FLAT GLASS TECHNOLOGY

Transcription

1 FLAT GLASS TECHNOLOGY

2 FLAT GLASS TECHNOLOGY RUNE PERSSON Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

3 Springer Science+ Business Media New York 1969 Originally published by Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Limited in Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1969 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Suggested U.D.C. number: Suggested additional number: Library of Congress Catalog Card Number

4 PREFACE GLASS is one of our oldest materials. In spite of this it is a most useful material in our modern world and one might well predict that its use will increase tremendously in the future. Through modern research work it has been possible to alter the properties of glass and to make it a most versatile material. It is the purpose of this book to describe and define the different types of flat glass used in the building industry. The book is intended for people in the glazing business, architects, builders, glass technologists and all engineers working with glass products. Besides being a reference book for professional people it can be used as a text-book for students in technical schools and universities. Only Swedish standard specifications were included in the original Swedish edition. This edition includes British and American standard specifications. In general, this edition has been altered so as to make it more useful for the international reader. Data included in this book have been contributed by many glass companies. The author is especially grateful to his own company, The Grangesberg Co., Stockholm, and to Pilkington Brothers Ltd., St. Helens, Lancashire, England and Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. v

5 CONTENTS PREFACE PAGE v 1. HISTORY. 2. MANUFACTURE General Raw materials and melting The Fourcault method The Libbey-Owens method The Pittsburgh method Cast glass Plate glass Float glass CHEMICAL PROPERTIES The composition of glass Chemical durability Attack by cementitious water MECHANICAL PROPER TIES Introduction Weight The influence of strain on the strength of glass Hardness The mechanical strength of a pane of glass Calculationofthickness Wind velocity and wind pressure Glass for an aquarium Glass fracture OPTICAL PROPERTIES Colourless glass Light transmittance by dirty surfaces Coloured glass. 42 VII

6 CONTENTS PAGE 5.4. The influence of glass thickness on light transmittance Heat-absorbing glass Light- and heat-reflecting glasses Light-sensitive glasses The daylight factor Solar shading devices THERMAL PROPERTIES Specific heat Methods of heat transfer Coefficient of thermal transmittance Introduction Calculation of V-values U -values of windows Air leakage Draught from a cold glass surface The surface temperature of windows Thermal expansion ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES Definitions Sound insulation by single glazing Sound insulation by double and triple glazing ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES FLAT GLASS PRODUCTS Definitions Clear sheet glass Polished plate glass Float glass 86 I 9.5. Rolled glass Rough cast glass Figured rolled glass Cathedral glass Wired glass Rolled opal glass Hand-blown sheet glass Heat-absorbing glasses 90 viii

7 CONTENTS PAGE 9.8. Light- and heat-reflecting glasses Processed glass Toughened glass Laminated glass Sealed insulating glass units Cladding glass Sandblasting Acid-etching Metallizing Electrically-heated glass Bending Edge-work and bevelling GLAZING INSTRUCTIONS Glazing of single glass Glazing of insulating glass units DEFINITIONS OF TERMS CONNECTED WITH FLAT GLASS PRODUCTS 141 Appendix I. UNITS AND CONVERSION TABLES 146 Appendix II. SOME STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLAT GLASS 149 Appendix III. SECTIONS FROM THE PROPERTY STAN DARDS FOR GLASS, ISSUED BY THE FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, D.C. 153 INDEX. 165 ix