ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY

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1 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY

2 OPTICAL PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING Series Editor: William L. Wolfe Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona M. A. Bramson Infrared Radiation: A Handbook for Applications Sol Nudelman and S. S. Mitra, Editors Optical Properties of Solids S. S. Mitra and Sol Nudelman, Editors Far-Infrared Properties of Solids Lucien M. Biberman and Sol Nudelman, Editors Photoelectronic Imaging Devices Volume 1: Physical Processes and Methods of Analysis Volume 2: Devices and Their Evaluation A. M. Ratner Spectral, Spatial, and Temporal Properties of Lasers Lucien M. Biberman, Editor Perception of Displayed Information W. B. Allan Fibre Optics: Theory and Practice Albert Rose Vision: Human and Electronic J. M. Lloyd Thermal Imaging Systems Winston E. Kock Engineering Applications of Lasers and Holography Shashanka S. Mitra and Bernard Bendow, Editors Optical Properties of Highly Transparent Solids A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

3 ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY Winston E. Kock Acting Director The Herman Schneider Laboratory of Basic and Applied Science Research University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON

4 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kock, Winston E Engineering applications oflasers and holography. (Optical physics and engineering) Edition for 1969 published under title: Lasers and holography. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Holography. 2. Lasers. I. Title. QC449.K ' ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13: Plenum Press, New York softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1975 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWI0 6SE, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,. recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher

5 Nobel Laureate Dennis Gabor, who originally conceived of the idea of holography

6 PREFACE This book is intended for upperclass college students as an introduction to the growing field of coherent optics and to the increasing number of its applications, and also for those versed in other fields who wish to gain perspective and insight without detailed calculations. It is an outgrowth of the author's Science Study Series book Lasers and HolographY. * Besides being an updated and expanded version of that book, it includes discussions of numerous recent applications. It differs in its slightly higher analytical level and in the inclusion oflarge numbers of references, which enable the reader to obtain further information on subjects of interest to him. The level was selected to match the capabilities of students in their middle college years so as to permit them to make an early assessment of possible career interests in any of the many interdisciplinary fields now embracing the technologies of modern optics. It is hoped that the book can be used (as has occurred rather extensively with another of the author's Science Study Series books, Sound Waves and Light Wavest) as an auxiliary reading assignment for students in various disciplines. The author strongly believes that the promise of continued growth in this field, as evidenced by the extensive participation in technology developments by industry, both within the U.S. and abroad, identifies the subject as * Doubleday, 1969 (hard cover and paperback). This book was chosen by Heinemann Education Books, Ltd. for No. 39 in their Science Series (1972, hard cover), by Editorial Universitaria De Buenos Aires (EUDEBA) for No. 42 in their New Science Collection (1972, paperback), by World Publishing (MIR, Moscow) for their Science and Technology Series (1971, paperback), and by Kawade Shobo (Tokyo) for No. 41 in their Science Series (1971, paperback). t Doubleday, 1965, also widely translated: No. 109 in the Springer Verstandliche Wissenschaft series (1971, paperback), No. 17 in the Zanichelli Scientific Monograph series (Rome, 1966, paperback), No. 27 in the Kawade Shobo Science Series, (Tokyo, 1969, paperback), and in the World Publishing Science and Technology Series (MIR, Moscow, 1966, paperback). vii

7 viii PREFACE one of more than average significance to engineering students, and the auxiliary reading assignment procedure would enable the student to become aware of the future importance of this new technology. Several chapters include an introductory review of the history and growth of the field discussed so as to further permit the reader to recognize the impact that modern optics is making in that area. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to F. K. Harvey of the Bell Telephone Laboratories for the photographs portraying microwaves and sound waves, to Lowell Rosen and John Rendiero of the NASA Electronics Research Center for various hologram photographs, and to the Bendix Corporation, the Bell Telephone Laboratories, and numerous corporations for various photos of equipment and records. Numerous sections of the book are based on the author's presentations at the three U.S.-Japan Seminars on Holography, held in Tokyo, Washington, D.C., and Honolulu, Hawaii in 1967, 1969, and 1973, respectively, under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science. The author wishes to thank Professor George Stroke, State University of New York, Head of the U.S. delegations, for the invitations to participate as one of the U.S. delegates and as co-chairman for the last two seminars.

8 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTAL WAVE PROPERTIES Wave Interference Phase Wave Visualization Diffraction Diffraction by a Slit The Near (Fresnel), Far (Fraunhofer), and Transition Fields Diffraction by Two Slits Dependence of Diffraction on Wavelength Wave Polarization Refraction Prisms References 21 Chapter 2 WAVE COHERENCE Frequency Coherence 2.2. Frequency Stability Spatial Coherence 2.4. Coherent Waves from Small Sources 2.5. The Extremely Short Wavelengths of Light. ix

9 x Chapter 3 GRATINGS AND ZONE PLATES 3.1. The Optical Grating Slit Gratings and Photographic Gratings 3.3. A Prism Grating 3.4. A Double-Prism Grat~ng Volume Effects The Classical Zone Plate Zone Plates with Areas Interchanged 3.8. A Photographic Zone Plate 3.9. Offset Zone Plates Zone Plates as Lenses Volume Zone Plates Standing-Wave Patterns 3.l3. Lattice Reflectors Reflection Zone Plates References. CONTENTS Chapter 4 HOLOGRAM FUNDAMENTALS Two Simple Holograms The Complete Hologram Process 4.3. The Hologram of a Scene 4.4. Parallax in Holograms 4.5. Single-Wavelength Nature of Holograms 4.6. Nonoptical Holograms 4.7. Microwave Holograms 4.8. Acoustic Holograms 4.9. Microwave Holograms and Liquid Crystals Liquid-Surface Acoustic Holograms Hologram Equations References Chapter 5 PROPERTIES OF HOLOGRAMS 5.1. Three-Dimensional Realism 5.2. Holograms and Photographs

10 CONTENTS xi 5.3. Lens Action A Stereohologram Focused-Image Holography Reconstruction with a Small Portion of a Hologram Pseudoscopy in the Real Image of a Hologram Image Inversion Color Holograms Requirements on Film Properties Information Content Holograms and Coherent Radar References. 101 Chapter 6 LASER FUNDAMENTALS The Metastable State 6.2. The Two-Step Process 6.3. Energy Conservation with Reflectors 6.4. Reflectors and Spatial Coherence 6.5. Energy Concentration 6.6. Q-Spoiling Gas Lasers Reflectors and Resonators 6.9. The Natural Line Width Coherence Length Semiconductor Lasers Other-Level Lasers References Chapter 7 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LASERS Laser Units 7.2. Solid Lasers 7.3. Solid Laser Amplifiers 7.4. Gas Lasers Semiconductor Lasers 7.6. Liquid Lasers 7.7. Mode Locking 7.8. References

11 xii Chapter 8 LASERS IN MEASUREMENT 8.1. Alignment Distance and Length Measurements 8.3. Velocity Measurements Measurement of Acceleration Atmospheric Effects Sonic Boom 8.7. Measurement of Pollutants 8.8. Lasers in Machine-Tool Measurements 8.9. Holographic Microscopy Saturation Spectroscopy Raman and Brillouin Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy Holographic Interferometry Interferometric Structure Analysis Interferometric Detection of Footprints Interferometric Testing of Rocket Components Nonoptical Holographic Interferometry Laser Speckle Measurement Techniques Employing Speckle References. CONTENTS Chapter 9 MICROWAVE HOLOGRAPHY 9.1. Early Developments Detection Devices 9.3. Microwave-Hologram Antennas 9.4. Liquid Crystal Holograms 9.5. Holographic Signal Processing 9.6. The Synthetic-Aperture Concept 9.7. Stationary Synthetic-Aperture Systems Forward-Scatter Hologram Radars 9.9. Bistatic Hologram Radars Passive and End-Fire Radars Synthetic-Interferometer Radars Radar Range Acquisition by Holography References

12 CONTENTS Chapter 10 ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS Early Developments Acoustic Synthetic-Aperture Systems Underwater Applications Acoustic Kinoforms Holographic Pulse Compression Hologram Sonar Using Incoherent Illumination Seismic Holography References xiii Chapter II LASERS IN INDUSTRY Welding and Metalworking Micromachining Solid-State Trimming Laser Scribers for Substrates Microdrilling Fabric Cutting Checkout Systems for Supermarkets Display Applications Cable Insulation Stripping Control of Crystal Growth Chromatograph-Analysis Use Weather Analysis References Chapter 12 COMMUNICATIONS The Constant Demand for Bandwidth Coaxial Cable Microwave Systems Radio Relay Circuits Satellite Communications Orbiting Satellites Synchronous Satellites Domestic Systems Early Laser Research Basic Laser Communication Considerations

13 xiv CONTENTS Line-of-Sight Laser Communications Satellite Laser Communications Wires of Glass A Long-Distance Fiber Circuit Short-Length Fiber Circuits Optical Film Devices Lasers in Microfilm Transmission Television Recording References Chapter 13 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS The Development of Ultrasonics in Medical Imaging Recent Developments Details of Recent Ultrasonic Techniques Synthetic-Aperture Techniques in Medicine Real-Time Synthetic Aperture Liquid-Surface Holography for Medical Diagnostics Concern About Acoustic Intensity in Holography Holography and Three-Dimensional X-Ray Pictures Holography and Three-Dimensional Gamma-Ray Images Applications in Ophthalmic Fields Dental Applications References 334 Chapter 14 COMPUTING APPLICATIONS Fourier Series Discrete Fourier Analysis Discrete Analysis Tables Fourier Integrals Fourier Transforms Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) Distant-Field Patterns Near-Field Patterns Space-Frequency Equivalence Two-Dimensional Fourier Transforms The History of Optical Processing Optical Filtering 353

14 CONTENTS xv Seismic Applications Complex Optical Filters Complex-Filter Applications Optical Processing in Radar Parallel Optical Processing: The Accepting Function Parallel Optical Processing: The Processing and Display Function Real-Time Optical Computing Computer-Generated Holograms Holographic Computer Memories Flying-Spot Scanning Read-Only Memories Volume Hologram Memories Erasable Memories One-Dimensional Hologram Memories References 372 Chapter 15 NUCLEAR FUSION Power Needs Atomic Energy Development Nuclear Weapons Fission Reactors The Breeder Reactor Controlled Fusion Amplifying the Laser Pulses Laser-Fusion Experiments Pulse Tailoring Uranium Enrichment by Lasers References 386 FURTHER READING SUGGESTIONS 389 AUTHOR INDEX 391 SUBJECT INDEX 395

THE CREATIVE ENGINEER. The Art of Inventing

THE CREATIVE ENGINEER. The Art of Inventing THE CREATIVE ENGINEER The Art of Inventing THE CREATIVE ENGINEER The Art of Inventing Winston E. Kock Acting Director The Herman Schneider Laboratory of Basic and Applied Science Research University of