special efforts on our behalf. Dr. Edward Pestel represented the sponsoring NATO Science Committee, and Dr. Bulent Bayraktar represented the Special Programme Panel on Systems Science, as NATO observers. Mary-Lou Clough and Beverley Morley assisted in arranging social activities, and provided support during the workshop and plenary sessions. Finally, the Co-Directors owe a special debt of thanks to Mrs. Ingeborg K. Moerth, Research Administrative Assistant to Professor Clough at the University of Waterloo, Canada. Mrs. Moerth served as Administrative Chief of Staff at the ARI and provided staff support in the production of these Proceedings. v

6 Preface The NATO Science Committee and its subsidiary Programme Panels provide support for Advanced Research Institutes (ARI) in various fields. The idea is to bring together scientists of a chosen field with the hope that they will achieve a consensus on research directions for the future, and make recommendations for the benefit of a wider scientific community. Attendance is therefore limited to those whose experience and expertise make the conclusions significant and acceptable to the wider community. Participants are selected on the basis of substantial track records in research or in the synthesis of research results to serve mankind. The proposal for a one-week ARIon Earth Observation and Information Systems was initiated by the NATO Special Programme Panel on Systems Science (SPPOSS). In approving the ARI, the senior NATO Science Committee identified the subject as one of universal importance, requiring a broad perspective on the development of operational systems based on successful experimental systems. The general purpose of this ARI was to address the critical problems of integrating the relatively new science and technology of remote sensing into operational earth observation and management information systems. The main problems of concern were those related to systems design, organization, development of infrastructure, and use of information in decision processes. The main emphasis was on problems of transferring technologies and methods from experimental to operational systems. Thirty-two scientists and science administrators participated in the ARI, including two observers from the NATO Science Committee and SPPOSS. Twenty-six background papers were prepared in advance as a basis for initiating discussions. Eight working groups were formed: four to deal with systems aspects and four to deal with applications aspects. Each participant served on one systems group and one applications group, to provide cross-linking and eventual integration of ideas. The schedule of working group meetings was designed to accommodate this cross-linking scheme.

7 viii PREFACE Short plenary reporting sessions were scheduled at the end of each day, to provide further opportunities for cross-fertilization of ideas. Final conclusions and recommendations were discussed in a major plenary session on the last afternoon, and consensus was achieved on major points. This publication of the ARI Proceedings may be read in three parts, from less detailed to more detailed, as follows: 1. An overview summary report of conclusions and recommendations, by the Co-Directors. 2. Eight summary working group reports by the working group Chairmen, based on notes taken at working group and plenary sessions. 3. A set of twenty-six background working papers prepared by the individual participants. Editing by the Co-Directors was minimal and preserved all the original basic contributions of the participants, individually and in groups. The lead-off background paper by the Co-Directors, entitled "Earth Observation Systems", provides a fairly broad introduction, statement of purpose, structure of working groups, background notes on systems and background notes on applications. It is recommended as a starting point for readers who are not familiar with the array of technologies and issues involved. Donald J. Clough Lawrence W. Morley

8 Contents PART 1: OVERVIEW SUMMARY REPORT Conclusions and Recommendations. Donald J. Clough and Lawrence W. Morley 1 PART 2: SUMMARY REPORTS OF WORKING GROUPS A: Platforms and Sensors B. P. Miller, Chairman B: Data Handling Systems....., 27 Charles Sheffield, Chairman C: Management Information Systems.. 35 Paul G. Teleki, Chairman D: Socio-Economic Systems Aspects. 43 S. Galli de Paratesi, Chairman 1: Atmospheric Applications Vincent J. Cardone, Chairman : 3: 4: Land Applications Gerd Hildebrandt, Chairman Ocean Applications. Eric S. Posmentier, Chairman Evaluation Methodology Charles Buffalano, Chairman ix

9 x PART 3: BACKGROUND PAPERS CONTENTS 1. Earth Observation Systems Donald J. Clough and Lawrence W. Morley 2. EPA's Use of Remote Sensing in Ocean Monitoring Peter W. Anderson Information Requirements for Regional and Global Operational Systems in Agricultural Meteorology Wolfgang Baier Identif,ying the Optimum System for Observing Earth..... Eric C. Barrett Benefits of LANDSAT Follow-on (Operational System) Charles Buffalano Satellite Observation Systems and Environmental Forecasts: Progress and Prospects Vincent J. Cardone Some Considerations Relative to the Making of Globally Uniform Resource Inventories by Remote Sensing Robert N. Colwell Data Processing and Distribution for Earth Observation Satellites John DeNoyer Soil Diagnosis Through Remote Sensing J. L. D'Hoore Development and Prospects of Remote Sensing Applied to European Renewable Earth Resources S. Galli de Paratesi Planning for an Earth Resources Information System James G. Gehrig Application of Remote Sensing for Policy, Planning and Management in Forestry and Agriculture. Gerd Hildebrandt

10 CONTENTS 13. Concepts of Remote Sensing Applications for Food Production in Developing Countries J. A. Howard 14. Specifications for Some Satellite Applications for Data Telemetry and Platform Location. A. D. Kirwan, Jr Information Values of Remote Sensing A. K. McQuillan 16. The Potential Economic Benefits of an Oceanographic Satellite System to Commercial Ocean Operations B. P. Miller Research, Application and Requirements of a Major User of LANDSAT. 325 R. MUhlfeld 18. A Crop Production Alarm System A. B. Park Applications of Remote Sensing and Information Systems to Coastal Zone Management. Eric S. Posmentier An Operational Earth Resources Monitoring and Management System: Some Problems and Solutions Related to Land Areas... R. A. G. Savigear Operational Remote Sensing Systems for Environmental Monitoring and Regional Planning... S. Schneider Digital Enhancement and Analysis Techniques in Processing Earth Resources Data Charles Sheffield 23. Requirements for Real-Time Oceanography from Earth Observation Systems Robert E. Stevenson

11 24. The Use of Satellite Data in Ocean Engineering P. G. Teleki The Availability and Use of Satellite Pictures in Recognizing Hazardous Weather.. Stanley E. Wasserman Accurate 24-hour Weather Forecasts: An Impending Scientific Breakthrough P. M. Wolff and P. G. Kesel List of Contributors Index